Treatment Of Nervous System Diseases Research Articles

Editorial: Neuro-immune-endocrine mechanism of acupuncture in the treatment for nervous system diseases

Editorial: Neuro-immune-endocrine mechanism of acupuncture in the treatment for nervous system diseases

Human cytomegalovirus infection impairs neural differentiation via repressing sterol regulatory element binding protein 2-mediated cholesterol biosynthesis

Congenital human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection is a major cause of abnormalities and disorders in the central nervous system (CNS) and/or the peripheral nervous system (PNS). However, the complete pathogenesis of neural differentiation disorders caused by HCMV infection remains to be fully elucidated. Stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHEDs) are mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) with a high proliferation and neurogenic differentiation capacity. Since SHEDs originate from the neural crest of the early embryonic ectoderm, SHEDs were hypothesized to serve as a promising cell line for investigating the pathogenesis of neural differentiation disorders in the PNS caused by congenital HCMV infection. In this work, SHEDs were demonstrated to be fully permissive to HCMV infection and the virus was able to complete its life cycle in SHEDs. Under neurogenic inductive conditions, HCMV infection of SHEDs caused an abnormal neural morphology. The expression of stem/neural cell markers was also disturbed by HCMV infection. The impairment of neural differentiation was mainly due to a reduction of intracellular cholesterol levels caused by HCMV infection. Sterol regulatory element binding protein-2 (SREBP2) is a critical transcription regulator that guides cholesterol synthesis. HCMV infection was shown to hinder the migration of SREBP2 into nucleus and resulted in perinuclear aggregations of SREBP2 during neural differentiation. Our findings provide new insights into the prevention and treatment of nervous system diseases caused by congenital HCMV infection.

Chinese expert consensus on implementation and management of brain-computer interface clinical research in neurological diseases

The development of brain-computer interface (BCI) technology and its preliminary research results show great clinical application prospects. In particular, the application of BCI technologyis a hot research topic in the field of nervous system diseases at present, but the current BCI technology is still in the stage of experimental exploration, needing systematic and standardized clinical research validation. For this purpose, the consensus is led by the Society of Neurosurgery of Chinese Medical Association and Society of Cerebrovascular Surgery of Chinese Stroke Association. Based on the in-depth discussion of multidisciplinary experts and the vote of the Delphi Method, the guidelines and principles are proposed for pre-clinical qualification review, clinical research implementation and management, and long-term effect tracking and evaluation, so as to standardize research ethics and clinical research procedures and further promote the extensive application and in-depth development of BCI technology in the treatment of nervous system diseases.

The role and responsibility of clinical neuroscience in brain-computer interface clinical research

Brain-computer interface (BCI) constructs the direct communication between human brain and external devices, which has been extensively applied in clinical research of the diagnosis and treatment of nervous system diseases, and plays a crucial role in functional evaluation, communication control, reconstruction, rehabilitation training, and neural regulation. This paper summarizes the different forms of BCI technology, the progress of clinical research on BCI for neurological diseases, and the importance of developing appropriate clinical trial standards and ethical norms. Further emphasis is placed on the interpretation of the scope of BCI clinical research in neurological diseases, the ethical principles of BCI clinical research in neurological diseases, and the key points of BCI clinical research implementation and management summarized in the Chinese expert Consensus on the implementation and management of BCI clinical research in Neurological diseases. Finally, the role and responsibility of clinical neuroscience in BCI clinical trials are put forward, emphasizing interdisciplinary cooperation in clinical research to better promote the clinical transformation of BCI technology.

MiR-18a affects hypoxia induced glucose metabolism transition in HT22 hippocampal neuronal cell line through the Hif1a gene

Hypoxia can cause a variety of diseases, including ischemic stroke and neurodegenerative diseases. Within a certain range of partial pressure of oxygen, cells can respond to changes in oxygen. Changes in oxygen concentration beyond a threshold will cause damage or even necrosis of tissues and organs, especially for the central nervous system. Therefore, it is very important to find appropriate measures to alleviate damage. MiRNAs can participate in the regulation of hypoxic responses in various types of cells. MiRNAs are involved in regulating hypoxic responses in many types of tissues by activating the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) to affect angiogenesis, glycolysis and other biological processes. By analyzing differentially expressed miRNAs in hypoxia and hypoxia-related studies, as well as the HT22 neuronal cell line under hypoxic stress, we found that the expression of miR-18a was changed in these models. MiR-18a could regulate glucose metabolism in HT22 cells under hypoxic stress by directly regulating the 3’UTR of the Hif1a gene. As a small molecule, miRNAs are easy to be designed into small nucleic acid drugs, so this study can provide a theoretical basis for the research and treatment of nervous system diseases caused by hypoxia.Graphical

Polyphenols: Natural Food-Grade Biomolecules for the Treatment of Nervous System Diseases from a Multi-Target Perspective.

Polyphenols are the most prevalent naturally occurring phytochemicals in the human diet and range in complexity from simple molecules to high-molecular-weight polymers. They have a broad range of chemical structures and are generally categorized as "neuroprotective", "anti-inflammatory", and "antioxidant" given their main function of halting disease onset and promoting health. Research has shown that some polyphenols and their metabolites can penetrate the blood-brain barrier and hence increase neuroprotective signaling and neurohormonal effects to provide anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. Therefore, multi-targeted modulation of polyphenols may prevent the progression of neuropsychiatric disorders and provide a new practical therapeutic strategy for difficult-to-treat neuropsychiatric disorders. Therefore, multi-target modulation of polyphenols has the potential to prevent the progression of neuropsychiatric disorders and provide a new practical therapeutic strategy for such nervous system diseases. Herein, we review the therapeutic benefits of polyphenols on autism-spectrum disorders, anxiety disorders, depression, and sleep disorders, along with in vitro and ex vivo experimental and clinical trials. Although their methods of action are still under investigation, polyphenols are still seldom employed directly as therapeutic agents for nervous system disorders. Comprehensive mechanistic investigations and large-scale multicenter randomized controlled trials are required to properly evaluate the safety, effectiveness, and side effects of polyphenols.

Advances in the application of fecal microbiota transplantation for the treatment of nervous system diseases

The intestinal microbiota exhibits a strong correlation with the function of the central nervous system, exerting influence on the host brain through neural pathways, immune pathways, and microbial metabolites along the gut-brain axis. Disorders in the composition of the intestinal microbial are closely associated with the onset and progression of neurological disorders, such as depression, Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease. It has been proven that fecal microbiota transplantation can improve symptoms in animal models of neurological diseases and clinical patients. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the composition and function of the human intestinal microbiota, as well as the intricate the relationship between the human intestinal microbiota and nervous system diseases through the gut-brain axis. Additionally, it delves into the research advancements and underlying mechanism of fecal microbiota transplantation in the treatment of nervous system diseases. These findings offer novel insights and potential avenues for clinical interventions targeting nervous system diseases.

Research progress on mechanisms of ligustilide in treatment of nervous system diseases

Ligustilide is the main active component of the volatile oil from Angelica sinensis and Ligusticum chuanxiong in the Umbelliferae family. It is a phthalein compound with anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antioxidant, anti-tumor, anti-atherosclerosis, neuroprotective, and other pharmacological effects. It can improve the permeability of the blood-brain barrier and has important potential in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases and other nervous system diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, ischemic stroke, Parkinson's disease, vascular dementia, and depression. Therefore, the mechanism of ligustilide in the treatment of nervous system diseases was summarized to provide a reference for drug development and clinical application.

Treatment of Syringomyelia Characterized by Focal Dilatation of the Central Canal Using Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Neural Stem Cells.

Syringomyelia is a progressive chronic disease that leads to nerve pain, sensory dissociation, and dyskinesia. Symptoms often do not improve after surgery. Stem cells have been widely explored for the treatment of nervous system diseases due to their immunoregulatory and neural replacement abilities. In this study, we used a rat model of syringomyelia characterized by focal dilatation of the central canal to explore an effective transplantation scheme and evaluate the effect of mesenchymal stem cells and induced neural stem cells for the treatment of syringomyelia. The results showed that cell transplantation could not only promote syrinx shrinkage but also stimulate the proliferation of ependymal cells, and the effect of this result was related to the transplantation location. These reactions appeared only when the cells were transplanted into the cavity. Additionally, we discovered that cell transplantation transformed activated microglia into the M2 phenotype. IGF1-expressing M2 microglia may play a significant role in the repair of nerve pain. Cell transplantation can promote cavity shrinkage and regulate the local inflammatory environment. Moreover, the proliferation of ependymal cells may indicate the activation of endogenous stem cells, which is important for the regeneration and repair of spinal cord injury.

Research Progress of Tongqihuoxue Decoction in the Treatment of Nervous System Diseases

Research Progress of Tongqihuoxue Decoction in the Treatment of Nervous System Diseases

Coexisting discharge and synchronization of heterogeneous discrete neural network with crosstalk memristor synapses

Synaptic crosstalk, which occurs due to the overflow of neurotransmitters between neighboring synapses, holds a crucial position in shaping the discharge characteristics and signal transmission within nervous systems. In this work, two memristors are employed to simulate biological neural synapses and bidirectionally coupled Chialvo discrete neuron and Rulkov discrete neuron. Thus, a heterogeneous discrete neural network with memristor-synapse coupling is constructed, with the crosstalk behavior between memristor synapses in the coupled state taken into account. The analysis demonstrates that the quantity and stability of fixed points within this neural network greatly depend on the strength of synaptic crosstalk. Additionally, through a thorough investigation of bifurcation diagrams, phase diagrams, Lyapunov exponents, and time sequences, we uncover the multi-stable state property exhibited by the neural network. This characteristic manifests as the coexistence of diverse discharge behaviors, which significantly change with the intensity of synaptic crosstalk. Interestingly, the introduction of control parameter into state variables can lead the bias to increase, and also the infinite stable states to occur in the neural network. Furthermore, we comprehensively study the influence of synaptic crosstalk strength on the synchronization behavior of the neural network, with consideration of various coupling strengths, initial conditions, and parameters. Our analysis, which is based on the phase difference and synchronization factor of neuronal discharge sequences, reveales that the neural network maintains phase synchronization despite the variations of the two crosstalk strengths. The insights gained from this work provide important support for elucidating the electrophysiological mechanisms behind the processing and transmission of biological neural information. Especially, the coexisting discharge phenomenon in the neural network provides an electrophysiological theoretical foundation for the clinical symptoms and diagnosis of the same neurological disease among different individuals or at different stages. And the doctors can predict the progression and prognosis of neurological disease based on the patterns and characteristics of coexisting discharge in patients, enabling them to adopt appropriate intervention measures and monitoring plans. Therefore, the research on coexisting discharge in the neural system contributes to the comprehensive treatment of nervous system disease.

Potential therapeutic effect of olfactory ensheathing cells in neurological diseases: neurodegenerative diseases and peripheral nerve injuries.

Neurological diseases are destructive, mainly characterized by the failure of endogenous repair, the inability to recover tissue damage, resulting in the increasing loss of cognitive and physical function. Although some clinical drugs can alleviate the progression of these diseases, but they lack therapeutic effect in repairing tissue injury and rebuilding neurological function. More and more studies have shown that cell therapy has made good achievements in the application of nerve injury. Olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) are a special type of glial cells, which have been proved to play an important role as an alternative therapy for neurological diseases, opening up a new way for the treatment of neurological problems. The functional mechanisms of OECs in the treatment of neurological diseases include neuroprotection, immune regulation, axon regeneration, improvement of nerve injury microenvironment and myelin regeneration, which also include secreted bioactive factors. Therefore, it is of great significance to better understand the mechanism of OECs promoting functional improvement, and to recognize the implementation of these treatments and the effective simulation of nerve injury disorders. In this review, we discuss the function of OECs and their application value in the treatment of neurological diseases, and position OECs as a potential candidate strategy for the treatment of nervous system diseases.

Comprehensive review on sexual dimorphism to improve scalp acupuncture in nervous system disease.

With the development of modern medicine, the Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) combined with western medicine began to be produced and applied. Scalp acupuncture (SA) as a Chinese medicine based on neurological theory, has a great advantage compared with TCM in the treatment of nervous system diseases. In this paper, we analyze the physiological and pathological manifestations of sexual dimorphism (SD) to illustrate the necessity of SD treatment. In addition, we review the factors that can affect SD and analyze in physiological structure, function, and pathological neurons. Diseases (pathological basis, pathological manifestations, and incidence) and factors leading to gender differences, which to analyze the possibility of gender differences in SA. Furthermore, we creatively a new insight of SD-SA and provide the complete SD treatment cases on the basis of the existing SA in different kinds of diseases including stroke, migraine, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and depression. In summary, we believe that it is feasible to improve the clinical effectiveness of SA, which is able to promote the development of SA, and then provides an actionable evidence for the promotion of precision medicine in the future.

Research on the Effects of Neuroglobin on Ferroptosis in the Nerve Cells

Abstract Objectives The objective of this article was to explore the effects of neuroglobin (NGB) on ferroptosis in the nerve cells. Methods The NGB knockdown model of HT22 cells was constructed, and the ferroptosis-related indexes of cell proliferation activity, contents of iron ion, malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide and reactive oxygen, and the changes of nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) expression were examined in the normal group, erastin group, NGB siRNA group, and NGB siRNA + Erastin group, respectively. Results Compared with the normal group, cell proliferation activity and Nrf2 expression were significantly lower in the erastin group, NGB siRNA group, and NGB siRNA + erastin group, and ferroptosis-related indexes such as iron ion content, MDA content, superoxide content, and reactive oxygen species content were significantly reduced, and the difference between NGB siRNA + erastin group, erastin group, and NGB siRNA group was statistically significant (p < 0.05). Conclusion Knockdown of NGB in cells enhances the action of the ferroptosis inducer erastin, and NGB may regulate the cellular ferroptosis process through Nrf2. This research may provide references for the clinical treatment of nervous system disease with Chinese medicine.

Design, synthesis, and evaluation of N-methyl-propargylamine derivates as isoform-selective monoamine oxidases inhibitors for the treatment of nervous system diseases

A novel series of N-methyl-propargylamine derivates were designed, synthesized, and evaluated as isoform-selective monoamine oxidases (MAO) inhibitors for the treatment of nervous system diseases. The in vitro studies showed some of the compounds exhibited considerable MAO-A selective inhibitory activity (IC50 of 14.86–17.16 nM), while some of the others exhibited great MAO-B selective inhibitory activity (IC50 of 4.37–17.00 nM). Further studies revealed that compounds A2 （IC50 against MAO-A: 17.16 ± 1.17 nM） and A5 (IC50 against MAO-B: 17.00 ± 1.10 nM) had significant abilities to protect PC12 cells from H2O2-induced apoptosis and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. The parallel artificial membrane permeability assay showed A2 and A5 would be potent to cross the blood–brain barrier. The results indicated that A2 showed potential use in the therapy of MAO-A related diseases, such as depression and anxiety; while A5 exhibited promising ability in the treatment of MAO-B related diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease.

CDBA: a novel multi-branch feature fusion model for EEG-based emotion recognition.

EEG-based emotion recognition through artificial intelligence is one of the major areas of biomedical and machine learning, which plays a key role in understanding brain activity and developing decision-making systems. However, the traditional EEG-based emotion recognition is a single feature input mode, which cannot obtain multiple feature information, and cannot meet the requirements of intelligent and high real-time brain computer interface. And because the EEG signal is nonlinear, the traditional methods of time domain or frequency domain are not suitable. In this paper, a CNN-DSC-Bi-LSTM-Attention (CDBA) model based on EEG signals for automatic emotion recognition is presented, which contains three feature-extracted channels. The normalized EEG signals are used as an input, the feature of which is extracted by multi-branching and then concatenated, and each channel feature weight is assigned through the attention mechanism layer. Finally, Softmax was used to classify EEG signals. To evaluate the performance of the proposed CDBA model, experiments were performed on SEED and DREAMER datasets, separately. The validation experimental results show that the proposed CDBA model is effective in classifying EEG emotions. For triple-category (positive, neutral and negative) and four-category (happiness, sadness, fear and neutrality), the classification accuracies were respectively 99.44% and 99.99% on SEED datasets. For five classification (Valence 1-Valence 5) on DREAMER datasets, the accuracy is 84.49%. To further verify and evaluate the model accuracy and credibility, the multi-classification experiments based on ten-fold cross-validation were conducted, the elevation indexes of which are all higher than other models. The results show that the multi-branch feature fusion deep learning model based on attention mechanism has strong fitting and generalization ability and can solve nonlinear modeling problems, so it is an effective emotion recognition method. Therefore, it is helpful to the diagnosis and treatment of nervous system diseases, and it is expected to be applied to emotion-based brain computer interface systems.

Advances of Research on Auricular Vagus Nerve Stimulation for Treatment of Nervous System Diseases

As a new type of nerve regulation technology, Vagus Nerve Stimulation is currently used in the treatment of nervous system diseases. Auricular Vagus Nerve Stimulation has become one of the research hotspots in this field, because there is no implantation risk. However, there is no unified standard for the treatment parameters of aVNS for nervous system diseases. In this paper, the research progress of the anatomical structure and parameters of the vagus nerve and its role in nervous system diseases are reviewed to provide basis for further research.

Signal generation and regulation of implantable nerve stimulator

In the treatment of nervous system diseases, implantable nerve stimulators have attracted more and more attention because of their obvious therapeutic efficacy and high safety. The generation and regulation of stimulus signals are the most important step in the design of an implantable nerve stimulator. The stimulation signals from the implanted nerve stimulator act directly on nerve cells. If the stimulus signal is not delivered accurately according to the set parameters, it will not only affect the therapeutic effect but also cause unpredictable malignant consequences. To generate stimulus signals that meet certain requirements, the different circuit structures need to be designed to be applied to the stimulators with different function types. In this paper, five types of stimulator circuits are introduced, and their strengths and weaknesses are analyzed based on the detailed introduction of the working principles of the different stimulator circuits, which might provide a theoretical and practical reference for future research.

Apelin/APJ system: an emerging therapeutic target for neurological diseases.

Apelin, an endogenous ligand for the G protein-coupled receptor APJ, is extensively expressed in various systems, especially the nervous system. This article reviews the role of apelin/APJ system in neurological diseases. In detail, apelin/APJ system can relieve acute brain injury including subarachnoid hemorrhage, traumatic brain injury, and ischemic stroke. Also, apelin/APJ system has therapeutic effects on chronic neurodegenerative disease models, involving the regulation of neurotrophic factors, neuroendocrine, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, neuronal apoptosis, and autophagy. In addition, through different routes of administration, apelin/APJ system has a biphasic effect on depression, epilepsy, and pain. However, apelin/APJ system exacerbates the proliferation and invasion of glioblastoma. Thus, apelin/APJ system is expected to be a therapeutic target for the treatment of nervous system diseases.

Highly adhesive stretchable polymer and highly dynamic stable human electrophysiological monitoring

<p indent="0mm">Highly dynamic and stable human electrophysiological monitoring has broad application prospects in intelligent wearable health monitoring, clinical diagnosis of cardiovascular diseases, treatment of nervous system diseases and intelligent human–computer interaction. As a signal interaction bridge between human and the external environment, on-skin electrodes can be attached to the skin surface to monitor and collect various electrophysiological signals in a non-invasive way, making it an ideal platform for highly dynamic and stable electrophysiological monitoring. From the material point of view, the highly dynamic stability of on-skin electrodes depends on the high adhesion and stretchability of the substrate. Therefore, it is an important research direction in the field of flexible intelligent health monitoring to prepare highly adhesive stretchable polymer and construct highly conformal on-skin electrodes that adhere to human skin surface through rational design of polymer structure, so as to realize highly dynamic and stable human electrophysiological monitoring. In this paper, we summarized the recent research progress in our group on the preparation of highly adhesive stretchable polymer and their applications in electrophysiological monitoring with highly dynamic stability, and discussed the opportunities and challenges of highly adhesive stretchable polymer in the next generation of flexible intelligent health monitoring.