Treatment Of Sunflower Seeds Research Articles

Sunflower Yield Depending on the Application of Micronutrients

Background: The article presents the results of field experiments on the use of micro fertilizers on sunflower. The object of the study was a hybrid of sunflower Fausto from the company “Strube DandS GMBH”. Field experiments were carried out with micro fertilizers of the German company “Lebozol”, the Russian “Polydon Agro” and the Lithuanian “Acoustic Biotechnologies (brand Humic Land”). Methods: Foliar application with micronutrients and their treatment of sunflower seeds and their combination were studied. As studies have shown, the variant with the use of micronutrients for seed dressing against the background of foliar application showed the greatest effectiveness. Foliar application without treating seeds with trace elements did not significantly increase the yield and oil yield. Also, the oil content of the seeds according to the variants in the years of research did not differ significantly. In general, the condition of sunflower plants during the years of research before harvesting was satisfactory. At the same time, it should be noted that in 2022 abnormal precipitation affected the quality of sunflower seeds. Result: The analysis of the obtained results indicates the need for further search for optimal ways of using micronutrients to increase the yield of sunflower and its quality. It should also be taken into account the fact that according to economic calculations, the costs of applying micro fertilizers during seed treatment will not exceed 10 rubles/ha and with àoliar application they will amount to 1300-2300 rubles/ha. accordingly.

УРОЖАЙНОСТЬ ПОДСОЛНЕЧНИКА В ЗАВИСИМОСТИ ОТ ПРИМЕНЕНИЯ МИКРОУДОБРЕНИЙ

The article presents the results of field experiments on the use of micro fertilizers on sunflower. The object of the study was a hybrid of sunflower Fausto from the company "Strube D&S GMBH". Field experiments were carried out with micro fertilizers of the German company "Lebozol", the Russian "Polydon Agro" and the Lithuanian "Acoustic Biotechnologies (brand Humic Land"). Leaf fertilizing with micronutrients and their treatment of sunflower seeds and their combination were studied. As studies have shown, the variant with the use of micronutrients for seed dressing against the background of leaf fertilizing showed the greatest effectiveness. Leaf fertilizing without treating seeds with trace elements did not significantly in-crease the yield and oil yield. Also, the oil content of the seeds according to the variants in the years of re-search did not differ significantly. In general, the condition of sunflower plants during the years of re-search before harvesting was satisfactory. At the same time, it should be noted that in 2022 abnormal pre-cipitation affected the quality of sunflower seeds. The analysis of the obtained results indicates the need for further search for optimal ways of using micronutrients to increase the yield of sunflower and its quali-ty. It should also be taken into account the fact that according to economic calculations, the costs of ap-plying micro fertilizers during seed treatment will not exceed 10 rubles/ ha, and with leaf fertilizing they will amount to 1300-2300 rubles/ ha. accordingly.

Effective Modes of Pre-Sowing Treatment of Sunfl ower Seeds in an Electric Field of Alternating Voltage

Sunflower is the main oilseed crop in Russia and serves as a raw material for the production of vegetable oil. In order to increase field germination, plant safety, increase the yield and oil content of seeds, chemical and biological preparations are used that are not completely absorbed by plants and remain in the soil, where they accumulate and have a negative impact on the environment. To increase the conditioned qualities of seeds, electrophysical methods of their pre-sowing treatment are used, which accelerate the processes of germination in the seed and suppress the pathogenic microflora. Depending on the morphological features of the seed structure, it is necessary to set the processing modes for each culture, in which the greatest technological effect is achieved. (Research purpose) The research purpose is in studying the effect of the electric field of alternating voltage of industrial frequency 50 Hertz on the laboratory germination of sunflower hybrid seeds and searching for effective treatment modes. (Materials and methods) The SKAT-70 device was used as a source of high alternating voltage, the seeds were placed in a chamber between the electrodes, which, after processing, were placed in Petri dishes and germinated in a thermostat. (Results and discussion) The electric field strength in the experiments varied from 2 to 10 kilovolts per centimeter, in increments of 2 kilovolts per centimeter, and the seed treatment time from 15 to 105 seconds with an interval of 15 seconds. At a voltage of 2 kilovolts per centimeter, laboratory germination increased slightly, the maximum values were achieved at a voltage of 6-8 kilovolts per centimeter and the exposure time was from 60 to 90 seconds. (Conclusions) Effective processing modes are processing during 90 seconds at an electric field strength of 6 kilovolts per centimeter, and processing during 60 seconds at a voltage of 8 kilovolts per centimeter.

Effect of pre-sowing treatment of sunflower seeds on plant height and photosynthetic activity of hybrids F1 Borey And F1 Dariy under the conditions of the southwestern part of the Central Black Soil Region

The results of the research of the effect of seeds pre-sowing treatment with a complex of preparations, including protectant, microelements and growth regulators on economic and biological characteristics and properties of sunflower hybrids F1 Borey and F1 Dariy under conditions of the southwestern part of the Central Black Soil region are presented. The effective pre-sowing treatment scheme for seeds of sunflowers hybrids F1 Borey and F1 Dariy was determined, which allows us to obtain a seed yield up to 29.03 c / ha (increasing 6.6 c / ha) with a profitability level of 156.4% (increasing 39.6%).

INFLUENCE OF HUMATES ON GROWTH, DEVELOPMENT AND FORMATION OF SUNFLOWER YIELD

Experimental researches were carried out in the experimental field of the laboratory of agrobiological resources of spring cereal and leguminous crops of the Erastivka experimental station of the SI The Institute of Grain Crops of the NAAS of Ukraine (SI IGC NAAN) of the Piatyhatky district of the Dnipropetrovsk region during 2016–2018 in grain-fallow-row-crop rotation after spring barley as a predecessor. Agricultural technology in experiments was common for the zone. The trial establishment, carrying out an experimental studies, records and observations, and sampling were carried out in accordance with the methodology of field experiment and the generally accepted methodical recommendations of the SI IGC NAAN. Weather conditions during the 2016–2018 for humidity and air temperature were moderately favorable for the germination of the seeds, growth and development of sunflower plants. It was established that, depending on the variant of preparation use, compared to the control, the height of sunflower plants increased by 5.0–12.9 cm, the diameter of the capitulum – by 2.8–4.1 cm, the weight of seeds from the capitulum – by 2.3–4 , 1 g, weight of 1000 seeds – 6.3–8.7 g. The best results of indicators of growth intensity, development and formation the elements of yield structure of sunflower hybrid Jason are received in a variant with foliar feeding of crops in a phase of 3–4 pairs of leaves by preparation Humivit Profi, 0.3 l/ha, which provided an increase in sunflower seed yield relative to the control of 0.39 t/ha. Twice foliar fertilization of sunflower crops: in the phase of 3–4 pairs of leaves – Humivit Extra and in the bud stage – Humivit Amino with application rate 0.2 l/ha of each increased the yield of sunflower seeds relative to the control by 0.23 t/ha. At pre-sowing treatment of sunflower seeds with Humivit Profi, 0.3 l/ha, sunflower yield was 2.23 t/ha, which exceeded the control by 0.16 t/ha. Key words: sunflower, humic preparations, plant growth and development, elements of crop yield structure, crop yield

Hydrothermal treatment of sunflower seeds in grain washing machines with spiral screw devices

The presented article examines the relevance of the process of preparing sunflower seeds before roasting for the production of snacks by washing as one of the ways to increase the efficiency of this type of production. The article also gives a brief overview of the advantages of washing and the disadvantages of this method of preparing seeds for roasting, and highlights possible ways of leveling the negative consequences of moistening-washing.

PRE-SOWING TREATMENT OF SUNFLOWER, SOYBEAN AND MAIZE SEEDS WITH LOW-FREQUENCY ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION

Pre-sowing seed treatment by various energy methods is used as an effective way of stimulating the seed material. (Research purpose) The authors have studied the effect of a low-frequency electromagnetic field on the seed properties of sunflower (Helianthus), soybean (Glycine max) and maize (Zea mays L.) seeds. (Materials and methods) Parameters of the electromagnetic field: induction of 16 mT, pulse repetition rate of 16 Hertz I; exposure time of 15 and 20 minutes. The experiment has been conducted in two stages. The first stage is the determination of the germination and germination energy of irradiated and non-irradiated seeds, as well as the biometric characteristics of seedlings: the mass of stems and leaves, the length and mass of the root system. The second stage is the phenological observations of the growth and development of plants according to the phases of their development in the VIM climatic chamber. (Results and discussion) It has been shown that the sowing qualities of maize seeds after 15 min of irradiation are higher than the control ones. It has been determined that germination energy has increased by 10 percent as compared to the control sample, germination by 8 percent, seedling weight by 6.4 percent, weight of stems and leaves by 16, root system by 3.4 and stem height by 30 percent. It has been found that there is no influence of low-frequency electromagnetic radiation on the germination of soybeans both in the laboratory and in the climate chamber. It has been found that at the end of the growing season, the mass of plants irradiated for 20 minutes has turned out to be greater than the control values by 20%, the root mass by 25%, and the root length by 16%. The authors have determined that the treatment of sunflower seeds (Helianthus) with a low-frequency electromagnetic field has no stimulating effect on germination energy and germination capacity, but contributes to an increase in the mass of plants when they are grown in a phytotron. It has been calculated that a 15-minute irradiation of sunflower seeds before sowing resulted in an increase in the mass of plants by 34.9%; the mass of the root system – by 22%; length of roots – by 3.65%; the head (anthodium) diameter – by 5.3% and their weights – by 25.3 %. (Conclusions) The response of plants to the energy impact depends on the type of crop. It has been determined that low-frequency magnetic radiation without changing the sowing properties of seeds can positively influence the growth and development of plants.

Application of Pulsed Electric Field for Oil Extraction from Sunflower Seeds: Electrical Parameter Effects on Oil Yield

AbstractThe application of pulsed electric field (PEF) as one of the nonthermal intensification methods has been proposed to increase oil yield extraction from sunflower seeds. PEF treatments have been carried out under various electrical parameters such as electric field, pulsed frequency, pulse width, time of treatment and sample conductivity. 55 fractional factorial design has been used for the analysis of the impact of PEF parameters on oil yield, and oil yield square model parameters have been investigated. The oil yield was found to increase by 9.1% after treatment of sunflower seeds by variation of PEF parameters: 30 s under an electric field of 7.0 kV/cm having frequency of 15 Hz, solvent content of 40 wt% and pulse width of 30 μs.Practical ApplicationsHere, we study the application of assisted pulsed electric field for oil extraction from sunflower seeds and we find the most effective variation of pulsed electric field parameters for treatment. It is very important in the industrial world as it deals with the time, quality of production and cost, which are usually carried out without preliminary treatment.

Seed priming with Trichoderma harzianum isolates enhances plant growth and induces resistance against Plasmopara halstedii, an incitant of sunflower downy mildew disease

Three rhizosphere fungal isolates viz., PGPFYCM-2, PGPFYCM-8 and PGPFYCM-14 of Trichoderma harzianum, applied as seed treatment to a highly susceptible sunflower cultivar were evaluated for their ability to promote growth and induce resistance in sunflower against downy mildew disease caused by Plasmopara halstedii. Treatment of sunflower seeds with both conidial suspension (1 × 108 spores ml−1) and talc formulations (2.1 × 107 spores g−1) at 8 g kg−1 seeds and 10 g kg−1 seeds, significantly promoted growth and reduced disease incidence under both greenhouse and field conditions. Among the treatments, PGPFYCM-14 (1 × 108 spores ml−1) was highly significant (P = 0.05) in inducing resistance of 63 and 69 %, followed by PGPFYCM-2 which offered 41 and 42 % disease protection under greenhouse and field conditions respectively. Formulation treatments of PGPFYCM-14 also protected the plants significantly (P = 0.05) when compared to the untreated control. There was a significant increase in NPK macronutrients uptake in all the treated plants compared to the untreated control and maximum NPK uptake was observed with PGPFYCM-14 (1 × 108 spores ml−1). Under in vitro conditions, all the tested isolates expressed increase in seed germination and vigour index over the control. Tested plant growth promoting fungal (PGPF) isolates remain significant in enhancing vegetative and reproductive growth parameters, including plant height, early flowering, reduced crop duration, ear head size and crop yield under field conditions when compared to the untreated control.

Elicitation of resistance and defense related proteins by β-amino butyric acid in sunflower against downy mildew pathogen Plasmopara halstedii

Induction of resistance to downy mildew caused by Plasmopara halstedii in sunflower was studied after treatment with β-amino butyric acid (BABA). Treatment of sunflower seeds with 50 mM BABA resulted in decreased disease severity and offered 47 and 50% protection under greenhouse and field conditions, respectively. The induction of resistance to P. halstedii by BABA was accompanied by the accumulation of various host defense related enzymes in susceptible sunflower seedlings. Enhanced activation of catalase, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), chitinase (Pr3), peroxidase (POX), and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) was evident at 6 h, 9 h, 12 h, 12 h and 12 h post-inoculation, respectively in sunflower seedlings raised from seeds treated with BABA. Northern hybridisation analysis revealed increased levels of transcripts for five known defense-response genes, viz chalcone synthase, Pr-1a, peroxidase, β-1,3-glucanase and chitinase in these seedlings. This enhanced and early activation of defense related responses in the susceptible cultivar after treatment with BABA was comparable to that in the resistant cultivar. The results indicate that BABA-induced resistance against P. halstedii in sunflower is mediated through enhanced expression of genes for defense related proteins.

Effect on germination and early growth characteristics in sunflower ( Helianthus annuus) seeds exposed to static magnetic field

Seeds of sunflower ( Helianthus annuus) were exposed in batches to static magnetic fields of strength from 0 to 250 mT in steps of 50 mT for 1–4 h in steps of 1 h. Treatment of sunflower seeds in these magnetic fields increased the speed of germination, seedling length and seedling dry weight under laboratory germination tests. Of the various treatments, 50 and 200 mT for 2 h yielded the peak performance. Exposure of seeds to magnetic fields improved seed coat membrane integrity and reduced the cellular leakage and electrical conductivity. Treated seeds planted in soil resulted in statistically higher seedling dry weight, root length, root surface area and root volume in 1-month-old seedlings. In germinating seeds, enzyme activities of α-amylase, dehydrogenase and protease were significantly higher in treated seeds in contrast to controls. The higher enzyme activity in magnetic-field-treated sunflower seeds could be triggering the fast germination and early vigor of seedlings.

Induction of resistance against downy mildew on sunflower by rhizobacteria

Induction of resistance to downy mildew caused by Plasmopara halstedii in sunflower was studied after treatment with PGPR (plant growth promoting rhizobacteria) strain INR7 (Bacillus spp). Treatment of sunflower seeds with 1×108cfu/ml of PGPR strain INR7 resulted in decreased disease severity and offered 51 and 54% protection under green house and field conditions, respectively. The induction of resistance to P. halstedii by PGPR strain INR7 was accompanied by the accumulation of various host defense-related enzymes in susceptible sunflower seedlings. Enhanced activation of catalase (CAT), phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), peroxidase (POX), polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and chitinase (CHI) was evident at 6, 9, 12, 12 and 12h post inoculation, respectively, in sunflower seedlings raised from seeds treated with PGPR strain INR7. This enhanced and early activation of defense-related responses in the susceptible cultivar after treatment with PGPR strain INR7 was comparable to that in the resistant cultivar. The results indicate that PGPR strain INR7 induced resistance against P. halstedii in sunflower is mediated through enhanced expression of defense mechanism.

Chitosan induced resistance to downy mildew in sunflower caused by Plasmopara halstedii

Induction of resistance to downy mildew caused by Plasmopara halstedii in sunflower was studied after treatment with chitosan. Treatment of sunflower seeds with 5% chitosan resulted in decreased disease severity and offered 46 and 52% protection under greenhouse and field conditions respectively. The induction of resistance to P. halstedii by chitosan was accompanied by the accumulation of various host defense-related enzymes in susceptible sunflower seedlings. Enhanced activation of catalase (CAT) and phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) was observed at 6 h and 9 h post-inoculation respectively, while peroxidase (POX), polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and chitinase (CHI) levels were high at 12 h post-inoculation in sunflower seedlings raised from seeds treated with chitosan. Northern hybridization analysis revealed increased levels of transcripts for five known defense response genes viz., Pr-1a, β-1,3-glucanase, chitinase, peroxidase and chalcone synthase in these seedlings. This enhanced and early activation of defense-related responses in the susceptible cultivar Morden treated with chitosan was comparable to that in the resistant cultivar. The results indicate that chitosan induced resistance against P. halstedii in sunflower is mediated through the enhanced expression of genes for defense-related proteins.

Benzothiadiazole Activates Resistance in Sunflower (Helianthus annuus) to the Root-Parasitic Weed Orobanche cuman

ABSTRACT The study was conducted to evaluate the potential of induced resistance to infestation of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) by the parasitic weed Orobanche cumana Wallr. Treatment of sunflower seeds with 40 ppm of benzo(1,2,3)thiadiazole-7-carbothioic acid S-methyl ester (BTH) for 36 h completely prevented infection in root chambers. In pot studies using 2.86 x 10(-4) g of Orobanche seeds per gram of soil as inoculum, the total number of O. cumana shoots was reduced by 84 and 95% in the 60-ppm BTH treatment in the first and second trial, respectively. Evaluation of the disease incidences revealed that attachment of O. cumana at the sunflower root and the stage of early penetration was reduced in the BTH-treated plants. Chemical analysis of root extracts revealed synthesis of the phytoalexin scopoletin and of hydrogen peroxide in the BTH-treated sunflower roots, but no increase in lignification. Western blot analysis demonstrated accumulation of the pathogenesis-related protein chitinase in roots and stems of induced resistant plants. These results show that the phenomenon of induced resistance is not restricted to viral, bacterial, and fungal disease and demonstrate the great potential of this protection strategy as an effective component of future plant production systems.

EFFECT OF SEED DIFFUSATES ON FUNGAL POPULATION AND GERMINATION OF SUNFLOWER SEEDS / EFECTO DE EXTRACTOS DE SEMILLAS SOBRE LA POBLACION DE HONGOS Y LA GERMINACION DE SEMILLAS DEL GIRASOL / EFFET DES EXTRAITS DE SEMENCE SUR LA POPULATION DE CHAMPIGNONS ET SUR LA GERMINATION DES GRAINES DE TOURNESOL

SUMMARYAll four seed diffusates used for treatment of sunflower seeds, Azadirachtaindica, Capsicum annuum, Coriandrum sativum and Eugenia jambulana, reduced the populations of seed-borne fungi: Alternaria alternata, Drechslera tetramera, Emericellopsis terricola, Fusarium moniliforme, F.semitectum, Macrophomina phaseolina and Phoma oleracea. Of four seed diffusates, those from A.indica and C.sativum controlled the fungal populations almost 100%. Seed germination was increased in seed samples of both sunflower cultivars under study, HO-1 and NK-212. The obtained results indicate that seed diffusates could substitute costly chemicals for safe control of seed-borne diseases, protecting at the same time the environment from chemical pollution.