Treatment Of Organic Solid Waste Research Articles

Biogas upgrading and membrane anti-fouling mechanisms in electrochemical anaerobic membrane bioreactor (EC-AnMBR): Focusing on spatio-temporal distribution of metabolic functionality of microorganisms

Electrochemical anaerobic membrane bioreactor (EC-AnMBR) by integrating a composite anodic membrane (CAM), represents an effective method for promoting methanogenic performance and mitigating membrane fouling. However, the development and formation of electroactive biofilm on CAM, and the spatio-temporal distribution of key functional microorganisms, especially the degradation mechanism of organic pollutants in metabolic pathways were not well documented. In this work, two AnMBR systems (EC-AnMBR and traditional AnMBR) were constructed and operated to identify the role of CAM in metabolic pathway on biogas upgrading and mitigation of membrane fouling. The methane yield of EC-AnMBR at HRT of 20 days was 217.1 ± 25.6 mL-CH4/g COD, about 32.1 % higher compared to the traditional AnMBR. The 16S rRNA analysis revealed that the EC-AnMBR significantly promoted the growth of hydrolysis bacteria (Lactobacillus and SJA-15) and methanogenic archaea (Methanosaeta and Methanobacterium). Metagenomic analysis revealed that the EC-AnMBR promotes the upregulation of functional genes involved in carbohydrate metabolism (gap and kor) and methane metabolism (mtr, mcr, and hdr), improving the degradation of soluble microbial products (SMPs)/extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) on the CAM and enhancing the methanogens activity on the cathode. Moreover, CAM biofilm exhibits heterogeneity in the degradation of organic pollutants along its vertical depth. The bacteria with high hydrolyzing ability accumulated in the upper part, driving the feedstock degradation for higher starch, sucrose and galactose metabolism. A three-dimensional mesh-like cake structure with larger pores was formed as a biofilter in the middle and lower part of CAM, where the electroactive Geobacter sulfurreducens had high capabilities to directly store and transfer electrons for the degradation of organic pollutants. This outcome will further contribute to the comprehension of the metabolic mechanisms of CAM module on membrane fouling control and organic solid waste treatment and disposal.

Pilot-scale membrane-covered composting of food waste: Initial moisture, mature compost addition, aeration time and rate

The impact of different operational parameters on the composting efficiency and compost quality during pilot-scale membrane-covered composting (MCC) of food waste (FW) was evaluated. Four factors were assessed in an orthogonal experiment at three different levels: initial mixture moisture (IMM, 55 %, 60 %, and 65 %), aeration time (AT, 6, 9, and 12 h/d), aeration rate (AR, 0.2, 0.4, and 0.6 m3/h) and mature compost addition ratio (MC, 2 %, 4 %, and 6 %). Results indicated that 55 % IMM, 6 h/d AT, 0.4 m3/h AR, and 4 % MC addition ratio simultaneously provided the compost with the maximum cumulative temperature and the minimum moisture. It was shown that the IMM was the driving factor of this optimum composting process. On contrary, the optimal parameters for reducing carbon and nitrogen loss were 65 % IMM, 6 h/d AT, 0.4 m3/h AR, and 2 % MC addition ratio. The AR had the most influence on reducing carbon and nitrogen losses compared to all other factors. The optimal conditions for compost maturity were 55 % IMM, 9 h/d AT, 0.2 m3/h AR, and 6 % MC addition ratio. The primary element influencing the pH and electrical conductivity values was the AR, while the germination index was influenced by IMM. Protein was the main organic matter limiting the composting efficiency. The results of this study will provide guidance for the promotion and application of food waste MCC technology, and contribute to a better understanding of the mechanisms involved in MCC for organic solid waste treatment.

Acceleration of the biodegradation of cationic polyacrylamide by the coupling effect of thermophilic microorganisms and high temperature in hyperthermophilic composting.

As a flocculant of sewage sludge, cationic polyacrylamide (CPAM) enters the environment with sludge and exists for a long time, posing serious threats to the environment. Due to the environmental friendliness and high efficiency in the process of organic solid waste treatment, hyperthermophilic composting (HTC) has received increasing attention. However, it is still unclear whether the HTC process can effectively remove CPAM from sludge. In this study, the effects of HTC and conventional thermophilic composting (CTC) on CPAM in sludge were compared and analyzed. At the end of HTC and CTC, the concentrations of CPAM were 278.96mgkg-1 and 533.89mgkg-1, respectively, and the removal rates were 72.17% and 46.61%, respectively. The coupling effect of thermophilic microorganisms and high temperature improved the efficiency of HTC and accelerated the biodegradation of CPAM. The diversity and composition of microbial community changed dramatically during HTC. Geobacillus, Thermobispora, Pseudomonas, Brevundimonas, and Bacillus were the dominant bacteria responsible for the high HTC efficiency. To our knowledge, this is the first study in which CPAM-containing sludge is treated using HTC. The ideal performance and the presence of key microorganisms revealed that HTC is feasible for the treatment of CPAM-containing sludge.

Precision co-composting of multi-source organic solid wastes provide a sustainable waste management strategy with high eco-efficiency: a life cycle assessment.

With the increase of organic solid wastes (OSWs), current waste management practices, such as landfill, incineration, and windrow composting, have shown weaknesses in both resource recycling and environmental protection. Co-composting has been used to achieve nutrient and carbon recycling but is accused of high ammonia emission and low degradation efficiency. Therefore, this study developed a precision co-composting strategy (S3, which adds functional bacteria generated from food processing waste to a co-composting system) and compared it with the current OSW treatment strategy (S1) and traditional co-composting strategy (S2) from a life cycle assessment (LCA) perspective. The results showed that compared with S1, the eco-efficiency increased by 31.3% due to the higher economic profit of S2 but did not directly reduce the environmental cost. The addition of bacterial agents reduced ammonia emissions and shortened composting time, so compared with S1 and S2, the environmental cost of S3 was reduced by 37.9 and 43.6%, while the economic profit increased by 79.8 and 24.4%, respectively. The changes in environmental costs and economic benefits resulted in a huge improvement of S3's eco-efficiency, which was 189.6 and 121.7% higher than S1 and S2. Meanwhile, the adoption of S3 at a national scale in China could reduce the emission of 1,4-dichlorobenzene by 99.9% compared with S1 and increase profits by 6.58 billion USD per year. This study proposes a novel approach that exhibits high eco-efficiency in the treatment of OSWs.

Application of microbial agents in organic solid waste composting: a review.

The rapid growth of organic solid waste has recently exacerbated environmental pollution problems, and its improper treatment has led to the loss of a large number of biomass resources. Here, we expound the advantages of microbial agents composting compared with conventional organic solid waste treatment technology, and review the important role of microbial agents composting in organic solid waste composting from the aspects of screening and identification, optimization of conditions, mechanism of action, combination with other technologies and ultra-high-temperature and ultra-low-temperature microbial composting. We discuss the value of microorganisms with different growth conditions in organic solid waste composting, and put forward a seasonal multi-temperature composite microbial composting technology. Provide new ideas for the all-round treatment of microbial agents in organic solid waste in the future. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

Study on emission factor and reduction potential of organic solid waste gasification process

This paper conducts an in-depth study on the gasification treatment of Organic Solid Waste (OSW) and its carbon emissions, intending to fill the gap in the existing literature regarding the calculation methods for carbon emissions from OSW gasification. The study establishes a methodology for calculating carbon emission factors during the OSW gasification process and explores the potential for negative carbon emissions. For this purpose, indicator including the Carbon Dioxide Equivalent Warming Number (CEWN) is used to assess the greenhouse gas emissions of the gasification process by calculating carbon emission factors under different gasification conditions. It is found that within a certain range, increasing the gasification temperature, Equivalence Ratio (ER), and Steam to Biomass ratio (S/B) can positively influences the achievement of negative carbon emissions. These findings hold significant implications for optimizing the OSW gasification process, reducing carbon emissions, and ultimately achieving carbon neutrality. Furthermore, this study fills a critical void in the gasification field within the IPCC framework and offers essential guidance for promoting to achieve peak carbon emissions in the gasification industry and accelerating the goal of carbon neutrality.

Simultaneous enhancement on lignocellulose degradation and humic acid formation using the electric field coupled with an iron anode in the co-composting of food waste and agricultural waste

The co-composting of food waste and agricultural waste presents a promising biotechnology for mitigating the challenges of organic solid waste treatment. However, the low degradation rate of lignocellulosic content hindered its application. This study explored a novel approach that employs an electric field coupled with an Fe anode to accelerate crude fiber decomposition and humic acid formation in a composting system. The results demonstrated that the group subjected to direct current exposure matched Fe anode (EF) exhibited the lowest crude fiber content, supported by observed loose cellulose structures using a confocal laser scanning microscope. The humic acid content in EF was also superior, exceeding both the control group without direct current exposure (CK) and with direct current exposure matched carbon anode (EA) by 72.5% and 29.3%, respectively. Two-dimensional FTIR correlation spectroscopy analysis revealed that this technology leveraged the intermediate products of lignocellulose degradation to provide a stable core structure for humic acid formation, promoting the highest humification degree. Microbial community analysis indicated that the enriched dominant phylum Firmicutes in EF was responsible for crude fiber degradation. Metagenomics analysis further suggested that the upregulations of carbohydrate-active enzymes with the signal peptide and reactive oxygen species formation triggered by microorganisms contributed to the crude fiber decomposition. This study demonstrates an efficient technology for improving composting quality.

Anaerobic digestion of food waste for biogas production in glass bot-tles

The generation and inadequate disposal of urban solid waste have been a major environmental problem worldwide. The management of solid urban waste generated in large urban centers is problematic and concerning globally. Alternatives are being developed for the treatment of organic solid waste. Brazil has great potential for biogas production, more precisely, biomethane, a component of raw biogas that needs to be purified. Considering the large daily volume of municipal solid waste (MSW) generated in urban centers, the main objective of this study is to develop a biodigestion technique for organic food waste from restaurants, specifically the university restaurant (RU) of UFPR. The experiments were conducted with homogenized and non-homogenized waste with quantities of recyclables added such as plastic, paper, and cardboard at proportions of 0%, 1%, and 5% in the waste mass, and the temperature of 35 and 45°C was controlled for the system's biodigestion. The data were presented as means ± standard deviation. To compare response variables, normality and homoscedasticity were checked, and mean values were evaluated by the one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) tool. The experiments conditioned to a temperature of 35°C showed statistically significant higher cumulative biogas values when compared to 45°C. As for the experiments that varied the percentage of recyclables inside the biodigester, only 12.5% of the experiments conducted with 1% of added recyclables showed higher cumulative biogas volumes in 30 days of production, followed by 37.5% with 5% of recyclables and 50% with 0% of recyclables (control). Compared to the waste treatment experiments (with 2mm treatment ≠ without 2mm treatment), 21% of the experiments that were not treated with 2mm showed statistically significant higher values (p<0.05) for accumulated biogas in 30 days when compared to their respective treated experiments. This study allowed the development of a biodigestion system using glass bottles and demonstrated the behavior of biodigestion when recyclables are added, conditioned to different process routes (wet and dry), in terms of granulometry and temperature (mesophilic and thermophilic).

Dust removal ash coupled with high-temperature exhaust gas to produce energy gas CO and remove the heavy metals synchronously

In order to solve the utilization problem of dry quenching coke dust removal ash (DRA) and high-temperature exhaust gas (HTEG) at the same time, this study proposes a new technology that combines DRA and high-temperature exhaust gas to produce energy gas CO and realize the removal of heavy metals in dust removal ash. The reaction properties of DRA and high-temperature exhaust gases, as well as the migration law of heavy metals, are preliminarily evaluated using thermodynamic simulation software (FactSage) and a combination of thermogravimetric mass spectrometry (TG-MS). The dropper furnace (DF) experiments are used to verify the feasibility of the new technology by simulating the high-temperature flue gas environment. The findings reveal that as pressure rises, the content of gas products namely CO2 and CH4 rises while the content of gas products CO and H2 falls. At the same time, when the temperature rises, the CO and H2 contents rise. Heavy metals such as Cd, Pb, and Zn are also more volatile, whereas heavy metals such as Ni, Cr, and Cu, require higher temperatures to volatilize. As the temperature increases from 800 to 1200 °C, the Pb removal rate climbs from 34.6% to 92.5%, the Cd removal rate increases from 46.5% to 95.6%, and the Zn removal rate increases from 13.4% to 80.5%. The new technology captures CO2 from high-temperature exhaust gases and converts them into CO energy gases, simultaneously realizing the removal of heavy metals. This provides an innovative solution for the treatment of organic solid waste.

Development of Solid-State Anaerobic Digestion and Aerobic Composting Hybrid Processes for Organic Solid Waste Treatment and Resource Recovery: a Review

Development of Solid-State Anaerobic Digestion and Aerobic Composting Hybrid Processes for Organic Solid Waste Treatment and Resource Recovery: a Review

Mechanism associated with the positive effect of nanocellulose on nitrogen retention in a manure composting system

Additives can play important roles in effectively inhibiting nitrogen losses during livestock manure composting due to the activities of microbes. This study investigated the effects of adding nanocellulose at 300 mg/kg, 600 mg/kg, and 900 mg/kg (NC900) on nitrogen conversion, nitrogen conversion functional genes, and related microorganisms during composting. The results showed that compared with the control, nanocellulose hindered the ammoniation reaction. In addition, NC900 promoted nitrification, interfered with the denitrification process, and reduced the abundance of the nirK gene, thereby increasing the nitrate nitrogen content and decreasing ammonia spillover. NC900 promoted nitrogen fixation by increasing the abundance of members of Rhizobiales, which play important roles in nitrogen fixation. In general, compared with the control, NC900 improved the retention of nitrogen by controlling ammonia emissions. The results obtained in this study demonstrate that nanocellulose can be applied in the treatment of organic solid waste and agricultural production.

Titanium dioxide catalytic hydrothermal liquefaction to treat oily sludge: As hydrogen production catalyst

Oily sludge is a pollutant associated with the petrochemical industry, and its harmfulness and resource disposal are urgent problems to be solved. Nano-TiO2 was used to catalyze HTL to treat oily sludge and showed excellent technical advantages in this study. When T = 230°C and w = 1.5%, the total oil removal efficiency reaches 82.69%, of which 77.68% can be extracted and utilized. Compared with the blank group without TiO2, the oil removal efficiency is increased by nearly 35%, and the oil extraction efficiency is increased by more than 55%. The result imply that TiO2 might can be excited by HTL to generate h+ and e−, which will react with subcritical water produced by HTL to produce O2 and H2. H2 can promote the degradation and lightening of organic matter through hydrocracking, O2 can promote the oxidative cracking of organic hydrocarbons. TiO2 catalysis obviously changes the distribution trend of oil in HTL. Without TiO2 catalysis, the removed oil is mostly oxidized or coked to form coke. The H2 produced by TiO2 can inhibit the coking reaction and form liquid petroleum hydrocarbons that can be extracted and utilized. Due to gas release and coke reduction, which can create pathways to promote the release of oil and water. Nano-titanium dioxide hydrogen production catalysts can obviously improve the treatment efficiency of oily sludge and have broad application prospects in the harmless and resourceful treatment of organic solid wastes.

Hyperthermophilic Composting Technology for Organic Solid Waste Treatment: Recent Research Advances and Trends

Organic solid waste is considered a renewable resource that can be converted by various technologies into valuable products. Conventional thermophilic composting (TC), a well-studied and mature technology, can be applied to organic solid waste treatment to achieve waste reduction, mineralization, and humification simultaneously. However, poor efficiency, a long processing period, as well as low compost quality have always limited its wide application. In order to overcome these shortages, hyperthermophilic composting (HTC) has been recently put forward. This paper reviews the basic principle, process flow, operation parameters, research advances, and application status of HTC. Compared with the TC process, the shorter composting period and higher temperature and treatment efficiency, as well as more desirable compost quality, can be achieved during HTC by inoculating the waste with hyperthermophilic microbes. Additionally, HTC can reduce greenhouse gas emission, increase the removal rate of microplastics and antibiotic residues, and achieve in-situ remediation of heavy metal-polluted soils, which greatly improve its application potential for organic solid waste treatment. This paper also proposes the limitations and future prospects of HTC technology for a wider application. As a result, this review advances our understanding of the HTC process, which promotes its further investigation and application.

Defining interfacial abiotic driving forces for enhancing anaerobic biological treatment of organic solid waste

Defining interfacial abiotic driving forces for enhancing anaerobic biological treatment of organic solid waste

Horizontal flow reactor optimization for biogas recovery during high solid organics fermentation: Rheological characteristic analyses

Continuous improvements in human living standards, water supply quality, and poor solid waste collection systems in China has led to increased production of municipal sewage sludge and organic solid waste (MOSW), which incurs a potential risk for human health and the environment. Solid anaerobic fermentation, which has exhibited advantageous energy recovery and biosolid stabilization, has been considered for urban organic solid waste treatment. The primary objective of this study was to optimize horizontal flow reactor operations for the efficient fermentation of high solid organics and subsequent biogas production via rheological characteristic analyses. The effects of operational parameters, such as paddle type, paddle diameter, pitch diameter ratio, stirring efficiency, torque, and power consumption, on the reactor performance were simulated using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). The solid content greatly influenced the rheological characteristics of the MOSW; increasing the solid content (5 %–30 %) of the MOSW led to a significant decline in the rheological index (0.532 to 0.224). The optimized parameters simulated by CFD included a screw-type stirring paddle with a pitch of 0.6 D, pitch of the screw with the value of 0.75 D, stirring shaft (set vertically and eccentrically downward) with the value of 0.15 D, and stirring speed less than 10 rpm. Moreover, the higher the consistency coefficient, the lower the rheological index and required power consumption. The reactor energy consumption analysis indicated that the average energy consumption can reach 48.20 kJ/m3 with an efficient operation.

Vermicompost an Alternative in the Treatment of Organic Solid Waste, in Zones Altoandinas, Tarma, Junin 2019

In the present investigation, the weight, growth, adaptability and production of humus of a calf foot of Californian red worm (Eisenia foetida) fed with compost (made from animal excreta and organic waste) and organic remains were evaluated. The evaluation was carried out in Tarma, Junín Region. A breeding ground was built with 3.2 m3 cement bricks (6.10 m long  1.05 m wide and 0.50 m high); with a 5 cm thick screed with a 2” PVC drain pipe with a west-east slope, raised by the west side at 15°. A population of 10,000 individuals (10 kilograms) was sown, a sample of 370 individuals was extracted by applying a Simple Random Sampling (MAS) whose average weight and length was 0.3 g and 30 mm. they were fed for 3 months (90 days), the calf was divided into 21 sampling points from which 383 worms were weighed and measured whose average weight and length were 0.38 g and 33.24 mm (3.32 cm). Data were taken every day at 2:00 pm, hydrogen potential (pH) and humidity (soil peach meter), substrate temperature (digital thermometer), ambient temperature (thermohygrometer) were recorded. The average weight of the worms varied from 0.30-0.38 g, the average length varied from 30-33.24 mm. The presence of tiny heels and worms demonstrated their adaptability. The production of humus was 3 tons, the efficiency of the breeding stock was 93.75%. The final substrate had an average of 6.72 pH, 13.61°C temperature, 69.86% humidity and 19.5°C ambient temperature. Consequently, vermicompost is an alternative in the treatment of organic solid waste to be developed in high Andean areas.

The role of endogenous and exogenous hydrogen in the microbiology of biogas production systems.

Anaerobic digestion is an effective process for the treatment of organic solid waste and wastewater and the production of biogas, which is a clean energy source. The carbon dioxide in the biogas can be converted into methane using hydrogen generated from water electrolysis through an approach referred to as power-to-gas. Recently, hydrogen has been added to digesters as an in-situ or ex-situ biogas upgrade to reduce the levels of carbon dioxide. Biogas production systems consist of microbial complexes with highly organized microorganisms in different niches, which can either produce or consume hydrogen. However, the produced endogenous hydrogen should be constantly consumed to maintain a low hydrogen partial pressure. This review addresses the biochemical processes of anaerobic digestion and hydrogen-related microorganisms, including fermentative acid-producing bacteria, syntrophic organic acid degrading bacteria, syntrophic acetate-oxidizing bacteria, homoacetogens, hydrogenotrophic methanogens, and newly reported hydrogen-dependent methylotrophic methanogens. This study also investigates (1) the role of endogenous hydrogen as an intermediate metabolite and of interspecies electron transfer in anaerobic digestion, (2) effects of exogenous hydrogen addition on microbial community structure and metabolic processes, and (3) recent developments regarding in-situ and ex-situ biogas upgrading systems via hydrogen addition.

Clarifying prokaryotic and eukaryotic biofilm microbiomes in anaerobic membrane bioreactor by non-destructive microscopy and high-throughput sequencing

Anaerobic membrane bioreactor (AnMBR) is used for the treatment of organic solid waste. Clogging of filtration membrane pores, called membrane fouling, is one of the most serious issues for the sustainable operation of AnMBR. Although the physical and chemical mechanisms of the membrane fouling have been widely studied, the biological mechanisms are still unclear. The biofilm formation and development on the membrane might cause the membrane fouling. In this study, the prokaryotic and eukaryotic microbiomes of the membrane-attached biofilms in an AnMBR treating a model slurry of organic solid waste were investigated by non-destructive microscopy and high-throughput sequencing of 16S and 18S rRNA genes. The non-destructive visualization indicated that the biofilm was layered with different structures. The lowermost residual fouling layer was mesh-like and composed of filamentous microorganisms, while the upper cake layer was mainly the non-dense and non-cell region. The principal coordinate and phylogenetic analyses of the sequence data showed that the biofilm microbiomes were different from the sludge. The lowermost layer consisted of operational taxonomic units that were related to Leptolinea tardivitalis and Methanosaeta concilii (9.53–10.07% and 1.14–1.64% of the total prokaryotes, respectively) and Geotrichum candidum (30.22–82.31% of the total eukaryotes), all of which exhibited the filamentous morphology. Moreover, the upper layer was inhabited by the presumably cake-degrading bacteria and predatory eukaryotes. The biofilm microbiome features were consistent with the microscope-visualized structure. These results demonstrated that the biofilm structure and microbiome were the layer specific, which provides better understanding of biological mechanisms of membrane fouling in the AnMBR.

EVALUATION OF NEW SMALL-SCALE COMPOSTING PRACTICES WITH ENERGY RECOVERY

This study involves the evaluation of new composting systems for the treatment of organic solid waste that has low environmental impact. Two composting devices were developed, with four types of management. Their behavior was analyzed regarding temperature, gas production, moisture, leachate and percolated water production, compost maturation, nutrient presence, pH and water heating, which can be seen as an energy gain in addition to the economic viability of the process. The proposed composting techniques kept the waste at thermophilic temperatures for more than 20 days, with no significant emission of CH4, under aerobic conditions by passive aeration, without leachate generation. These results can be partially attributed to the suspension of the compost on pallets, the residue composition chosen in the experiments and the boundary conditions of the compartments. The energy recovery test, through water recirculation inside the compost, presented temperatures that reached 51°C after 24 h of recirculation, and were maintained throughout the process, 20 days, demonstrating its effectiveness. The proposed models are environmentally viable, minimizing gas emissions and leachate generation compared to landfill or industrial composting plants. They can be used in industrial kitchens, residential complexes, shopping malls and other small and medium solid waste generators. In addition, the solution presented in this study avoids the transportation of waste over medium and long distances, which also brings a significant reduction in energy expenses, and in the case of landfills, it avoids occupation for long periods, thus reducing emissions of gases and leachate, whose control and treatment are expensive.

Concentración de nitrógeno, fosforo, potasio y calcio en el compost producido a partir de residuos sólidos orgánicos de mercados populares y residencias de Huaraz-Ancash

La investigación quiere proponer metodologías de control de calidad del tratamiento de residuos sólidos orgánicos. Los componentes ricos en carbono y nitrógeno que son importantes para la generación de un compost de muy buena calidad, se lograron con una mezcla homogénea de estos, de tal manera lograr una relación de C/N óptima en un rango de 30 a 40 (materia húmeda). Para el experimento se planteó variantes de 30(CB), 35(CR) y 40(CA), combinación baja (CB), combinación regular (CR) y combinación Alta (CA) para conocer las proporciones del tratamiento. Se monitoreo los parámetros de pH que alcanza valores por encima de 8 produciendo precipitación de nutrientes como Potasio y Calcio, Temperatura promedio máximo a 30°C en la semana 10 del tratamiento; el contenido de humedad llegó hasta 40 %, cantidad de materia orgánica en promedio 20 %, componentes en materia seca de Nitrógeno fue 1,5 % y Fosforo un valor mayor a 0,5 % al final del proceso de compostaje, el que tuvo mejor resultado fue el tratamiento CA. Se hizo una prueba de germinación y se determinó un crecimiento de la planta comparado con el tratamiento CA, se concluye que la distribución C/N en base seca en promedio 7, es adecuado en calidad