Treatment Of Traumatic Carotid Cavernous Fistula Research Articles

Interventional treatment of traumatic carotid-cavernous fistula: A case report.

Patients with traumatic carotid-cavernous fistula (TCCF) usually go to the ophthalmology department first because of the symptoms such as protrusion of eyes, edema and congestion of combined membrane, vision loss and so on. It is easy to be misdiagnosed and missed. We report a case of left eye swelling and vision loss caused by TCCF after head injury due to traffic accident, which failed to respond to ophthalmic treatment for many times. The similar situation is very likely to cause panic among patients. Cerebral angiography revealed left internal carotid-cavernous fistula (high flow type). Left internal carotid artery covered stent implantation was performed. The fistulas and the original venous mass were completely covered by the covered stent, and the development of the vascular mass disappeared. The patient's eye symptoms basically disappeared 14 days after the operation. Interventional treatment of TCCF is effective.

Intrafistula pressure measurement in traumatic carotid cavernous fistulas--key to increasing safety and effectiveness of endovascular coiling.

Very few diseases demostrate the tremendous variation and capricious results common with the clinical ensemble of carotid cavernous fistulas (CCFs). The treatment modality for CCFs has changed from surgical to endovascular therapy. Many options exist in endovascular therapy ranging from balloons to coils and liquid embolization agents like Onyx. This study was undertaken to assess the role of recording intra-fistula pressure (IFP) during endovascular coiling of CCFs in order to help us better understand the angiodynamics of the fistula and to make coiling safer and effective. IFP measurement was done in 15 cases of traumatic CCF undergoing endovascular coiling. Patients were prospectively analyzed by pre- and post- procedural clinical profile, degree of recovery and time until fistula occlusion. Univariate analysis was used to find the correlation between the reduction in IFP, the degree of fistula obliteration and time until occlusion. Of the 15 patients who underwent endovascular coiling 13 had total occlusion of the fistula, 1 patient had subtotal occlusion and 1 patient had no occlusion of the fistula. There was 100 % internal carotid artery (ICA) patency. Univariate analysis showed a strong correlation between the degree of reduction in IFP and time required for fistula occlusion (p < 0.001). Patients with a significant drop in IFP were also preceived as having a higher chance of fistula occlusion after waiting 30 min. To our knowledge this is the largest series in published literature focused on using only detachable coils as the first line embolizing agent in treatment of traumatic CCFs. We conclude that IFP monitoring will play an important role in making treatment of CCFs safer and more effective. The aim of coiling the fistula is not to tightly pack the fistula as during treatment of aneurysms; rather it is to reduce flow across the fistula leading to thrombosis thus reducing the requirement of coils.

The recovery time of traumatic carotid-cavernous fistula-induced oculomotor nerve paresis after endovascular treatment with detachable balloons

The recovery time of traumatic carotid-cavernous fistula-induced oculomotor nerve paresis (ONP) after endovascular embolization with detachable balloons has not yet been adequately evaluated. This study was performed to make a deep analysis of the factors, which affect the prognosis of ONP after endovascular treatment of traumatic carotid-cavernous fistula (TCCF). We retrospectively evaluated the clinical characteristics and the outcome of oculomotor nerve function in a series of 98 consecutive patients with ONP due to traumatic carotid-cavernous fistula which were endovascular treated with detachable balloons. Univariate analysis was applied to test the association between the time of ONP recovery and clinical variables. Ninety-eight consecutive patients (62males, 36females, mean age 34.2±12.7years) having presented with ONP underwent endovascular treatment with detachable balloons were enrolled in this study. ONP was complete in 22 (22.4%) patients and partial in 76 (77.6%) patients. Ninety (91.8%) patients were successfully occluded by single-session endovascular embolization. Retreatments by transarterial routes had to be performed in 8 (8.2%) patients because of recurrent fistula having occurred within 4weeks after embolization. ONP was recovered completely in all the patients, among who 4 (4.1%) were treated with occlusion of internal carotid artery. Factors showing significant association with the recovery time of ONP were the location of the fistula (P=0.007), the degree of preoperative ONP (P=0.003), the number of detachable balloon used (P=0.000) and the length of ONP before endovascular treatment (P=0.000). Endovascular treatment of traumatic carotid-cavernous fistula-induced ONP with detachable balloons is a safe and effective method. The length of ONP before endovascular treatment, the location of the fistula, the degree of preoperative ONP, the number of detachable balloons used were the statistically significant predictors of the length of ONP complete recovery.

Carotid-cavernous fistula caused by laceration of persistent fetal trigeminal artery treated with single catheter coil embolization

Abstract We present the endovascular treatment of traumatic carotid-cavernous fistula from persistent fetal trigeminal artery (PFTA) laceration. To date, there are six such cases of traumatic PFTA-cavernous fistulas reported in the literature. These injuries can pose a unique challenge in that rupture of a PFTA in its course through the cavernous sinus may produce a fistula feeding from both anterior and posterior circulations. Previously, these have been treated with dual catheter coil embolization from the carotid and basilar systems. We utilize a single catheter technique accessing the cavernous sinus through the origin of the PFTA on the internal carotid. Both anterior and posterior fistula components may be embolized through this single access. This represents a simple yet safe treatment option.

Transarterial Embolization of Traumatic Carotid-Cavernous Fistulae by Gugliemi Detachable Coils

We report our experience with transarterial embolization of traumatic carotid-cavernous fistulae (TCCFs) by using Gugliemi detachable coil (GDC). From 2000 to 2007 at our institution, 11 patients with 12 TCCFs underwent transarterial GDC embolization because of failure to occlude fistulae by detachable balloon with preservation of the parent artery. The cause of the failure to occlude the fistula by detachable balloon was small fistula tract (n=9) and/or tortuous parent artery (n=3) or repeated balloon puncture by bony fragment (n=1). All TCCFs were successfully occluded by a single session transarterial GDC embolization. The average number of coils were eight (range, two-16) with an average length of 104 cm (range, 12-283 cm). No statistically significant procedure-related neurological complication or recurrent TCCF was observed in any of the patients. Transarterial GDC embolization is a useful method in the treatment of TCCFs, particularly in those TCCFs with small fistula tract or small CS.

HydroCoil occlusion for treatment of traumatic carotid-cavernous fistula: Preliminary experience

Objective To summarize our preliminary experiences regarding HydroCoil occlusion for the treatment of carotid-cavernous fistula (CCF), and to evaluate the effectiveness of this treatment. Methods From January 2006 to June 2007, 15 patients with traumatic CCF who were treated using HydroCoil occlusion were included in this study. All the patients presented with symptoms such as intracranial pulsatile noise, bulbar conjunctival hyperemia, and pulsatile exophthalmia. Cerebral angiography revealed that the fistula was located in the right internal carotid-cavernous segment in 6 cases, in the left internal carotid-cavernous segment in 8 cases, and on both sides in 1 case. Results After CCF procedure, in 15 patients, the fistula was no longer visualized, the internal carotid artery on the affected side remained patent, and intracranial noise disappeared immediately. The preoperative symptoms exophthalmia, bulbar conjunctival hyperemia, etc., returned to normal 1 week after the operation. Vision recovered to varying extents. In the 9 patients who underwent 1–3 months of follow-up cerebral angiography, CCF recurrences and neurological complications were not observed. Conclusion Intravascular occlusion has been widely used for CCF treatment, and detachable balloon embolization remains the preferred treatment. In the case of failure of detachable balloon embolization because the patient cannot tolerate the procedure or internal carotid artery occlusion on the affected side is contraindicated, HydroCoil occlusion is a safe and effective though expensive alternative and a stable method of maintaining high carotid artery patency.

Treatment of traumatic carotid-cavernous fistula at the Udon Thani Center Hospital.

There are many options available in management of traumatic carotid-cavernous fistulae (CCF). The carotid occlusion or the carotid preservation techniques are two basic approaches available. This study evaluated the carotid occlusion technique performed at The Udon Thani Center Hospital. We retrospectively studied 12 consecutive cases of traumatic CCF. The patients varied in terms of their ages, gender, side of lesion and symptoms. The occlusion was performed with muscle occlusion and trapping of the carotid artery. The diagnosis was made clinically and on CT brain. The Matas test was performed clinically with external compression of the contralateral carotid artery. No patient underwent cerebral angiography. From August 1997 to June 2002 the 12 patients were treated by muscle embolization only; muscle embolization with internal carotid ligation (Brooks technique); muscle embolization with trapping (Jaeger-Hamby procedure); or muscle embolization with trapping and external carotid ligation. The patients ranged from 15 to 62 years. Eleven were male. All had unilateral fistulae though only 3 involved the left eye. Eleven patients were cured and there was only one major complication of a patient who developed a second and third nerve palsy. The carotid occlusion technique is less popular in view of the great advances with detachable balloons and success with carotid preservation techniques. Despite this, under extenuating circumstances such as the lack of angiography, poor socio-economic status, or patients wanting to be treated close to home, this procedure is still an appropriate therapeutic option, as reflected by the success at our hospital. The more affluent patients had wider options and thus were sent to other centers for carotid preservation techniques like detachable balloon embolization.

Treatment of Traumatic Carotid-Cavernous Fistula

From 1986 to the end of 1998, 482 cases of traumatic carotid-cavernous fistula (TCCF) were treated by means of intravascular embolisation technique. The experience is overviewed in this article. Many kinds of detachable balloon catheters (including Chinese made detachable balloon catheters), coils and cyanoacrylate were used as embolic materials. Transcervical, transfemoral, anterior communicating artery, posterior communicating artery approach, or transvenous approach were selected according to conditions. A combination of different approaches or materials was used for complex TCCF. We found that the special sign, named "bileakage sign", indicated multileakage of TCCF and was not mentioned before.All 482 cases of TCCF were embolised successfully, of which 405 cases maintained the patency of internal carotid artery (ICA). No death related to the treatment occurred in our group and the symptoms or signs in 462 cases were relieved after embolisation. Emergency embolisation was needed in some conditions such as serious epistaxis, delayed or repeatedly subdural haematoma and rapid visual impairment. Endovascular treatment of TCCF is a safe and efficient method. The time of operation, approach, and materials for embolisation must be carefully selected in order to obtain the best result.

Detachable balloon closure of carotid-jugular fistulas in dogs.

The authors' experience using the Debrun detachable balloon catheter system in occluding surgically-created carotid-jugular fistulas is described. Useful technical points in preparing and using the system are outlined. Technical failures were encountered both in creation of the fistula model and in use of the system, and their occurrence is documented. It is concluded that, when familiarization with the system's operation is attained, the detachable balloon catheter system promises to offer a valuable method of treatment of traumatic carotid-cavernous fistulas in humans.