Treatment Of Phenol-containing Wastewater Research Articles

Synthesis of Iron-Tailing-Based porous ceramic granules for the adsorption of phenol-containing wastewater degradation

To achieve the resource utilization of solid waste and the treatment of phenol-containing wastewater in China, a new type of ceramic granule (TBBFSITFA) with the function of degrading phenol wastewater has been prepared from titanium-containing blast furnace slag (TBBFS), iron tailings (IT), and fly ash (FA) as raw materials to achieve the sustainable development of “treating waste with waste.” The adsorption behavior of TBBFSITFA samples on phenol in an aqueous solution was experimentally investigated. Double-beam ultraviolet–visible spectrophotometer (UV–vis), total organic carbon (TOC) test showed that the optimal raw material ratio of TBBFS: IT: FA = 10:70:20, the degradation rate of phenol reached 95.40%, and the removal rate of TOC was as high as 93.29%. In addition, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), energy spectrometry (EDS), and Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometry (FT-IR) demonstrated that the better the synergistic effect produced by having a suitable Fe3+/Fe2+ ratio and raw material ratio in the TBBFSITFA sample, as well as a high specific surface area, porosity and high surface adsorption of oxygen, the higher the mineralization of the phenol solution. This work provides a low-cost, environmentally friendly, and simple technology for phenol-containing wastewater treatment and a new idea for effectively using solid waste resources.

Conversion of Waste Oil from Oil Refinery into Emulsion Liquid Membrane for Removal of Phenol: Stability Evaluation, Modeling and Optimization.

The waste oil emulsion liquid membrane produced by waste oil from oil refineries (WELM) is used to separate the phenol in purified water from the sour water stripper in oil refinery facilities, and the stability of WELM was studied. It is verified that waste refinery oil can be produced into emulsion liquid membrane with good stability and high removal rate for the first time. The WELM stability models were established by response surface methodology (RSM) and artificial neural network (ANN), respectively. The principle and mechanism of various parameters, as well as the interaction effects on the stability of WELM, are proposed. The effects of parameters, including the ratio of Span-80, liquid paraffin, the ratio of internal and oil, and the rotational speed of the homogenizer, were investigated. Under the optimal operating parameters, the WELM had a demulsification percentage of just 0.481%, and the prediction results of RSM and ANN were 0.536% and 0.545%, respectively. Both models demonstrate good predictability. The WELM stability model has a high application value in the treatment of phenol-containing wastewater in the oil refining industry, and provides a green method of resource recovery.

Effect of Silica Sodalite Loading on SOD/PSF Membranes during Treatment of Phenol-Containing Wastewater.

In this study, silica sodalite (SSOD) was prepared via topotactic conversion and different silica sodalite loadings were infused into the polysulfone (PSF) for application in phenol-containing water treatment. The composite membranes were fabricated through the phase inversion technique. Physicochemical characteristics of the nanoparticles and membranes were checked using a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Brunauer Emmett–Teller (BET), and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) for surface morphology, textural properties, and surface chemistry, respectively. A nanotensile test, Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), and contact angle measurement were used to check the mechanical properties, surface roughness, and hydrophilicity of the membranes, respectively. SEM results revealed that the pure polysulfone surface is highly porous with large evident pores. However, the pores decreased with increasing SSOD loading. The performance of the fabricated membranes was evaluated using a dead-end filtration device at varying feed pressure during phenol-containing water treatment. The concentration of phenol in water used in this study was 20 mg/L. The pure PSF displayed the maximum phenol rejection of 95 55% at 4 bar, compared to the composite membranes having 61.35% and 64.75% phenol rejection for 5 wt.% SSOD loading and 10 wt.% SSOD loading, respectively. In this study, a novel Psf-infused SSOD membrane was successfully fabricated for the treatment of synthetic phenol-containing water to alleviate the challenges associated with it.

Preparation and characterization of a novel blue-TiO2/PbO2-carbon nanotube electrode and its application for degradation of phenol

In this study, we fabricated a blue-TiO2/PbO2-carbon nanotube (CNT) electrode in which blue TiO2 nanotube arrays (blue-TNA) served as the substrate for PbO2-CNT eletrodeposition. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) showed compact surface structure of the electrode. The β-PbO2 crystal structure was detected by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The distribution of Pb, O, C, and Na elements on the electrode surface have been confirmed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Blue-TiO2/PbO2-CNT electrode had higher response current (213.12 mA), larger active surface area and lower charge transfer resistance (2.22 Ω/cm2) than conventional TiO2/PbO2-CNT electrode. The influences of current density, initial phenol concentration, initial solution pH, and Na2SO4 concentration on the electrochemical oxidation of phenol have been analyzed. The results showed that the 100 mg/L phenol could be destroyed completely after 210 min, and chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal rate was 89.3% within 240 min. Additionally, the electrode showed long actual lifetime (5468.80 hr) and low energy consumption (0.08 kWh/gCOD). A phenol degradation mechanism was proposed by analyzing the intermediate products with high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS). Importantly, the blue-TiO2/PbO2-CNT electrode exhibited superior stability and high degradation efficiency after 15 times reuse, demonstrating its promising application potential on phenol-containing wastewater treatment.

Treatment of Phenol-Containing Wastewater by the Bacterial Strain Serratia marcescens MT9

The features of the phenol and 2,4-dichlorophenol-degrading strain S. marcescens MT9, isolated from the soil of the Ufa (Republic of Bashkortostan) a major producer of organic chemistry products in Russia, are described. Identification of the strain was performed according to the cultural, morphological, physiological, biochemical, morphometric features, as well as the results of the comparative analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence. The growth of S. marcescens MT9 in the batch culture with phenol and 2,4-dichlorophenol as sole source of carbon and energy in concentration 100 mg/l was studied. It was established that the phenol and 2,4-dichlorophenol content in the culture liquid was reduced to the 6th day by 82 % and to the 8ths day by 65 % from the control, respectively. The possibility of using S. marcescens MT9 for phenol and 2,4-dichlorophenol utilization in industrial wastewater of petrochemical production and production of tanning extracts has been revealed. The level of wastewater treatment using strain S. marcescens MT9 was 89,3–99,6 %.

Study on the treatment of phenol-containing wastewater by doping coal char

The single blending of biomass and S-TiO2 and the mixed modification of coal char were obtained by the method of coking with coal pyrolysis furnace. The adsorption performance of biomass and S-TiO2 was investigated by the adsorption experiment of phenol solution. The results show that under the optimal conditions the best performance of MCC-2 can achieve 94% removal efficiency of phenol. The adsorption efficiency is 20% higher than that reported in the literature, and the adsorption equilibrium time is several times shorter than that reported in the literature. The modified coal char has broad prospects as a substitute for activated carbon in practical application.

Genetic diversity of phenol hydroxylase-encoding genes among wastewater sludge bacteria

Abstract. Tan WA, Kusuma F. 2021. Genetic diversity of phenol hydroxylase-encoding genes among wastewater sludge bacteria. Biodiversitas 22: 4291-4297. Phenol is a toxic aromatic compound that is used in various industries. In this study, we explore the molecular diversity of bacterial genes that encode for phenol hydroxylase, a key enzyme for phenol degradation, within sludge samples collected from the aeration and microbial recovery tank of an automotive wastewater treatment system. Partial phenol hydroxylase-encoding gene (600 bp) was amplified from the total DNA of each tank using a degenerate primer pair and cloned to construct a gene library. A total of 37 and 38 clones were obtained from the aeration and microbial recovery tank, respectively. The clones were sequenced and compared to GenBank database using BLASTX, followed by neighbor joining-based phylogenetic analysis using MEGA7. A majority of the clones recovered from both tanks belonged to Betaproteobacteria, which have been reported as phenol degraders with various metabolic activities and lifestyles. The clones are grouped into eight clusters. Six clusters were present in both the aeration and microbial recovery tank, and one unique cluster was identified in each tank. This indicated that diverse microbial communities play a role in phenol-containing wastewater treatment. They may have changed throughout the process as the surrounding chemical compositions differed and a variety of metabolic roles surfaced.

Alkali Hydrothermal Treatment to Synthesize Hydroxyl Modified g-C3N4 with Outstanding Photocatalytic Phenolic Compounds Oxidation Ability

The treatment of phenol-containing wastewater is a hot topic in the field of environmental chemistry. In this work, the hydroxyl grafted graphite phase carbon nitride (g-C3[Formula: see text] was prepared by alkaline hydrothermal (AH) treatment, and its degradation of phenol under visible light was investigated. XRD, UV-Vis, FT-IR, XPS, N2 adsorption, PL, ESR, TPD and EIS were used to characterize the as-prepared catalysts. The results showed that the hydroxyl group grafting does not influence the crystal structure, optical property and specific surface area of catalyst. Compared with the hydroxyl group modified g-C3N4 prepared by H2O2 method, the alkali hydrothermal treatment can graft more hydroxyl groups onto the g-C3N4 surface, leading to the higher electron–hole separation efficiency. The as-prepared catalyst using this method had more surface negative charges and stronger adsorption capacity for the reaction substrate phenol. The g-C3N4 prepared by this alkali hydrothermal treatment displayed the phenol degradation rate constant of 0.22[Formula: see text]h[Formula: see text], which is 3.72 and 2.06 times higher than that of neat and H2O2 treated g-C3N4, as well as excellent catalytic stability and structural stability. The possible reaction mechanism was proposed.

The effect of hydroxyl group grafting on the photocatalytic phenolic compounds oxidation ability of g-C3N4 prepared by a novel H2O2-alkali hydrothermal method

The treatment of phenol-containing wastewater is a hot topic in the field of environmental chemistry. In this work, the hydroxyl grafted graphite phase carbon nitride (g-C3N4) was prepared by H2O2-alkaline hydrothermal treatment, and its degradation of phenol under visible light was investigated. XRD, UV–Vis, FT-IR, XPS, N2 adsorption, SEM, TEM, PL, ESR, TPD and EIS were used to characterize the as-prepared catalysts. The results showed that the hydroxyl group grafting does not influence the crystal structure, optical property and specific surface area of catalyst. Compared with the single H2O2 treatment, the H2O2-alkali hydrothermal treatment can graft more hydroxyl groups onto the g-C3N4 surface, leading to the higher electron-hole separation efficiency. The as-prepared catalyst by this method had more surface negative charge and stronger adsorption capacity for the reaction substrate phenol. The DFT calculation results also supported the above conclusions. The g-C3N4 prepared by this H2O2-alkali hydrothermal treatment displayed the phenol degradation rate constant of 0.254 h−1, which was 4.3 times and 1.8 times higher than that of neat and single H2O2 treated g-C3N4, as well as excellent catalytic stability and structural stability. The possible reaction mechanism was proposed.

Isolation, selection, and biological characterization research of highly effective electricigens from MFCs for phenol degradation

The microbial fuel cells (MFCs) are recognized to be highly effective for the biodegradation of phenol. For isolating the phenol-degrading bacteria, the sample containing 500mg/L phenol was collected from the MFCs. The strain (WL027) was identified basing on the 16S rRNA gene analysis and phylogenetic analysis as Bacillus cereus. The effects of pH, temperature, concentrations of phenol, heavy metal ions, and salt on the growth of strain as well as the degradation of phenol have been carefully studied. The WL027-strain exhibited favorable tolerance for the metal cations including Cr2+, Co2+, Pb2+, and Cu2+ with the concentration of 0.2mg/L and NaCl solution with a high concentration of 30g/L. In 41h, 86.44% of 500mg/L phenol has been degraded at the initial pH at 6 and the temperature of 30°C. The strain was highly active electrogenesis bacteria and the coulombic efficiency reached 64.25%, which showed significant advantage on the efficient energy conversion. Therefore, due to the highly efficient degradation of phenol, WL027-strain could be used in the treatment of phenol-containing wastewater.

Production of Trametes pubescens laccase under submerged and semi-solid culture conditions on agro-industrial wastes.

Laccases are copper-containing enzymes involved in the degradation of lignocellulosic materials and used in the treatment of phenol-containing wastewater. In this study we investigated the effect of culture conditions, i.e. submerged or semi-solid, and copper supplementation on laccase production by Trametes pubescens grown on coffee husk, soybean pod husk, or cedar sawdust. The highest specific laccase activity was achieved when the culture was conducted under submerged conditions supplemented with copper (5 mM), and using coffee husk as substrate. The crude extracts presented two laccase isoforms with molecular mass of 120 (Lac1) and 60 kDa (Lac2). Regardless of the substrate, enzymatic crude extract and purified fractions behaved similarly at different temperatures and pHs, most of them presented the maximum activity at 55 °C and a pH range between 2 and 3. In addition, they showed similar stability and electro-chemical properties. At optimal culture conditions laccase activity was 7.69±0.28 U mg-1 of protein for the crude extract, and 0.08±0.001 and 2.86±0.05 U mg-1 of protein for Lac1 and Lac2, respectively. In summary, these results show the potential of coffee husk as an important and economical growth medium to produce laccase, offering a new alternative use for this common agro-industrial byproduct.

Biodegradation of phenol by using free and immobilized cells of Acinetobacter sp. BS8Y

Strain BS8Y with high biodegradation activity and high tolerance of phenol was isolated from activated sludge in an insulating material plant of China. This strain was capable of removing 99.2% of the initial 600 mg/l phenol in liquid minimal medium within 24 h and tolerating phenol at concentrations of up to 1,200 mg/ml. DNA sequencing and homologous analysis of the 16S rRNA gene identified that the strain BS8Y belonged to an Acinetobacter species. Polyvinyl alcohol was used as gel matrix to immobilize the strain BS8Y. The factors affecting the phenol degradation by immobilized cells and the phenol removal efficiency of free and immobilized cells were investigated; the stability of the immobilized cells is also reported. The results show that the immobilized cells could tolerate a higher phenol level and protected the bacteria much more effectively against changes in temperature and pH. The phenol degradation efficiency was high at up to 96% within 30 h, with an initial concentration of 800 mg/l phenol, and the immobilized cells showed better performance than the suspended cells. Reusability tests revealed that the immobilized cells were stable enough even after reuse for ten times or storing at 4°C for 35 d. These results demonstrate that immobilized Acinetobacter sp. BS8Y possesses a good application potential in the treatment of phenol-containing wastewater.

Treatment of phenol-containing wastewater by photoelectro-Fenton method using supported nanoscale zero-valent iron

This study presents the degradation of phenol by the photoelectro-Fenton method using nano zero-valent iron (nZVI) immobilized in polyvinyl alcohol-alginate beads. The effect of nZVI loading, H(2)O(2) concentration, pH, and initial phenol concentration on phenol degradation and chemical oxygen demand reduction was studied. The scanning electron microscope images of the nZVI beads were used to analyze their morphology, and their diameters were in the range of 500-600 μm. The concentration of nZVI in the beads was varied from 0.1 to 0.6 g/L. Fe(2+) leakage of 1 and 3 % was observed with 0.5 and 0.6 g/L of nZVI, respectively, and the observed beads' fracture frequency was 2 %, which confirmed the stability of the beads. The optimum operating conditions that arrived for better degradation were 0.5 g/L of nZVI, pH 6.2, and 400 mg H(2)O(2)/L. The treatment of effluent by this method increased the biodegradability index of the effluent, and the degradation data were found to follow pseudo first-order kinetics.

Biodegradation and detoxication of phenol by using free and immobilized cells of Acinetobacter sp. XA05 and Sphingomonas sp. FG03

Strain XA05 and FG03 with high biodegradation activity of phenol were isolated from the activated sludge and phenol-contaminated soils in Northwest of China, respectively. DNA sequencing and homologous analysis of 16s rRNA gene identified that XA05 belonged to an Acinetobacter sp. and FG03 was closely related to the Sphingomonas sp. Cells of strain XA05 and FG03 were mixed at the ratio of 1:1, and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) was used as a gel matrix to immobilize mixed cells by repeated freezing and thawing. Biodegradation was evaluated by determining phenol. Detoxication was evaluated by using Daphnia magna toxicity tests. The removal effciency of phenol and factors affecting phenol degradation were investigated, the stability of the immobilized cells was also reported. Experimental values indicated that both free cells and immobilized cells showed high phenol degradation effciencies, higher than 95% within 35 h with an initial concentration of 800 mg/L phenol, and the immobilized cells showed better performance than that of the suspended-culture cells. These results indicate that immobilized Acinetobncter sp. XA05 and Sphingomonas sp. FG03 possesses a good application potential in the treatment of phenol-containing wastewater.

Biodegradation of phenol by free and immobilized Acinetobacter sp. strain PD12

A new phenol-degrading bacterium with high biodegradation activity and high tolerance of phenol, strain PD12, was isolated from the activated sludge of Tianjin Jizhuangzi Wastewater Treatment Facility in China. This strain was capable of removing 500 mg phenol/L in liquid minimal medium by 99.6% within 9 h and metabolizing phenol at concentrations up to 1100 mg/L. DNA sequencing and homologous analysis of 16S rRNA gene identified PD12 to be an Acinetobacter sp. Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) was used as a gel matrix to immobilize Acinetobacter sp. strain PD12 by repeated freezing and thawing. The factors affecting phenol degradation of immobilized cells were investigated, and the results showed that the immobilized cells could tolerate a high phenol level and protected the bacteria against changes in temperature and pH. Storage stability and reusability tests revealed that the phenol degradation functions of immobilized cells were stable after reuse for 50 times or storing at 4°C for 50 d. These results indicate that immobilized Acinetobacter sp. strain PD12 possesses a good application potential in the treatment of phenol-containing wastewater.