Mine Wastewater Treatment Research Articles

Synthesis of Fe3O4 Derived from Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) Sludge and Catalytic Degradation of Tetracycline.

Acid mine drainage (AMD) sludge is waste generated in the process of acid mine wastewater treatment, and the use of AMD sludge to prepare Fe3O4 to activate H2O2 degradation pollutants is an effective means of resource utilization. In this study, the heterogeneous catalyst Fe3O4-based composites were synthesized by a one-step method using AMD sludge as a raw material, and the Fe3O4-based materials before and after catalysis were characterized by powder diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The effects of several key factors (pH values, H2O2 content, TC concentration, and Fe3O4 content) of tetracycline (TC) degradation were evaluated. The results revealed that the TC removal rate reached up to 95% within 120 min under optimal conditions (pH 3; H2O2, 5 mmol/L; TC concentration, 25 mg/L; Fe3O4 content, 1g/L). Moreover, •OH and •O2- radicals were generated during the Fenton-like degradation process, and the plausible degradation mechanism was discussed. Besides, the Fe3O4 catalyst exhibited fantastic stability after five cycles. In conclusion, this study is expected to promote the resource utilization of industrial sludge and provide a new material for the treatment of antibiotic-contaminated wastewater.

An integrated approach to sustainable mine wastewater treatment: Magnesium recovery with anion exchange membranes

With recent emphasis on sustainable and efficient mineral valorization, novel approaches to treating mineral wastewater in natural settings bring both environmental and economic value. This paper presents the results of an applied research to develop an integrated approach to sustainable wastewater treatment that includes an ion exchange process to recover copper and cobalt from mine wastewater, followed by the membrane recovery of magnesium. The paper investigates magnesium hydroxide crystallization process employing an anion exchange membrane (AEM) cell. This process involves the penetration of OH- ions from the alkaline solution through the AEM to the feed solution in exchange for Cl- ions and precipitation of Mg(OH)2 as solid particles. The wastewater was sampled from different mine waste sources from the copper mine tailings dam in South Australia, all containing significant amounts of critical metals, including magnesium, copper, and cobalt. The results have demonstrated the potential for sustainable magnesium hydroxide recovery methods. The findings suggest that the most influential process parameters for magnesium hydroxide recovery and purity are magnesium concentration in the feed solution and sodium hydroxide to magnesium ratio in the alkaline solution and feed solution, respectively. It was also established that the overall recovery of cobalt, copper and magnesium in a combination of ion exchange and AEM processes was achieved at a level near 100 %. The purity of magnesium hydroxide precipitate was achieved in the range of 90–96.6 % and depends mainly on the presence of impurities in brine.

Artificial neural network model for extracting knowledge from the electro‐Fenton process for acid mine wastewater treatment

Artificial neural network model for extracting knowledge from the electro‐Fenton process for acid mine wastewater treatment

The green resource recovery process of a new type of selective bipolar membrane electrodialysis system for saline wastewater treatment

The selective electrodialysis with bipolar membrane (BMSED) is an advanced electro-membrane process that combines monovalent perm-selective ion exchange membrane and a bipolar membrane, and presented significant potential in high salinity wastewater treatment and reclamation. Herein, we accomplished an in-depth assessment of the external-integration and internal-integration systems for the treatment of high-salinity mining wastewater and seawater desalination concentrate brine. The issues surrounding their cycling performance during batch operation, their anti-fouling potential in the presence of Mg2+/Ca2+ ions, and its specific operational cost were thoroughly investigated. The results suggest that the internal integration system demonstrates suitable stability during long-term operation under batch (cycling) mode. Nevertheless, the membrane exhibited inorganic scaling due to co-ion leakage at high current density. A highly pure NaOH was obtained through an internal integration process at a cost of 0.68 $/kg, outperforming the external integration system (98.96 %, 1.85 $/kg). The findings presented in this study offer valuable insights for the industrial application of BMSED technology in managing high salinity wastewaters.

The complexation color development—visible spectrophotometry method for rapid determination of Ca2+ concentration in mine wastewater and its mechanism

Ca2+ is an important cation in coagulants used in the treatment of mine wastewater such as coal slime water, and its concentration directly affects the settling and flotation of coal slime water. The rapid determination of Ca2+ concentration is of great significance to guiding industrial production. Herein, the complexation color development—visible spectrophotometry (CCDVS) method was proposed to obtain the concentration information of Ca2+, wherein 1-(1-Hydroxy-4-methyl-2-phenylazo)-2-naphthol-4-sulfonic acid (Calmagite) was used as an indicator and the mechanism of complexation between the indicator and Ca2+ was explored. The strong correlation between spectral data and Ca2+ concentration (R2 = 0.997) indicated that this method could be used for Ca2+ detection, thereby a quantitative model was proposed to predict Ca2+ concentration by using the complexation color development—visible light absorption data. The chemical element and bonding analysis confirmed that Ca2+ was complexed with the sulfonic acid group on the indicator skeleton in the form of Ca(OH)+ intermediate in an alkaline environment. The generated complexation product (-S-O-Ca(OH)+) could stably absorb 620 nm light energy, and its absorption performance remained 99.8% after standing for 60 min. The relative standard deviation of the detection results of Ca2+ in different calcium source solutions was as low as 1.24%, which confirmed the strong calcium source compatibility of the proposed method. More importantly, the successful application of this method in the determination of Ca2+ concentration at different points in industrial coal slime water system proved its advantages of high accuracy (relative error is as low as 5.01%), low cost and simple operation. The LOD of this method is 0.038 mg/L. Therefore, the complexation color development—visible spectrophotometry method can maximize the potential for cost reduction and efficiency improvement in mine wastewater treatment.

Study of the fouling behavior of typical inorganic-organic foulants in silicates-bearing mine wastewater on reverse osmosis membrane

Inorganic-organic contaminants in mine wastewater treatment constantly challenge the performance of reverse osmosis (RO) membranes. In this work, the main pollutants are calcium ions, soluble silicate, and fulvic acid (FA). We investigate the membrane contamination response of these contaminants in single cases and several composite scenarios. It turns out that membrane fouling is significantly affected by differences in feed composition and content. When all three contaminants coexist, the Lewis acid-base (AB) interaction may dominate the contamination process. When the Ca2+ concentration was raised from 0 to 7 mM, the AB energy between foulants decreased from −77.47 KT to −98.84 KT at the minimum separation distance. This study highlights the impact of typical inorganic and organic pollutants in the RO process, which could help optimize feed conditions while also giving a comparable theory for the water treatment sector.

Sodium alginate/graphene oxide (SA/GO) gel balls for Pb(II)-containing mine wastewater treatment: Molecular design and Pb(II) adsorption characteristics

In view of the difficulty in treating Pb(II)-containing mine wastewater and the low adsorption efficiency of adsorbents, a sodium alginate/graphene oxide (SA/GO) gel ball was designed via molecular simulation using graphene oxide (GO) and sodium alginate (SA) as raw materials and Ca2+ as a crosslinking agent. The morphology and structure of the prepared SA/GO gel spheres were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD), and their Pb(II) adsorption properties were studied. Molecular simulation studies showed that strong hydrogen bonding occurs between SA/GO and Ca2+. At a CaCl2 concentration of 5 wt%, the shear modulus reached 2.4199, indicating that the SA/GO gel balls had good mechanical strength. An SA/GO gel ball was prepared based on the optimal formula. The adsorption exploration experiment showed that when the temperature was 35 °C, the dosage of the gel ball was 0.02 g, and the adsorption time was 24 h, it had good adsorption performance. Isothermal adsorption analysis showed that at 25,35, and 45 °C, the equilibrium adsorption capacities are 418.41 mg/g, 366.30 mg/g, and 400.00 mg/g, respectively and Pb(II) adsorption using the SA/GO gel balls followed the Langmuir isothermal model, and the adsorption kinetics were quasi-second-order. XPS and EDS studies shown that Pb(II) was successfully adsorbed through complexation, ion exchange and hydroxy-carboxyl functional group reaction. The recovery experiment showed that after four adsorption cycles, the adsorption capacity of SA/GO decreased from 202.56 mg/g to 188.65 mg/g, indicating that SA/GO has a certain degree of recyclability.

Weibull Technique for Evaluation of Swelling: Composite Graphite Resin Electrode for Electrochemical Treatment of Gold Mining Wastewaters

This paper evaluated the swelling of graphite resin electrodes developed for utilization in the electrochemical treatment of gold mining wastewater. Graphite-resin electrodes were developed from used dry cells and resin using non-heat treatment processes (segregation). The Microstructure of the electrode was determined using a scanning electron microscope (Carl Zeiss Smart Evo 10) to ascertain the composition of the electrode. The swelling property of the electrodes was measured using the standard method through a combination of gold mining wastewater and chloride salt solutions. Effects of operational factors (particle size, percentage binder and compressive “compacting” pressure) on the swelling of the electrodes were monitored and evaluated statistically (using analysis of variance). Weibull probability distribution (2 and 3 parameters) was applied to the swelling through Microsoft Excel Solver and Moment Likelihood Method to ascertain the usefulness of the electrode in environmental pollution control through computation of reliability. The study revealed that the swelling was in the range of 1.48 % to 2.24 %, particle size (F5,20 =196.48, p = 2.76 x 10-16), percentage binder (F4,12 =181.58, p = 1.27 x 10-10), and compressive pressure (F3,12 = 106.69, p = 6.43 x 10-9) were significant factors that influence swelling of graphite-resin electrode at 95 % confidence level. the values of α and β for 2-parameters Weibull distribution are 63.162 and 15.098, and 1.265 and 10.089 for MSE and MLM methods, respectively. The Table shows that the values of α, β and θ for 3-parameters Weibull distribution are 3.679, 8.097 and 0.168, and 4.350, 7.165 and 0.198 for MSE and MLM methods, respectively. It was concluded that particle size and compacting pressure are significant factors that had an effect on the swelling of graphite resin electrodes for treatment water and wastewater.

UV-initiated polymerization of cationic organic flocculants and its application and mechanism in coal mine wastewater treatment

In this study, in order to improve the flocculation efficiency of natural organic flocculant in coal mine wastewater, guar gum (GG) and [2-(methacryloyloxy) ethyl] trimethyl ammonium chloride (DMC)were used to synthesize a type of graft copolymer of GG with DMC (GG-g-DMC) with flocculating function by free radical polymerization under ultraviolet (UV) light initiation conditions. Performance testing and structural characterization of the composites including FTIR, NMR, XRD, SEM, TG, and XPS were conducted to verify the synthesis of the graft polymer. The GG-g-DMC was applied to treat coal mine wastewater, according to the sedimentation index and the optimal flocculation solution was determined, and the flocculation settling mechanism was studied using focused beam reflectance measurement (FBRM), Zeta potentiometer and adhesion force meter. The results indicated that GG-g-DMC synthesis by UV-initiated polymerization was feasible and the settling effect increased significantly; 0.5 mg/g(s) GG-g-DMC 4 was excellent in all aspects, its sedimentation speed reached 20.64 cm/min, the light transmittance was 95.00%, and the compression layer thickness was 1.89 cm; the mechanism is mainly the synergy of charge neutralization, bridging, and improve hydrophobicity.

Efficient removal of uranium from acidic mining wastewater using magnetic phosphate composites

Uranium mining operations produce large volumes of acidic uranium mining wastewater, necessitating the development of environmentally friendly and recyclable materials for efficient uranium removal and recovery. The current study successfully produced hydroxyapatite (HAP-L) and magnetic phosphate composites (CaFeP-1, CaFeP-2, and FePO4) through a combination of mixing, ultrasonication, hydrothermal precipitation, and calcination methods. The research explores the influence of various parameters such as pH, solid–liquid ratio, contact time, initial uranium concentration, co-existing ions, and recyclability on the uranium removal efficiency of these materials. The findings indicate exceptional uranium adsorption capacities, with CaFeP-1 exhibiting the highest capacity among the materials, especially in acidic environments. Moreover, CaFeP-1 displays strong resistance to interference from other ions and can be recycled multiple times while maintaining high removal rates. Treatment of acidic uranium mining wastewater by CaFeP-1 results in pH adjustment and the reduction of uranium and other ion concentrations, making it a promising solution for comprehensive remediation of acidic uranium mining wastewater. The U(VI) removal mechanism by CaFeP-1 was validated through XRD, FT-IR, and XPS results. The U(VI) removal was attributed to processes such as dissolution-precipitation, surface complexation, and ion exchange. The formation of sodium uranyl phosphate hydrate was identified as a new product following U(VI) abatement by CaFeP-1. In summary, CaFeP-1 shows great potential for the effective treatment of acidic uranium mining wastewater.

Arsenic bioremediation in mining wastewater by controllable genetically modified bacteria with biochar

Arsenic (As) is a highly toxic chemical element associated with cardiovascular diseases and diabetes. Using genetically modified microorganisms (GMOs) for arsenic detoxification or removal is taking center stage in recent years. However, the bio-safety issue of GMOs remains an obstacle. In this study, we proposed a bioremediation process to efficiently adsorb arsenic from mining wastewater by combining a controllable GMO with biochar. One metagenomic gene element (ArsR) with high arsenic adsorption efficiency was newly identified from mining wastewater environment. Then the gene was chromosomally integrated into strain Pseudomonas putida KT2440, which is a widely used strain for environmental bioremediation. The growth-regulation genetic circuit coordinating suicide gene expression was deployed onto the genome of strain KT2440. This non-auxotrophic, antibiotic-free and self-controlled programmable circuit was fine-tuned with highly sensitive perceptibility towards arsenic levels below wastewater discharge standard (< 0.50 mg/L), which made the system applicable. A biochar-microorganism coupled recovery strategy was further implemented in mining wastewater treatment, leading to increased arsenic removal capacities, which is ready for use under a circumstance up to 20 mg/L of total arsenic pollution. No more than 1.32 × 10−9 escapee of GMOs was observed in the process, which meets the US NIH guidelines for GMOs release (<10−8). Thus, this study demonstrated the feasibility for arsenic bioremediation by GMOs in industrial wastewater.

Enhancing Commercially Iron Powder Electron Transport by Surface Biosulfuration to Achieve Uranium Extraction from Uranium Ore Wastewater.

The zero-valent iron (ZVI) has attracted increasing attention due to the enhanced reactivity of ZVI to uranium wastewater. However, ZVI practical application is hampered due to its susceptibility to oxidation and the formation of passivation layers during storage and in situ restoration. To address these issues, we used a biosulfuration approach to modify ZVI for application in uranium ore wastewater treatment. A series of physicochemical characterization tools and photoelectronic analyses showed that BS-ZVI considerably increased carrier separation efficiency and visible light absorption capacity, resulting in a significant photoassisted enhancement effect on uranium extraction. Accordingly, the uranium removal efficiency of BS-ZVI reached 91% within 60 min, and its maximum adsorption capacity was 336.3 mg/g. By analyzing the mechanism, the improved U(VI) removal performance was mostly responsible on the dissolution of the passivation layer on the surface of ZVI, the generation of Fe(II) and FeS, and the important role of Shewanella putrefaciens extracellular polymers (EPS). Overall, the BS-ZVI biohybrid merges with the high activity of ZVI, bio-FeS, and self-regeneration ability of bacteria, expanding a promising new approach for sustainable treatment of uranium mine wastewater.

Improving Acid Mine Drainage Treatment through Electrocoagulation: Effect of Time, Electrode Distance, and Electrode Types

This study explores the feasibility of employing electrocoagulation technology to manage Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) wastewater, focusing on reducing heavy metal concentrations, particularly iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn). Samples of AMD liquid waste from PT Lhoong Setia Mining in Aceh Province, Indonesia, underwent electrocoagulation using Al-Zn and Al-Fe electrodes with Direct Current (DC). The investigation considered various parameters, including contact time (ranging from 0 to 45 minutes), electrode distance (2, 2.5, and 3 cm), and electrode type (Al-Fe and Al-Zn). The study revealed that prolonged electrocoagulation increased the reduction of Fe and Mn metals due to enhanced Al(OH)3 formation. While Al-Zn electrodes exhibited rapid coagulant formation initially, Al-Fe electrodes sustained effectiveness throughout the process. Optimal reduction of Fe and Mn concentrations occurred at different electrode distances, emphasizing the critical role of spacing in electrocoagulation efficiency. Furthermore, the electrocoagulation process successfully elevated pH levels within acceptable limits and effectively reduced Total Suspended Solids (TSS) in AMD waste, aligning with regulatory standards. This research underscores the potential for electrocoagulation as a viable technology for mitigating the environmental impact of AMD and addresses knowledge gaps related to efficient pollutant removal in mining wastewater treatment. Future studies should explore parameter optimization and consider transitioning to continuous operation for increased effectiveness, particularly in remote mining locations.

Erratum to: Automated Control of Sorptional Treatment of Mine Wastewater

Erratum to: Automated Control of Sorptional Treatment of Mine Wastewater

Numerical modeling of geological sequestration of brine wastewater due to coal mining in the Ordos Basin, China

The coal resources play an indispensable role in the development of heavy industry in China, and coal mining activity leads to brine wastewater drainage, causing major risks for the aquatic environmental system. Thus, the effective and economic treatment of coal mine wastewater is vital to mitigate the environmental burdens, and geological sequestration by deep-well injection is a promising treatment technique. This study elucidates the physical and geochemical processes of coal mine wastewater transport in deep reservoirs and proposes an optimized injection scheme to satisfy environmental and economic benefits simultaneously in the Ordos Basin, China. First, a variable density and variable parameter groundwater reactive transport model is constructed to simulate the long-term process of deep-well injection for coal mine wastewater treatment. Then, the environmental metrics, i.e., the percentage of permeability reduction, the total mass and spatial second moment of the wastewater plume, and the economic metric defined as achieving a higher concentration at a higher injection rate are proposed to evaluate the performance of the injection scheme. The simulation results show that the secondary mineral anhydrite dominates the reduction of reservoir permeability due to the precipitation reactions with SO42− in the brine wastewater, and the permeability in the reaction zone decreases by 0.66 % ~ 1.26 % after 10 years in the basic scenario. Moreover, higher concentrations negatively affect reservoir permeability and increase total dissolved solids, while higher injection rates decrease reservoir permeability and increase the brine wastewater plume. The study also identifies promising schemes that can achieve an optimal trade-off between the conflicting metrics. Based on the economic and environmental benefits demanded in this study, an injection scenario with a concentration of C4 and an injection volume of 800 m3/d is recommended to maximize environmental benefits. Overall, this numerical study offers significant implications for designing an economically and environmentally sustainable treatment injection scheme for coal mining wastewater drainage.

MATHEMATICAL ANALYSIS OF THE SORPTION PROCESS OF MINE WATER PURIFICATION

Contaminated mine water with a large amount of salts makes underground and surface water sources unsuitable for household and drinking needs. Already in 2016, there was a shortage of drinking water in the Rostov region. Water from surface sources does not meet the hygienic requirements for chemical parameters in 36.1% of the samples taken. Water from underground sources in terms of color, turbidity, total hardness, dry residue, content of iron ions, manganese, hydrogen sulfide, nitrates, ammonia, chlorides, sulfates, magnesium, sodium did not meet the required standards in 72.2% of cases. Due to the need for huge expenses for the purification of highly mineralized waters and the poor development of cheap technologies for the neutralization of large volumes, attempts to purify discharged or flowing mine waters to a safe level turn out to be practically fruitless. In this article, studies were carried out to reduce the concentration of dissolved ions of heavy metals (iron, manganese, copper and zinc) in mine wastewater by sorption in a static mode (charring) using rice husk biochar with electromagnetic treatment. The authors proposed a method for pre-treatment of the sorbent from rice husk biochar in an electromagnetic field at a process activation unit. The results of laboratory tests confirmed the high efficiency of the sorbent for the removal of heavy metal ions from mine waters. On the basis of the results obtained, optimization of the sorption purification of mine waters in the mode of carbonization was carried out using the method of mathematical planning of the experiment (full factorial experiment FFE 2k). The factors most influencing the efficiency of mine wastewater treatment from iron and zinc ions have been identified. With a probability of 0.95, the proposed models are adequate, and they can be used to describe the sorption process when using the studied sorbent to remove heavy metal ions (iron, zinc, etc.), while the optimal concentration of the sorbent from rice husks is within 0.5 mg/l. With an increase and decrease in the concentration of the sorbent above the optimal values, the efficiency of sorption decreases, and this affects the iron to a greater extent. In general, the obtained sorbent has a chemical composition similar to that of activated carbon (the most widely used sorbent for water purification), but at the same time it is a cheap production waste, which confirms its efficiency, both technological and economic, when used to purify natural and waste water. With the introduction of the proposed treatment scheme for mine water treatment facilities, it is expected that the concentrations of dissolved heavy metal ions, in particular, iron, zinc, manganese, will decrease to the concentration of the discharge into the reservoir.

Europium adsorption by granulated Cr-MIL-PMIDA metal−organic frameworks and dynamic fixed bed column modelling

Cr-MIL-PMIDA adsorbent exhibits high selectivity for Rare Earth Elements (REE) over competing transitional metals. However, shaping of this highly efficient material is necessary for industrial applications. Therefore, this paper focuses on the treatment of mining wastewater using a dynamic column adsorption process. In this study, Cr-MIL-PMIDA was successfully granulated for the first time using alginic acid and CaCl2. Divalent calcium ions (Ca2+) acts as the cross-linking agent with carboxyl groups, enabling the encapsulation of Cr-MIL-PMIDA powder and controlled release. The prepared material was characterised using XRD, SEM and FTIR measurements to validate successful granulation. Adsorption capacity of powdered Cr-MIL-PMIDA of 56.01 mg/g decreased to 31.05 mg/g after granulation due to reduction of surface area and pore volume. However, granulated Cr-MIL-PMIDA recorded only an 8 % reduction in selectivity towards Eu in a multi component solution compared to the powdered state. The material exhibited the ability to be reused for five cycles while maintaining over 90 % of its initial adsorption capacity. Furthermore, this study demonstrates that the dynamic column model developed for a novel granulated Cr-MIL-PMIDA can be reliably utilized to design industrial-scale systems for resource recovery from mining wastewater with a single adsorption column experiment.

Algal-bacterial granular sludge for simultaneous denitrification and yttrium removal

This study investigated the performance and stability of algal-bacterial granular sludge (ABGS) for the treatment of inorganic wastewater containing ammonia and Y(III), which aimed to shed light on efficient treatment of yttrium-rich rare earth mine wastewater. By seeding heterotrophic granules and dosing exogenous algae, cationic polyacrylamide and sodium acetate in a photo-sequencing batch reactor, the algal and granular symbiosis system was successfully established on Day 50, and mature ABGS was harvested on Day 165. When the concentration of Y(III) was no more than 4 mg/L, the system showed good performance for simultaneous removal of nitrogen and Y(III). However, further increasing the Y(III) concentration to 30 mg/L in Days 144–210 gradually inhibited the bacterial activity and killed most of the functional algae, resulting in significant decrease of the activity of bacteria and chlorophyll a content after Days 135 and 180, as well as the oxygen yield rate of the algae and ammonia oxidation rate after Days 140 and 95. The removal efficiency of total inorganic nitrogen maintained mostly above 90% in Days 46–153, and gradually decreased to approximately 50% in Days 154–210. The Y(III) removal efficiency remained above 98% in Days 96–125, and gradually decreased to approximately 60% in Days 126–210. Most of the algal genera disappeared on Day 210. Conversely, the increase of the relative abundance of Nitrosomonas and Thauera was observed. The nitrogen removal pathways included denitrification and algal assimilation. However, the contribution rate of algae gradually decreased from 22% to 4% due to the accumulation of Y.

Rethinking gold mining wastewater treatment with an integrated process of membrane distillation and membrane contactors for minimal waste discard and resource recovery

The generation of wastewater in the mining industry is followed by concerns about the environmental impacts derived from its incorrect disposal. This study intended to simultaneously treat and recover water for reuse, sulfuric acid, and copper from gold mining wastewater, from an innovative integrated system of membrane distillation (MD) and non-dispersive solvent extraction (NDSX). The performance of this system was compared when different polymeric membranes (namely polypropylene (PP), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)) were tested. The PP membrane yielded better results in terms of distillate flux (0.67 ± 0.32 L/m2h), owing to its reduced thickness compared with the other membranes. However, the PTFE membrane demonstrated superior outcomes in terms of rejection efficiency, achieving values >99.2 %. The occurrence of fouling due to the organic phase was observed, requiring periodical cleaning protocols and the development of oleophobic membranes to reduce the fouling rate in MD. In the extraction and re-extraction processes the PTFE membrane outperformed in terms of extraction efficiency (recovery of 94.0 % for acid and 97.3 % for copper). The results were explained by its greater porosity and lower roughness, variables that directly impacted the mass transfer of sulfuric acid and copper across the membrane. The study, therefore, demonstrates potentiality in the recovery of high-quality water, sulfuric acid, and copper, clearing the path of technologies with the potential to lower the wastewater discarded from industrial facilities.

Automated Control of Sorptional Treatment of Mine Wastewater

Automated Control of Sorptional Treatment of Mine Wastewater