Treatment Of Petroleum Refinery Effluent Research Articles

Kinetics-driven coagulation treatment of petroleum refinery effluent using land snail shells: An empirical approach to Environmental sustainability

Petroleum refinery effluent (PRE) containing a high concentration of colloidal particles causing turbidity is a point source pollutant. There is currently no baseline for the residual concentration of colloids in industrial effluent. In the present study, the performance of land snail shells (LSS) characterized using FTIR and XRD techniques used for the treatment of PRE was investigated. The effluent collected from the outlet train of the industrial facility contains 220 NTU of turbidity corresponding to 520 mg/L of colloidal particles. Analysis of the industrial effluent yielded a COD to BOD ratio > 3.5 eliminating the option of a biological method of treatment. Coagulation-flocculation treatment of the PRE was carried-out following a standard nephelometric test. To clarify the applicability of LSS beyond removal efficiency, machine learning (ML), adsorption, and coag-flocculation kinetics were applied to investigate the treatment process. The predictive capacities of the ML models were compared using statistical metrics. The synergetic effects of operating variables were equally studied. The predicted optimum operating conditions of the treatment process were pH 6, dosage of 0.1 g/L, and a settling time of 30 minutes. The pseudo-second-order and coag-flocculation kinetics result confirmed the reduction of the colloidal particles that occurred via adsorption and inter-particle bridging mechanism. The flocculation outcome proved that the mixing regime 20 s−1≤ G≤120 s−1 promoted aggregation rate over breakage coefficient transcending to 90% removal efficiency. The finding shows that the stability of the finished water corresponds to the 23 mg/L threshold of residual colloidal particles, and 10NTU, which satisfied the EPA guideline for environmentally sustainable recovery.

Coupling photocatalytic degradation using a green TiO2 catalyst to membrane bioreactor for petroleum refinery wastewater reclamation

This work presents an environmentally friendly synthesis of TiO2 nanoparticles assisted by microwave, from titanium tetrachloride and water, with potential for the treatment of petroleum refinery effluent. Anatase nanocrystalline particles with a mean crystallite size of 14 nm were obtained according to XRD, TEM and EELS characterization. UF-Permeate from a Membrane Bioreactor treating real refinery effluent was subjected to photodegradation in the presence of the catalyst synthesized under UV-C irradiation. The highest percentages of TOC and TN removals were 32 % and 67 %, respectively, under pH conditions equal to 10 and catalyst concentration of 100 mg L−1 in 90 min of reaction. For this condition electrical energy per order (EE0) calculated were 356.29 KWh m-3 order−1. The catalyst exhibited stability for 4 cycles. The obtained data show that the synthesized catalyst is a promising tool for the removal of residual recalcitrant organic matter of the UF effluent from Membrane Bioreactor contributing to the reduction of fouling in downstream polishing processes as reverse osmosis aiming the industrial water reuse.

WITHDRAWN: Coupling photocatalytic degradation using a green TiO2 catalyst to membrane bioreactor for petroleum refinery wastewater reclamation

This work presents an environmentally friendly synthesis of TiO2 nanoparticles assisted by microwave, from titanium tetrachloride and water, with potential for the treatment of petroleum refinery effluent. Anatase nanocrystalline particles with a mean crystallite size of 14 nm were obtained according to XRD, TEM and EELS characterization. UF-Permeate from a Membrane Bioreactor treating real refinery effluent was subjected to photodegradation in the presence of the catalyst synthesized under UV-C irradiation. The highest percentages of TOC and TN removals were 32 % and 67 %, respectively, under pH conditions equal to 10 and catalyst concentration of 100 mg L-1 in 90 min of reaction. For this condition electrical energy per order (EE0) calculated were 356.29 KWh m-3 order-1. The catalyst exhibited stability for 4 cycles. The obtained data show that the synthesized catalyst is a promising tool for the removal of residual recalcitrant organic matter of the UF effluent from Membrane Bioreactor contributing to the reduction of fouling in downstream polishing processes as reverse osmosis aiming the industrial water reuse.

Hydrodynamic cavitation as an imperative technology for the treatment of petroleum refinery effluent

Hydrodynamic cavitation (HC) is an advanced oxidation process (AOP) which is used in this study for the treatment of wastewater from a petroleum refinery. Bacterial load as well as chemical oxygen demand (COD) has been successfully reduced to approved discharge standards for water reuse purpose. A cavitating reactor with three different geometric configurations was used for the treatment. These reactor configurations include the orifice (CN0) and venturi with different throat diameters (CN1 and CN5). Individual reactor configurations are optimized for processing parameters such as operating pressure and number of passes of the wastewater through the cavitating zone. The maximum bacterial disinfection and COD reduction were obtained using CN5 reactor operated at 5 bar pump discharge pressure and the extent of reduction was found to be 59.17% and 52% respectively. The energy and cost estimation has also been carried out for this treatment process and approximate values are 1.11 kW h/m3of energy usage and 5.54 Rs/m3 (0.078 $/m3) respectively after 10 pass treatment. The disinfection percentage can be further improved by increasing the number of passes and integrating it with other advanced oxidation processes.

Treatment of petroleum refinery effluent using ultrasonic irradiation

Abstract Ultrasonic irradiation is one of the advanced oxidation methods used in wastewater treatment. In this study, ultrasonic treatment of petroleum refinery effluent was examined. An ultrasonic homogenizator with a 20 kHz frequency and an ultrasonic bath with a 42 kHz frequency were used as a source for ultrasound. The effects of parameters such as ZnO amount, ozone saturation time, and type of ultrasound source on the degradation of petroleum refinery effluent were investigated. The degradation of petroleum refinery effluent was measured as a change in initial chemical oxygen demand (COD) and with time. According to the results, degradation increased with the addition of ZnO in an ultrasonic probe. There was also a positive effect of ozone saturation before sonication then applying ultrasound on the degradation for an ultrasonic probe. It was observed that there was no positive effect of ZnO addition and ozone saturation on degradation for an ultrasonic bath.

Biosynthesis of ZnO/SiO 2 nanocatalyst with palash leaves’ powder for treatment of petroleum refinery effluent

This work aims the synthesis and characterization of ZnO/SiO 2 nanocatalyst from plant waste material by green route and application of this ZnO/SiO 2 nanocatalyst for the treatment of petroleum refinery efflu- ent. Butea monosperma (Palash) leaves’ powder was used as reducing and stabilizing agent for synthesis of ZnO/SiO 2 nanocatalyst. Palash leaves contain broad variability of biomolecules which work as reducing and capping agent. In this research work, COD and acenaphthylene which is Polycyclic Aromatic Hydro- carbons (PAH) were degraded by synthesizing ZnO/SiO 2 nanocatalyst under UV-light in an annular photo- catalytic reactor. X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), FIELD emission gun-Scanning electron microscopy (FEG-SEM), Energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) and Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis confirmed the formation of ZnO/SiO 2 nanocatalyst. Characterization studies re- vealed that spherical and hexagonal nanoparticles with particle size ranging from 8 ±5 nm to 40 ±5 nm and mean particle with diameter of 20 ±5 nm were synthesized using this method which is stable in the environment. Brunauer, Emmett and Teller (BET) surface area of ZnO/SiO 2 nanocatalyst is found to be 150.25 m 2 /g. Fractional Factorial design was applied to find optimum condition of process parameters and found that optimum percent. Removal of COD (mg/l), and acenaphthylene were achieved at reaction condition of 1 g/L of ZnO/SiO 2 nanocatalyst loading, 30 °C temperature and 4 h reaction time and found that optimum percent removal of COD (mg/l), and acenaphthylene is 75%, and 73% respectively. Various metals, naturally present in palash leaves’ powder, decrease band gap of energy and improve photocat- alytic activity of nanocatalyst.

Biosynthesis of ZnO/SiO 2 nanocatalyst with palash leaves’ powder for treatment of petroleum refinery effluent

This work aims the synthesis and characterization of ZnO/SiO2 nanocatalyst from plant waste material by green route and application of this ZnO/SiO2 nanocatalyst for the treatment of petroleum refinery effluent. Butea monosperma (Palash) leaves’ powder was used as reducing and stabilizing agent for synthesis of ZnO/SiO2 nanocatalyst. Palash leaves contain broad variability of biomolecules which work as reducing and capping agent. In this research work, COD and acenaphthylene which is Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH) were degraded by synthesizing ZnO/SiO2 nanocatalyst under UV-light in an annular photocatalytic reactor. X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), FIELD emission gun-Scanning electron microscopy (FEG-SEM), Energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) and Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis confirmed the formation of ZnO/SiO2 nanocatalyst. Characterization studies revealed that spherical and hexagonal nanoparticles with particle size ranging from 8 ± 5 nm to 40 ± 5 nm and mean particle with diameter of 20 ± 5 nm were synthesized using this method which is stable in the environment. Brunauer, Emmett and Teller (BET) surface area of ZnO/SiO2 nanocatalyst is found to be 150.25 m2/g. Fractional Factorial design was applied to find optimum condition of process parameters and found that optimum percent. Removal of COD (mg/l), and acenaphthylene were achieved at reaction condition of 1 g/L of ZnO/SiO2 nanocatalyst loading, 30°C temperature and 4 h reaction time and found that optimum percent removal of COD (mg/l), and acenaphthylene is 75%, and 73% respectively. Various metals, naturally present in palash leaves’ powder, decrease band gap of energy and improve photocatalytic activity of nanocatalyst.

Bioelectricity generation and treatment of petroleum refinery effluent by <i>Bacillus cereus</i> and <i>Clostridium butyricum</i> using microbial fuel cell technology

Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) being an emerging technology have been the research focus of increasing interest due to their sustainable capacity for wastewater treatment together with electricity generation. This study investigated the potential use of pure culture Bacillus cereus and Clostridium butyricum as inoculums in MFCs for simultaneous bioelectricity generation and treatment of petroleum refinery effluent. Double-chambered MFCs was used for the study and operated over four-batch cycles for 30 cumulative days but with different external resistances. The influent concentrations of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total organic compound (TOC) in the petroleum refinery effluent was 970 mg/l (ppm) and 156 g/l, respectively. Experimental results indicated that the MFCs with the use of Bacillus cereus as biocatalyst achieved its maximum COD removal, TOC degradation and coulombic efficiencies of 70%, 88.7% and 19.21%, respectively; while with the use of Clostridium butyricum, it achieved the highest COD removal, TOC degradation and coulombic efficiencies of 54.2%, 68.7% and 17.84%, respectively. A maximum voltage of 450 mV and highest power density of 17066.67 mW/m 2 with a maximum current density of 1.270 mA/m 2 was obtained in regard to the external resistor of 1000 Ω using Bacillus cereus as biocatalyst. Similarly, using Clostridium butyricum as biocatalyst the maximum voltage of 370 mV and highest power density of 8816.17mW/m 2 with a maximum current density of 0.913 mA/m 2 was achieved. The study demonstrated that both Bacillus cereus and Clostridium butyricum has strong potentials to be used as inoculums for simultaneous bioelectricity generation and treatment of petroleum refinery effluent in MFCs. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njt.v36i2. 30

Optimization of petroleum refinery effluent treatment in a UASB reactor using response surface methodology

An upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) bioreactor was successfully used for the treatment of petroleum refinery effluent. Before optimization, chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal was 81% at a constant organic loading rate (OLR) of 0.4kg/m3d and a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 48h. The rate of biogas production was 559mL/h at an HRT of 40h and an influent COD of 1000mg/L. Response surface methodology (RSM) was applied to predict the behaviors of influent COD, upflow velocity (Vup) and HRT in the bioreactor. RSM showed that the best models for COD removal and biogas production rate were the reduced quadratic and cubic models, respectively. The optimum region, identified based on two critical responses, was an influent COD of 630mg/L, a Vup of 0.27m/h, and an HRT of 21.4h. This resulted in a 76.3% COD removal efficiency and a 0.25Lbiogas/Lfeedd biogas production rate.