Treatment Of Various Skin Diseases Research Articles

Efficient Loading and Sustained Delivery of Methotrexate Using a Tip-Swellable Microneedle Array Patch for Psoriasis Treatment.

Methotrexate (MTX), a primary treatment for moderate to severe psoriasis, is limited in clinical use due to suboptimal results and severe side effects from subcutaneous (SC) injection and oral administration. Microneedles offer a promising alternative for direct MTX delivery to targeted skin lesions, but issues such as drug wastage, dosage inaccuracy, and limited drug residence time in the lesions remain. This study introduces a tip-swellable microneedle array patch (TSMAP) using photo-cross-linked methacrylated hyaluronic acid (MeHA) and biocompatible resin for effective MTX loading and sustained delivery. A two-cast micromolding with vacuum drying is employed to concentrate cross-linked MeHA in about 30% of the needle's height at the tip, thereby ensuring that only the TSMAP tip swells. Efficient MTX loading into TSMAP tips is achieved through a 30 s drug solution immersion and 10 min drying, potentially minimizing drug waste from incomplete skin insertion due to skin elasticity. The MTX-loaded TSMAP effectively penetrates both porcine and psoriasis-like mouse skin with its tips detaching from the resin substrate and embedding deeply into the skin tissue, thereby functioning as a drug release reservoir. TSMAP significantly prolongs drug retention in skin compared with SC injection and dissolvable microneedles. The in vivo study demonstrates that TSMAP-mediated MTX delivery substantially enhances therapeutic outcomes in alleviating psoriasis symptoms and downregulating psoriasis-associated cytokines, outperforming oral administration, SC injection, and dissolvable microneedles. Thus, TSMAP could offer an efficient and user-friendly alternative for drug administration in the treatment of various skin diseases.

Formulation and optimization of phytosomes of ethanolic extract of Viola tricolor flowers using design of experiment (DOE) to evaluate in vitro photoprotective potential as sunscreen cream

Viola tricolor L. has many uses in treatment of various skin disorders, which attributed to their antioxidant-flavonoid compounds. The aim of this study was evaluation of photoprotection, cytotoxicity and phototoxicity of the ethanolic extract of Viola tricolor flowers (EE-Viola). At concentration of 0.2 mg/mL of EE-Viola, the sun protection factor (SPF) value was 15.3 ± 0.7. By evaluation of the survival of mouse fibroblast cells (3T3) in the presence and absence of UV light using MTT-based colorimetric assay, the calculated IC50 was found to be 30.79 µg/mL and 34.89 µg/mL, respectively. The phytosomes of EE-Viola (Phy&EE-Viola) were then prepared using thin-layer hydration technique and optimized by experimental design method. The optimum particle size (487.6 nm) and encapsulation efficiency (95.2%) of the prepared phytosomes obtained when ratio of extract amount to lecithin amount (3 to 1), experiment temperature of 50 °C, and bath sonication were used. The optimum prepared phytosome was characterized by scanning electron microscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and differential scanning calorimetry. In the next step, Phy&EE-Viola was formulated in a cream base and its photoprotective potential was evaluated. Finally, the Phy&EE-Viola cream was evaluated for its pH, spread-ability, occlusivity, in vitro SPF determination, release and stability studies. The SPF value of the cream containing 4% of Phy&EE-Viola was equal to 14.0 ± 0.7. The results clearly indicated that the cream formulations exhibited a good stability at applied temperatures and good release profile. Therefore, the obtained cream of Phy&EE-Viola might be introduced as candidate as for sun protection which merit further investigations.

Traditional and Contemporary uses, Phytochemistry and Pharmacology of Psoralea corylifolia Linn.

Background: Bakuchi (Psoralea corylifolia Linn.) is an endangered and traditionally important medicinal plant of the family Fabaceae. It is used worldwide for the treatment of several ailments due to the presence of various bioactive constituents that are mainly concentrated in the seeds and fruits of plants. It has been used since time immemorial as a popular drug for shvitra (leukoderma), kustha (skin diseases), osteopathy, rejuvenation, aphrodisiac, etc. Materials and Methods: Primarily, classical texts of Ayurveda including Brihat trayi (The greater triad), Laghu trayi (The lesser triad), and Nighantu (Lexicons) were reviewed. Establishing an overview, library resources, and online collections of books and other online databases such as Pubmed Central, Scopus, Embase, Web of Science, ERIC, IEEE Xplore, ScienceDirect, DOAJ, JSTOR, Henari, Google Scholar, NepJoL were explored with search words like “Bakuchi”, “Psoralea corylifolia” for its botanical characteristics, traditional and contemporary uses, pharmacognosy, phytochemical constituents, pharmacology, toxicology, and agricultural and miscellaneous aspects. Results and Discussion: It was found that Psoralea corylifolia has been used since the Vedic period for the treatment of various skin diseases like psoriasis, and vitiligo in Ayurveda and several metabolic and systemic diseases in Traditional Chinese Medicine, by its various names and formulations. Furthermore, under appropriate dosages no any toxic effect of the plant was reported in an animal experiment conducted by Uthirapathy and Ahamad. Conclusion: The seed of P. corilifolia Linn is commonly used in skin diseases such as Switra (leukoderma), Vicharchika (psoriasis) whereas anti-oxidant, anti-diabetic, anti-lipogenic, anti-tuberculous, anti-carcinogenic, memory enhancing, anti-venom and aphrodisiac has also been reported as its major pharmacological activities. Clinical trials can be further conducted to evaluate the pharmacotherapeutics of P. corylifolia to develop the well-established evidence-based therapy

Hyaluronic acid drug conjugates for the treatment of skin hyperpigmentation

Drug combination therapy is commonly used to treat hyperpigmentation. However, treatment success is often limited due to the insufficient activity of combined drugs. To improve the therapeutic efficacy of drug combination treatment, we synthesized and investigated several conjugates comprising homo- and heterogeneous anti-pigmenting drugs bound to a hyaluronic acid (HA) carrier through distinct biodegradable linkers. These HA-drug conjugates demonstrated a measurable drug release profile in hydrolytic media. Most of the tested conjugates, administered by mesotherapy after UV-light-induced pigmentation in a swine model, presented superior depigmentation over corresponding controls. Among them, the dendron-like conjugate, NH2-TXA-Tris-TXA-(EtCMB)3, that contains only tranexamic acid (TXA), was most effective at depigmenting the swine skin compared to its equimolar mixture of HA and TXA (control). These results emphasize the importance of conjugation depigmenting agents to HA for augmenting the efficacy of treatment and motivate the use of HA as a delivery platform for treatment of various skin disorders.

Analysis of Skin Regeneration and Barrier-Improvement Efficacy of Polydeoxyribonucleotide Isolated from Panax Ginseng (C.A. Mey.) Adventitious Root.

Polydeoxyribonucleotide (PDRN) has the ability to regenerate skin cells and improve the skin barrier and wound healing. This study investigated the possibility of replacing animal-derived PDRN with plant-derived PDRN. To test this, the adventitious roots of Korean ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer), which is commonly used to treat various diseases, were suspension-cultivated through tissue culture; subsequently, PDRN was purified using microfluidization, an ultra-high-pressure physical grinding method. The results showed that purified Panax PDRN was effective in healing skin wounds and enhancing the skin barrier. Panax PDRN promoted the proliferation of keratinocytes and fibroblasts by increasing the expression of fibronectin, filaggrin, Ki-67, Bcl-2, inhibin beta A, and Cyclin D1. It also acted as an agonist of the adenosine A2A receptor and induced the phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase, adenosine triphosphate-dependent tyrosine kinase, and mitogen-activated protein kinase. This activated signal transduction, thereby regenerating skin cells and strengthening the barrier. These results were not only observed in skin cells but also in an artificial skin model (KeraSkinTM). The use of plant-derived PDRN instead of animal-derived PDRN can promote animal welfare and environmental sustainability. Furthermore, Panax PDRN can potentially be a new plant-derived PDRN (PhytoPDRN) that may be utilized in the treatment of various skin diseases.

Dual effect of tacrolimus on mast cell–mediated allergy and inflammation through Mas-related G protein-coupled receptor X2

BackgroundTopical tacrolimus, although widely used in the treatment of dermatoses, presents with an immediate irritation on initial application resembling a pseudo-allergic reaction. Mas-related G protein-coupled receptor X2 (MRGPRX2) in mast cells (MCs) mediates drug-induced pseudo-allergic reaction and immunoglobulin E (IgE)-independent pruritis in chronic skin diseases. However, the immunosuppression mechanism of tacrolimus on MCs via MRGPRX2 has not been reported. ObjectiveTo investigate the role of MRGPRX2 and the mechanism of action of tacrolimus on its short-term and long-term applications. MethodsWild-type mice, KitW-sh/W-sh mice, and MrgprB2-deficient (MUT) mice were used to study the effect of tacrolimus on in vivo anaphylaxis model. LAD2 cells and MRGPRX2-knockdown LAD2 cells were specifically used to derive the associated mechanism of the tacrolimus effect. ResultsShort-term application of tacrolimus triggers IgE-independent activation of MCs via MRGPRX2/B2 in both in vivo and in vitro experiments. Tacrolimus binds to MRGPRX2, which was verified by fluorescently labeled tacrolimus in cells. On long-term treatment with tacrolimus, the initial allergic reaction fades away corresponding with the downregulation of MRGPRX2, which leads to decreased release of inflammatory cytokines (P < 0.05 to P < 0.001). ConclusionShort-term treatment with tacrolimus induces pseudo-allergic reaction via MRGPRX2/B2 in MCs, whereas long-term treatment downregulates expression of MRGPRX2/B2, which may contribute to its potent immunosuppressive effect in the treatment of various skin diseases.

Use of retinoids in the treatment of skin lesions and prevention of signs of skin aging - a systematic review

Retinoids are a group of substances that include vitamin A and its natural and synthetic derivatives. They are used in the treatment of various skin diseases, such as: rosacea, acne vulgaris, psoriasis. In addition, recently there is a lot of information about the action of preventing photoaging. Oral retinoids have been proven to be the most effective treatment  for acne of various severity available today. Through their comprehensive action, affecting the four main factors associated with the pathogenesis of acne, they significantly reduce skin changes. Externally applied retinoids regulate the renewal of epidermal cells, stimulate the production of collagen fibers, increase the production of elastin, and lead to an increase in the number and activity of fibroblasts. Therefore, more and more people are using preparations containing retinoids to prevent skin aging. It has been proven that this procedure leads to shallower wrinkles and slows down the appearance of new ones, and evens out the skin tone. Retinoids are effective substances, but their use is associated with the risk of various side effects, the most common of which are: skin irritation, photosensitisation, headaches, muscle and joint pain, and teratogenicity.

Prescription pattern of antimicrobial agents prescribed in outpatient department of dermatology in a tertiary care hospital in India

Background: Skin diseases contribute largely to global disease burden. Antimicrobial agents are used for treatment of various skin diseases of microbial aetiology caused by fungi, bacteria, viruses and ectoparasites. The primary objective of this study was to study the prescription pattern of antimicrobial agents in dermatology, to provide insights into the disease patterns, profile of the drugs used and their rationality. Methods: Cross-sectional observational study was conducted in dermatology outpatient department of T. N. M. C. and B. Y. L. Nair Charitable Hospital, Mumbai for period of 6 months. 372 prescriptions containing an antimicrobial agent (AMA) were analysed. Demographic data, disease pattern, associated comorbidities and prescription details were recorded after taking written informed consent. Results: Fungal infections were the most common (48%) followed by bacterial infections (31%). The most encountered condition was dermatophytosis. Average number of AMA per prescription was 2.33±0.73. Percentage of AMA prescribed by generic name was 48%. Percentage of AMA prescribed from National list of essential medicines 2015 (NLEM) was 32.60%. 87.9% of AMA were prescribed as combination therapy and 12.10% were prescribed as monotherapy. The commonest prescribed drugs were antifungals followed by antibiotics. Topical creams were the commonest prescribed dosage form. Conclusions: The most common class of antimicrobial agents prescribed was antifungal agents. Prescribing combination of oral antimicrobials with topical antimicrobials was found to be high. This study provides a framework for continuous prescription audit of antimicrobials in an outpatient setting and thus can help in rational use of antimicrobials in dermatological prescribing.

Betulin – application in dermatology and cosmetology

Betulin (BN) is a natural lupane-type triterpene extracted from many plant species. Its main source is the outer bark layer of birch trees of the Betulaceae family. BN exhibits a number of biological properties, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anticancer and bacteriostatic effects. The article aimed to present the biological properties of BN and its plausible use in cosmetology and dermatology. BN and its derivatives have significant therapeutic potential, which opens wide possibilities for their use in the treatment of various skin diseases.

Evolving Trends in Nanofibers for Topical Delivery of Therapeutics in Skin Disorders.

Nanotechnology has yielded nanostructure-based drug delivery approaches, among which nanofibers have been explored and researched for the potential topical delivery of therapeutics. Nanofibers are filaments or thread-like structures in the nanometer size range that are fabricated using various polymers, such as natural or synthetic polymers or their combination. The size or diameter of the nanofibers depends upon the polymers, the techniques of preparation, and the design specification. The four major processing techniques, phase separation, self-assembly, template synthesis, and electrospinning, are most commonly used for the fabrication of nanofibers. Nanofibers have a unique structure that needs a multimethod approach to study their morphology and characterization parameters. They are gaining attention as drug delivery carriers, and the substantially vast surface area of the skin makes it a potentially promising strategy for topical drug products for various skin disorders such as psoriasis, skin cancers, skin wounds, bacterial and fungal infections, etc. However, the large-scale production of nanofibers with desired properties remains challenging, as the widely used electrospinning processes have certain limitations, such as poor yield, use of high voltage, and difficulty in achieving in situ nanofiber deposition on various substrates. This review highlights the insights into fabrication strategies, applications, recent clinical trials, and patents of nanofibers for different skin disorders in detail. Additionally, it discusses case studies of its effective utilization in the treatment of various skin disorders for a better understanding for readers.

Comparative study on ethosomes and transferosomes for enhancing skin permeability of sinapic acid

Sinapic acid (SA) is a phenolic compound having UV protective and antioxidant activities against skin diseases. However, its poor permeation across the skin restricts its therapeutic use. The studies suggest that the transferosomes and ethosomes improve the drug's permeability across the skin and facilitate the treatment of various skin diseases. Thus, the present study aimed to prepare vesicular nanoformulations such as transferosomes and ethosomes to improve the permeability of SA across the skin. The thin film hydration method was exploited to prepare sinapic acid-loaded transferosomes (SA-TRs) and sinapic acid-loaded ethosomes (SA-ETs). The particle size of SA-TRs and SA-ETs were 98.3 ± 0.5 nm and 108.5 ± 0.8 nm, respectively. Moreover, the prepared SA-TRs and SA-ETs were embedded into Carbopol 934 (1 % w/v) for ease of topical administration. The pH of vesicular-based hydrogels was in the range of 6.2–6.5, which is ideal for topical administration. The flow properties of vesicular-based hydrogels using a rheometer exhibited shear thinning behavior with the non-Newtonian flow, which is due to the colloidal structure of Carbopol aligned, wherein the polymer chain disarranged with increased shear stress. Further, the skin permeability study showed that SA-ETs hydrogel (66.5 ± 7.3 µg/cm2) exhibited higher permeability than SA-TRs hydrogel (53.2 ± 1.5 µg/cm2) and plain SA hydrogel (12.3 ± 1.4 µg/cm2). The mechanism behind permeation enhancement of SA using ethosomes was due to the flexibility of vesicles across the skin than plain SA hydrogel. Thus, upon comparison ethosomes-based approach could be a promising strategy to enhance the permeability of SA across the skin.

Effects of mesotherapy introduction of compound glycyrrhizin injection on the treatment of moderate to severe acne.

Compound glycyrrhizin has achieved outstanding results in the treatment of various skin diseases. However, the use of mesotherapy to inject compound glycyrrhizin into the skin to treat acne is still understudied. This paper aims to explore the effects of mesotherapy introduction of compound glycyrrhizin injection on the acne. A total of 108 patients were included in this study and divided into the control group (n=54) and the observation group (n=54). The control group was treated with topical clindamycin gel, while the study group was treated with topical clindamycin gel + mesotherapy and compound glycyrrhizin injection. Skin transepidermal water loss (TEWL), cuticle water content, acne severity, adverse reactions, and inflammatory reactions were documented before and after treatment in the two groups. The usage of mesotherapy to inject compound glycyrrhizin into the skin of acne patients more effectively treat acne than traditional clindamycin gel. The mesotherapy compound glycyrrhizin can more effectively protect the skin barrier of patients and reduce the loss of skin moisture. Compared with the traditional clindamycin gel, the combination of mesotherapy and compound glycyrrhizin more effectively inhibit the inflammatory reaction in acne patients and reduce skin damage in acne patients. Mesoderm introduction of compound glycyrrhizin injection has better effects on the treatment of moderate to severe acne than clindamycin gel.

Thermal Spring Waters as an Active Ingredient in Cosmetic Formulations

Background: Thermal waters have been showing different beneficial effects on the skin due to their physicochemical composition. The beneficial effect of thermal water in the treatment of some skin diseases may thus justify its use as an active ingredient in cosmetic formulations. The main objective of this work was to demonstrate the potential of incorporating thermal water as an active ingredient in cosmetic formulations. (2) Methods: A descriptive literature review was carried out by the analysis of scientific articles in PubMed and Google Scholar databases. Twelve thermal spring waters were found (Avène, Blue Lagoon, Comano, Cró, Dead Sea, La Roche-Posay, Monfortinho, Saint-Gervais, Salies-de-Béarn, São Pedro do Sul, Uriage and Vichy) with potential as an active in cosmetic products, demonstrated through in vitro studies evaluating the different activities/properties and clinical trials in healthy volunteers or with skin pathologies. (3) Results: For these studies, in natura thermal water as well as incorporated in cosmetic formulations were used. In in vitro studies, most thermal waters have been shown to have activities on membrane fluidity, skin barrier repair, antiradical, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties, proliferative activity, regulation of processes involved in ageing and moisturizing properties. In clinical trials, cosmetic thermal waters reduced skin discomfort through their soothing and exhibited moisturizing and anti-irritant properties. (4) Conclusions: The effect of thermal waters on the skin and the absence of side effects reported in different studies allows them to be used as an adjuvant or in the treatment of various skin disorders and may play an important role in the cosmetics industry. However, further clinical trials are needed to assess their effectiveness and safety.

Composition development and in vitro evaluation of O/W emulsions based on natural emulsifier Olivem 1000 as tea tree oil carriers

The frequent occurrence of bacterial skin infections makes it necessary to search new solutions. Due to the limited effectiveness of traditional antibacterial agents, novel treatment alternatives are investigated. The use of plant origin compounds seems to be beneficial, because they are usually well tolerated and do not cause as many side effects as synthetic substances. Tea tree oil (TTO) is noted for well-established antimicrobial activity, so it can be used in the treatment of various skin diseases. It is effective against Gram-negative as well as Gram-positive bacteria. The aim of this work was to develop the composition and preparation technology of emulsion with TTO using natural emulsifier Olivem 1000 - combination of cetearyl olivate and sorbitan olivate. The designed formulations were evaluated by testing pH, stability and droplets size of the dispersed phase in the prepared emulsions. The type of emulsions was determined by selective phase staining method. In addition, rheological, mechanical, ex vivo bioadhesive properties of the prepared emulsions were studied and their antibacterial activity against selected strains was estimated. Obtained formulations were non-Newtonian systems, showing a shear-thinning behaviour and thixotropic properties, with proper textural features and beneficial bioadhesive properties. It was also demonstrated that formulations with lower viscosity showed higher antimicrobial efficacy against tested microorganisms and larger zones of inhibition were observed in case of Escherichia coli strains. The results of the study showed that the prepared emulsions appear to be a suitable form of topical administration of TTO.

Antifungal Activity of Senna alata – A Review

Senna alata is one of the species of Senna plant from the family of Fabaceae. It is not only the ornamental plant but also possesses many medicinal activities. Antifungal, antibacterial, laxation, hypoglycaemic and diuretic are some of the activities and properties shown by Senna alata plant. Antifungal properties of this plant are considered asimportant and beneficial in medical field. Senna alataconsists of a variety of compounds in different parts of plant in which anthraquinones and aglycones are important antifungal compounds. These compounds play a major role in antifungal potential just because of significant moieties present in their structures. Extracts of Senna alata plant are used for treatment of various skin diseases and it proves to be best alternative to synthetic antifungal medicines. In present review article, we summarized the Senna alata antifungal activity by using different techniques, its beneficial effects on humans, its chemical constituents and its applications in pharmaceutical industries.

Effect of Sopoongsan on Skin Inflammation and Hyperlocomotion in Socially Isolated Mice with Atopic Dermatitis.

Psychological stress is a major exacerbating factor of atopic dermatitis (AD), a chronic inflammatory skin disease. Sopoongsan (SPS), a traditional herbal formula, has been indicated for the treatment of various skin disorders, including AD. This study investigated the effects of SPS on a 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene- (DNCB-) induced AD mice model exposed to social isolation (SI) stress. The severity of the AD symptoms and behavioral abnormalities was evaluated. SPS reduced the clinical skin score as evaluated with the SCORing Atopic Dermatitis (SCORAD) index and suppressed the cutaneous infiltration of T-lymphocyte cells, mast cells, and eosinophils in SI-AD mice. The SPS treatment decreased the total distance and mean speed and increased resting time in the open field test (OFT) for these mice. In addition, the time spent in the social zone in the social interaction test also improved when SPS treatment was given. The levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) in the SI-AD mice were reduced by the oral administration of SPS. HaCaT and BV2 cells were used for the in vitro experiments. The pretreatment with SPS reduced the protein levels of the thymus and activation-regulated chemokine (TARC) and macrophage-derived chemokine (MDC) in the HaCaT cells stimulated with TNF-α and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) (TI). SPS also suppressed TNF-α and IL-6 secretion in lipopolysaccharide- (LPS-) stimulated BV2 cells. These results imply that SPS could be a promising candidate for the treatment of AD in patients under stress conditions and at risk of exacerbation.

In Vivo Skin Regeneration and Wound Healing Using Cell Micro-Transplantation.

Background: The accumulation of senescent cells in tissues alters tissue homeostasis and affects wound healing. It is also considered to be the main contributing factor to aging. In addition to losing their ability to divide, senescent cells exert detrimental effects on surrounding tissues through their senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). They also affect stem cells and their niche, reducing their capacity to divide which increasingly reduces tissue regenerative capacity over time. The aim of our study was to restore aged skin by increasing the fraction of young cells in vivo using a young cell micro-transplantation technique on Fischer 344 rats. Employing the same technique, we also used wild-type skin fibroblasts and stem cells in order to heal Dominant Dystrophic Epidermolysis Bulosa (DDEB) wounds and skin blistering. Results: We demonstrate that implantation of young fibroblasts restores cell density, revitalizes cell proliferation in the dermis and epidermis, rejuvenates collagen I and III matrices, and boosts epidermal stem cell proliferation in rats with advancing age. We were also able to reduce blistering in DDEB rats by transplantation of skin stem cells but not skin fibroblasts. Conclusions: Our intervention proves that a local increase of young cells in the dermis changes tissue homeostasis well enough to revitalize the stem cell niche, ensuring overall skin restoration and rejuvenation as well as healing DDEB skin. Our method has great potential for clinical applications in skin aging, as well as for the treatment of various skin diseases.

TO STUDY THE ROLE OF MEDHYA RASAYANA (ASHWAGANDHA, BRAMHI, GUDUCHI ETC.) WHICH ARE ADMINISTERED TO CHRONIC SKIN DISEASE.

Human skin, the outer covering of the body, is the largest organ in the body. it also constitutes the first line of defense. according to ayurveda, the skin is one of the essential sense organs. ayurveda has its own unique principles of diagnosis and treatment of various skin diseases under the heading of kuṣṭha. when we consider the prevalence of various diseases, every year, worldwide near about 20% of the total number of patients seeking medical advice suffer from skin diseases including cosmetic problems. in present article we are discussing regarding the the role of medhya rasayana (ashwagandha, bramhi, guduchi etc.) which are administered to chronic skin disease.

Plasma Dermatology: Skin Therapy Using Cold Atmospheric Plasma.

Cold atmospheric plasma-based plasma medicine has been expanding the diversity of its specialties. As an emerging branch, plasma dermatology takes advantage of the beneficial complexity of plasma constituents (e.g., reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, UV photons, and electromagnetic emission), technical versatility (e.g., direct irradiation and indirect aqueous treatment), and practical feasibility (e.g., hand-held compact device and clinician-friendly operation). The objective of this comprehensive review is to summarize recent advances in the CAP-dominated skin therapy by broadly covering three aspects. We start with plasma optimisation of intact skin, detailing the effect of CAP on skin lipids, cells, histology, and blood circulation. We then conduct a clinically oriented and thorough dissection of CAP treatment of various skin diseases, focusing on the wound healing, inflammatory disorders, infectious conditions, parasitic infestations, cutaneous malignancies, and alopecia. Finally, we conclude with a brief analysis on the safety aspect of CAP treatment and a proposal on how to mitigate the potential risks. This comprehensive review endeavors to serve as a mini textbook for clinical dermatologists and a practical manual for plasma biotechnologists. Our collective goal is to consolidate plasma dermatology’s lead in modern personalized medicine.

Medicinal Plants Used for the Treatment of Various Skin Diseases by Tribal of Dhar District and Adjacent Regions of Western Madhya Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, India

Present study deals with the medicinal plants used for skin diseases by tribals of Dhar district and adjacent regions of Western Madhya Pradesh. Dhar district is situated in the western part of Madhya Pradesh and dominant tribes of Dhar and adjacent regions are Bhil, Bhilala,,Barela and Pateliya .Present study accounts a total of 45 medicinal plants which are used for the treatment of skin diseases .These 45 plant species are distributed in 30 families and 44 genera .There are 18 trees,5 shrubs, 8 climbers and 14 herbaceous plant species which are used for treating various skin diseases.by tribal of study area. Some plants used for skin diseases in the study area is depleting in alarming rate and need special attention for their conservation.