Treatment Of Radiation Injury Research Articles

Progress of Research on the Clinical Application of Radiation Protection Agents

With the advancement of nuclear technology, there is an increasing exposure of individuals to ionizing radiation. Incidents of radiation exposure occur occasionally, with the risk of radiation damage continuously rising. Radiation protectants are employed to prevent, alleviate, and treat ionizing radiation injuries. However, many current radiation protectants exhibit potent side effects, and there is currently no clinically established radiation protectant in routine use. Researchers have persistently endeavored to explore effective and low-toxicity radiation protectants. This article primarily focuses on internationally approved radiation protectants such as amifostine, dexrazoxane, phosphoramide mustard, polyethylene glycol-conjugated phosphoramide mustard, and sargramostim. Additionally, it discusses some natural antioxidants, resveratrol, and mesenchymal stem cells, which are currently undergoing clinical trials and promising to offer new avenues for the prevention and treatment of radiation injuries.

Delayed Reaction of Radiation on the Central Nervous System and Bone System in C57BL/6J Mice.

The aim of this study was to provide a suitable mouse model of radiation-induced delayed reaction and identify potential targets for drug development related to the prevention and treatment of radiation injury. C57BL/6J mice were subjected to singular (109 cGy/min, 5 Gy*1) and fractional (109 cGy/min, 5 Gy*2) total body irradiation. The behavior and activity of mice were assessed 60 days after ionizing radiation (IR) exposure. After that, the pathological changes and mechanism of the mouse brain and femoral tissues were observed by HE, Nissl, Trap staining micro-CT scanning and RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq), and Western blot. The results show that singular or fractional IR exposure led to a decrease in spatial memory ability and activity in mice, and the cognitive and motor functions gradually recovered after singular 5 Gy IR in a time-dependent manner, while the fractional 10 Gy IR group could not recover. The decrease in bone density due to the increase in osteoclast number may be relative to the down-regulation of RUNX2, sclerostin, and beta-catenin. Meanwhile, the brain injury caused by IR exposure is mainly linked to the down-regulation of BNDF and Tau. IR exposure leads to memory impairment, reduced activity, and self-recovery, which are associated with time and dose. The mechanism of cognitive and activity damage was mainly related to oxidative stress and apoptosis induced by DNA damage. The damage caused by fractional 10 Gy TBI is relatively stable and can be used as a stable multi-organ injury model for radiation mechanism research and anti-radiation medicine screening.

У истоков изучения патогенеза лучевой болезни

On June 29, 1946, on the initiative of E.I. Smirnov and A.I. Burnazyan, a radiation laboratory was organized in order to study the effect of radiation on the human body and develop possible means of treating and protecting humans from the effects of the radiation factor. 2 years later (1948), the Institute of Biophysics of the USSR Ministry of Health was created on its basis – one of the world’s largest scientific centers, where the formation and development of research in the field of radiobiology and radiation medicine, radiopharmaceuticals, and radiation hygiene took place. One of the first employees, future academician, chief immunologist of the country R.V. Petrov called them “Pioneers in the search for the prevention and treatment of radiation injury.” “It was morally easy for us,” wrote Rem Viktorovich, “we created not destructive, but life-saving means. The radiation state was revered for its aerobatics.” Specialists of the Institute of Biophysics made a significant contribution to the study of the pathogenesis and clinical picture of radiation sickness in animals and humans, the development of the fundamentals for the creation and synthesis of radioprotective drugs, means for the prevention and treatment of radiation injuries and their consequences, drugs that promote the accelerated removal of radioactive substances from the body, the development of diagnostic and therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals , as well as personal protective equipment.

Radiation-induced Cell Death and Its Mechanisms.

With rapid technical advances, ionizing radiation has been put into wider application in ordinary living, with the worst cytological effect on the human body being cell death. Moreover, according to the Nomenclature Committee on Cell Death, the method of radiation-induced cell death, usually classified as interphase and proliferative death, undergoes more detailed classifications oriented by its molecular mechanism. Elaborating its mode and molecular mechanism is crucial for the protection and treatment of radiation injury, as well as the radiotherapy and recovery of tumors. Varying with the changes of the radiation dose and the environment, the diverse targets and pathways of ionizing radiation result in various cell deaths. This review focuses on classifications of radiation-induced cell death and its molecular mechanism. We also examine the main characteristics of ionizing radiation-induced cell death. The modes of radiation-induced cell death can be classified as apoptosis, necrosis, autophagy-dependent cell death, pyroptosis, ferroptosis, immunogenic cell death, and non-lethal processes. Once the dose is high enough, radiation effects mostly appear as destructiveness (“destructiveness” is used to describe a situation in which cells do not have the opportunity to undergo a routine death process, in which case high-dose radiation works like a physical attack). This breaks up or even shatters cells, making it difficult to find responses of the cell itself. Due to diversities concerning cell phenotypes, phases of cell cycle, radiation dose, and even cellular subregions, various methods of cell death occur, which are difficult to identify and classify. Additionally, the existence of common initial activation and signaling molecules among all kinds of cell deaths, as well as sophisticated crossways in cellular molecules, makes it more laborious to distinguish and classify various cell deaths.

Formation and development of radiation pathology education of the department of military field therapy of Military medical academy named after S.M. Kirov

The first step in teaching the military radiology problems at the Military Medical Academy named after S.M. Kirov was its creation. The department of combat properties in 1953 discovered the destructive effects of atomic weapons and anti-nuclear protection. Since 1955, the clinical aspects of radiation injuries have been taught at the newly created Department of Military Field Therapy. The absence of specialized patients determined the clinical and experimental orientation of teaching. In June 1961, sailors who are injured from a nuclear submarine accident of the Northern Fleet K-19 were treated at the military field therapy clinic. The experience gained in the process of their examination and treatment was introduced into the educational process. The department created an archive of patient histories and accumulated a large number of blood and bone marrow preparations of patients with varying degrees of radiation sickness severity at different periods of its course and time after treatment completion. Since 1972, the Department of Military Field Therapy has been teaching the clinical aspects of radiation pathology and the organizational issues of providing therapeutic assistance with it in wartime, starting with the stage of first medical aid, as well as issues related to the nature of radiation injuries in peacetime and the organization of therapeutic assistance for victims of radiation accidents and disasters. The first years of this century were marked by the introduction of a competency-based approach to a higher specialized educational process improvement. The department prepared educational materials intended for cadets of the faculties of training doctors, residents, and students of the faculty of postgraduate and additional education to ensure its implementation in the educational process. An additional professional advanced training program, Diagnostics and treatment of radiation injuries, for 72 hours has been developed, providing the possibility of training specialists in an electronic educational environment. The transfer of educational and methodological materials to electronic media is conducted.

Вопросы научного обеспечения радиационной безопасности на основе опыта преодоления последствий Чернобыльской аварии

The measures on liquidation of the Chernobyl accident consequences are analyzed from the point of view of topical issues of ensuring radiation safety of the personnel of radiation hazardous facilities and the population. The following problems have been considered: organization of liquidation of medical and sanitary consequences and rendering medical aid to victims of the Chernobyl accident; radiation hygienic standardization, control and monitoring; improvement of emergency response system; development of new medical technologies for treatment of acute radiation disease and local radiation injuries; application of radiation protective drugs. It is stated that the experience of liquidation of the Chernobyl accident consequences created a scientifically grounded base for the work on further improvement of the radiation safety assurance system with fixation of the main provisions in the existing regulatory documents. Conclusions are drawn about the expediency of: - development of new medical and sanitary technologies aimed at ensuring radiation safety; - completion of a unified system of response and protection in the event of radiation accidents; - further search and development of methods and means of prevention and treatment of human radiation pathology, including innovative biomedical technologies; - improving the methodology for studying the consequences of radiation exposure of the personnel of radiation hazardous facilities and the population; - development of a new scientific field — medical nuclear forensics.

Human induced pluripotent stem cells as a source of mesenchymal stromal cells for the treatment of cutaneous radiation injuries

Background & Aim The current management of victims of radiological burns, resulting from industrial or medical accidental exposure, consists in autologous mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC) injection associated with reparative surgery. MSCs were shown to promote tissue regeneration and angiogenesis, and control inflammation. However, several limits inherent to the use of adult stem cells were identified, such as the limited capacity for large-scale production of clinical grade MSCs, or the loss of functionality of the graft. We hypothesized that MSCs derived from pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) could represent a relevant alternative source of cell therapy product for the treatment of radiological burns. Methods, Results & Conclusion PSC-MSCs were derived from six independent human embryonic or induced pluripotent (iPS-MSCs) stem cell lines, adult MSCs were isolated from fat tissue by explant culture, and all cell lines were expanded in clinical grade-compatible culture conditions. Cutaneous radiation injury was induced by exposing mouse skin to 20 Gy X-ray irradiation, followed by full-thickness skin excision. Mice then received a local injection of 106 human adult or PSC-derived MSCs, or PBS. Animals were monitored for 2 weeks by assessing wound closure kinetics, cutaneous perfusion by laser Doppler imaging, and skin functional parameters using a Cutometer. Blood and skin tissue were collected for histological and molecular analyses, and angiogenesis assessment. Animals injected with adult or iPS-MSCs displayed accelerated wound healing kinetics compared to PBS injection, with significant 1.25-fold reduction of wound area at day 3 post-injury (p These results suggest that iPS-MSCs exert a beneficial effect on irradiated skin wound healing, by promoting reepithelialization and enhancing angiogenesis.

Review of Pharmacological Effects of Agaricus Blazei Murill and its Application in Dietotherapy

Agaricus blazei Murill (ABM) also known as Brazilian mushroom, originated in Brazil and Peru, is a kind of edible and medicinal fungus. It is neutral in nature and sweet in taste, distributed in heart, lung, liver and kidney channels. It has high nutritional value and medical efficacy and is rich in protein, polysaccharides, vitamins, minerals and unsaturated fatty acids. Its pharmacological ingredients mainly include nucleic acid, exogenous lectin, sterols, fatty acids and polysaccharides. It also has the effect of anti-cancer, anti-tumor, immune regulation, anti-inflammatory activity, protection of liver and kidney, treatment of diabetes, antioxidant activity, anti-fatigue effect, prevention and treatment of leukemia, asthma, and radiation injury. It can strengthen health and promote hematopoiesis. With the improvement of people’s living standards and the advancement of science and technology, many diseases already have better treatments and the average life expectancy is greatly extended. With the development of food industry, medicine and other related industries, some foods with unique medicinal effects and values such as glossy ganoderma, cordyceps sinensis and Agaricus blazei Murill have been re-recognized and used. The use of these pharmacological foods for disease prevention and treatment has become a trend. For example, the nutrients of relevant foods are extracted to make health-care products and patients are given corresponding solution to assist their treatments. Some progress has been made in realizing the pharmacological effects and dietary applications of Agaricus blazei Murill. This paper will analyze and summarize the results of current researches of pharmacological effect and application in dietotherapy of Agaricus blazei Murill, which is helpful to improve people’s understanding of its medicinal effects and to provide rich experience in dietary therapy and experimental basis. With the further research on the pharmacological effects of Agaricus blazei Murill, it will be more widely used in food therapy.

Новый подход в лечении местных лучевых повреждений мочевого пузыря: внутритазовые блокады и ультразвуковая навигация

Новый подход в лечении местных лучевых повреждений мочевого пузыря: внутритазовые блокады и ультразвуковая навигация

Radiation pathology is a part of Military field therapy

A great contribution to the study of problems of radiation pathology, the study of the body’s response to radiation, in the development of treatment and prevention of radiation injuries belong to the staff of the Department of military field therapy. In the period of over 60 years, the Military Field Therapy Department was consistently involved in rectification and study of the medical consequences of the radiological accidents, accompanied by radiation exposure. Problems of radiation pathology took a leading place in scholastic, scientific and clinical research of Department staff. Scientific research was based on established at Department experimental toxic-radiological laboratory where different types of radiation injury were simulated. Obtained results were penetrated into the educational process and have found practical application in the treatment of victims of the accident at the nuclear submarine. Patients with other forms of radiation damage were treated in the clinic of military field therapy in the following years. There are 2 cases of radiation disease due to intestinal irradiation caused by radium poisoning, the intestinal case of radiation disease, which was treated using extracorporal haemadsorption. After Chernobyl disaster Department research is concentrated on biological outcomes of «low dose radiation». The research aimed at solving problems relevant to military radiology is continuing. Organizational forms of specialized assistance to victims of radiation accidents and peacetime disasters within the framework of the disaster medicine service of the Ministry of defense of the Russian Federation are being improved.

Трансплантация аутологичных клеток стромально-васкулярной фракции жировой ткани при тяжелых местных лучевых поражениях кожи, вызванных действием рентгеновского излучения

Purpose: To investigate the effectiveness of autologous cells of stromal vascular fraction of adipose tissue in severe local radiation skin injuries after the
 exposure of rats to X-rays.
 Material and methods: Experiments were performed on Wistar rats, weighing 200–230 g. Rats were exposed locally in iliolumbar region using X-ray
 machine LNC-268 (RAP 100-10) at a dose of 110 Gy (30 kV tube voltage, current 6.1 mA, thick Al filter 0.1 mm), dose rate: 17.34 Gy/min. Area of the
 irradiation field was 8.2–8.5 cm2. Transplantation of autologous cells of stromal vascular fraction (SVFC) of adipose tissue was carried out on 21st or 35th
 days after irradiation. SVFC isolation was performed by means of enzymatic treatment of adipose tissue. SVFC suspension was administered subcutaneously
 at a dose of 1×106 cells per injection around the radiation ulcers.The severity of radiation damage to the skin and the effects of cellular therapy were evaluated
 in the dynamics of clinical manifestations, with the help of plane geometry and pathomorphometry.
 Results: It was found that by the 17–25th day after irradiation radiation ulcers were formedon rat skin. In the control group of animalsulcers persisted
 throughout the observation period of more than 3 months. The area of ulcers was 1,87 ± 0,35 cm2 and 1.52 ± 0.24 cm2 at 83th and 90th days after irradiation,
 respectively. In animals of the experimental group, with autologous stromal vascular fraction of adipose tissue, was significant decrease in ulceration the
 area in comparison to control animals. In 80 % of the rats treated with SVFC on 21st day after exposure, to the 90th day after irradiation complete healing
 of ulcers occurred with the formation of atrophic scar at the site of radiation injuries. These clinical observations and planimetric were correlated with the
 results of histomorphometry.
 Conclusion: Transplantation autologous SVFC of adipose tissue contributes to accelerate the healing of radiation ulcers after local x-ray exposure in the
 experiment, indicating that the prospects of using adipose tissue cell products for the treatment of severe local radiation injuries.

U.S. Department of Defense Multiple-Parameter Biodosimetry Network.

The U.S. Department of Defense (USDOD) service members are at risk of exposure to ionizing radiation due to radiation accidents, terrorist attacks and national defense activities. The use of biodosimetry is a standard of care for the triage and treatment of radiation injuries. Resources and procedures need to be established to implement a multiple-parameter biodosimetry system coupled with expert medial guidance to provide an integrated radiation diagnostic system to meet USDOD requirements. Current USDOD biodosimetry capabilities were identified and recommendations to fill the identified gaps are provided. A USDOD Multi-parametric Biodosimetry Network, based on the expertise that resides at the Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute and the Naval Dosimetry Center, was designed. This network based on the use of multiple biodosimetry modalities would provide diagnostic and triage capabilities needed to meet USDOD requirements. These are not available with sufficient capacity elsewhere but could be needed urgently after a major radiological/nuclear event.

High throughput transcriptomic analysis of the effects of radiation exposure in a mouse model

Early detection of radiation exposure is important in the treatment of radiation injury and appropriate triage of patients. Detecting the cellular response to DNA double‐strand breaks (DSBs) has been thought to be a valid form of biodosimetry. A target biomarker for this is the rapid phosphorylation of H2AX, which is the minor histone H2A variant at serine residue‐139 to produce γ‐H2AX. Although the use of immunofluorescence‐based assays to visualize discrete γ‐H2AX foci has resulted in a sensitive and effective method for detecting DSBs, more sensitive and easy to analyze biomarkers of radiation exposure are desired. Here, a series of C57Bl6 mice were exposed to varying doses of X‐ray radiation and skin biopsies were harvested over a 4‐week time course. Subsequent to nucleic acid isolation, cDNA microarrays were used to study differential gene expression. We found that genes involved in response to stress and cell adhesion are decreased, while genes involved in mitosis, coagulation, lipoprotein metabolism, and protease inhibitor activities were increased following exposure. Further work will be directed at understanding the dose‐response nature of these signature gene responses.

(A44) Roadmap to Disaster Medicine and Public Health Information

Reliable & easily accessible health information is needed before, during, and after disasters. The U.S. National Library of Medicine's Disaster Information Management Research Center has developed a portal linking to resources, guides, and tools for use by disaster/emergency personnel in preparing for, responding, to and recovering from disasters (http://disasterinfo.nlm.nih.gov). This session will introduce you to many of the disaster health information sources available on the Internet. Disaster information tools, such as the Wireless Information System for Emergency Responders (WISER) and the Radiation Emergency Medical Management (REMM) resource will be demonstrated. WISER assists responders in HazMat/CBRN incidents. Capabilities include support for substance identification, on-site incident management, and health management/guidance. The REMM tool provides guidance for health care personnel about clinical diagnosis & treatment of radiation injury during radiological & nuclear emergencies. WISER and REMM are available on the Web and as apps for a variety of mobile devices including the Blackberry and iPhone/iPod Touch/iPad. In addition how to access the disaster health literature from PubMed, the Resource Guide for Public Health Preparedness, and other sources will be discussed. Social medial tools for keeping up-to-date will be presented. Topics to be presented: NLM and other US resources for disaster health information. Other sources of disaster health information, including associations; non-governmental organizations, and international organizations. Databases and information aggregators. Disaster information tools and mobile applications Evaluating/assessing information on the web. How to stay up-to-date: listservs, RSS feeds, blogs, Twitter, etc.

A GUIDE TO RADIATION ACCIDENTS FOR THE GENERAL PRACTITIONER

A short guidebook for medical professionals has been published in Finland, summarizing essential knowledge of radiation accidents, including diagnosis and treatment of radiation injuries. The work was undertaken by the Finnish Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority (STUK), which is a liaison institution of the World Health Organization Radiation Emergency Medical Preparedness and Assistance Network. The booklet is available in all hospital emergency departments and health care centers throughout the country.

Therapy of radiation injury.

It is apparent from preclinical and clinical research to date that continued evaluation of new and alternative treatment strategies is required to eliminate the obligate periods of neutropenia and thrombocytopenia after acute high-dose irradiation. Future treatment strategies may involve new combinations of cytokines to affect hematopoietic stem cell proliferation and "engineered" cellular grafts to provide short-term in vivo expansion of neutrophils and platelets in an effort to bridge the cytopenic gap until endogenous or transplanted stem cells regenerate the hematopoietic and immune systems. Cytokine-mobilized peripheral blood and cord blood will provide alternative sources of allogeneic stem and progenitor cells in support of primary engraftment, delayed engraftment or secondary failure of the initial graft, as well as starting populations for various ex vivo expansion protocols. Further insights into the relative quality of stem cell populations and the factors that regulate their survival and self renewal, and the identification and roles of adhesion molecules in stem cell mobilization, engraftment, and interaction with the adult marrow microenvironment will provide the basis for future treatment strategies for the radiation-induced hematopoietic syndrome. As our ability to treat the hematopoietic syndrome improves, damage to other organ systems such as the skin, lung, and/or gastrointestinal tissue will emerge as dose-limiting. At the same time, the characterization of receptors for inflammatory cytokines, cytokine receptor antagonists, and anti-endotoxin antibodies has allowed significant insights into the mechanisms and pathogenesis of sepsis. However, translation of this knowledge into a treatment modality for septic patients is precluded by the lack of any clear-cut beneficial effect from the many clinical trials. The research and clinical results presented in this volume and recent conferences reflect the body of knowledge that will lead to further developments in assessment, prophylaxis, and treatment of radiation injuries in the areas of infectious disease and the hematopoietic, gastrointestinal, and cutaneous syndromes.

Inactivation of PUMA Protects Hematopoietic Stem Cells and Confers Long Term Survival in Response to High Dose γ-Irradiation

Radiation injury remains a significant health problem. New medical intervention to prevent or manage radiation damage is highly dependent on a deeper understanding of how radiation-induced cell death is accomplished in the irradiated tissue cells such as stem and progenitor cells. To date, relatively specific or untainted molecular mediators in apoptosis of tissue stem and progenitor cells upon radiation injury have not been clearly defined. The p53 pathway is known as a major molecular mechanism for cell apoptosis, upon the exposure of lethal radiation. Targeting p53 confers a radioprotective effect, but may increase tumorigenesis due to impaired cell cycle arrest for DNA repair. In our current study, we have examined the specific role of PUMA (p53 up-regulated mediator of apoptosis) in the radiosensitivity of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs). By quantitative RT PCR, we found that the level of PUMA mRNA was relatively low in the most primitive long-term repopulating hematopoietic stem cells (LT-HSC, isolated based on the immnunophenotype “CD34−LKS”) as compared to other hematopoietic cell populations from mice, but it was significantly elevated in response to γ-irradiation. In the mice lacking PUMA, while neither HSC number nor HSC function was altered under homeostatic conditions, the PUMA−/− HSCs appeared to be resistant to radiation damage in vivo as retrospectively quantified in a competitive HSC transplant model. Our further direct measurement with a single cell culture system for HSC growth in vitro, demonstrated that PUMA, but not p21 (the chief mediator of p53 in cell cycle arrest), is primarily responsible for the radiosensitivity of HSC in the p53 pathway (200 LT-HSCs analyzed for each cell type). Together, these data provide definitive evidence for PUMA as an essential mediator in radiation-induced apoptosis of tissue stem cells. We finally focused on the beneficial effects of targeting PUMA in HSCs and HPCs on the animal survival upon the exposure of lethal irradiation. Strikingly, the wild-type mice reconstituted with PUMA−/− hematopoietic cells exhibited a significant survival advantage after two rounds of 9-Gy γ-irradiation (18 Gy in total) as compared to the mice reconstituted with PUMA+/+ hematopoietic cells (95 % vs. 0 % survival in 20 days, n=21/each group; 50% vs. 0 % survival in 180 days, n=20 or 11/each group, respectively) as shown in the figure below. Moreover, unlike the p53−/− mice, those PUMA−/− reconstituted mice did not have an increased incidence of hematopoietic malignancies (n=20) within 180 days. Therefore, our current study establishes PUMA as an attractive molecular target for the development of therapeutic agents for the prevention and treatment of radiation injury.

Models for Evaluating Agents Intended for the Prophylaxis, Mitigation and Treatment of Radiation Injuries Report of an NCI Workshop, December 3–4, 2003

To develop approaches to prophylaxis/protection, mitigation and treatment of radiation injuries, appropriate models are needed that integrate the complex events that occur in the radiation-exposed organism. While the spectrum of agents in clinical use or preclinical development is limited, new research findings promise improvements in survival after whole-body irradiation and reductions in the risk of adverse effects of radiotherapy. Approaches include agents that act on the initial radiochemical events, agents that prevent or reduce progression of radiation damage, and agents that facilitate recovery from radiation injuries. While the mechanisms of action for most of the agents with known efficacy are yet to be fully determined, many seem to be operating at the tissue, organ or whole animal level as well as the cellular level. Thus research on prophylaxis/protection, mitigation and treatment of radiation injuries will require studies in whole animal models. Discovery, development and delivery of effective radiation modulators will also require collaboration among researchers in diverse fields such as radiation biology, inflammation, physiology, toxicology, immunology, tissue injury, drug development and radiation oncology. Additional investment in training more scientists in radiation biology and in the research portfolio addressing radiological and nuclear terrorism would benefit the general population in case of a radiological terrorism event or a large-scale accidental event as well as benefit patients treated with radiation.

Molecular and cellular biology of moderate-dose (1-10 Gy) radiation and potential mechanisms of radiation protection: report of a workshop at Bethesda, Maryland, December 17-18, 2001.

Exposures to doses of radiation of 1-10 Gy, defined in this workshop as moderate-dose radiation, may occur during the course of radiation therapy or as the result of radiation accidents or nuclear/radiological terrorism alone or in conjunction with bioterrorism. The resulting radiation injuries would be due to a series of molecular, cellular, tissue and whole-animal processes. To address the status of research on these issues, a broad-based workshop was convened. The specific recommendations were: (1) RESEARCH: Identify the key molecular, cellular and tissue pathways that lead from the initial molecular lesions to immediate and delayed injury. The latter is a chronic progressive process for which postexposure treatment may be possible. (2) Technology: Develop high-throughput technology for studying gene, protein and other biochemical expression after radiation exposure, and cytogenetic markers of radiation exposure employing rapid and accurate techniques for analyzing multiple samples. (3) Treatment strategies: Identify additional biological targets and develop effective treatments for radiation injury. (4) Ensuring sufficient expertise: Recruit and train investigators from such fields as radiation biology, cancer biology, molecular biology, cellular biology and wound healing, and encourage collaboration on interdisciplinary research on the mechanisms and treatment of radiation injury. Communicate knowledge of the effects of radiation exposure to the general public and to investigators, policy makers and agencies involved in response to nuclear accidents/events and protection/treatment of the general public.

Diagnosis and Treatment of Local Radiation Injury

Diagnosis and Treatment of Local Radiation Injury