Treatment Of Intestinal Disorders Research Articles

Microbiome Transplant - From an Unconventional Procedure to a New Frontier in the Treatment of Intestinal Disorders

Microbiome Transplant - From an Unconventional Procedure to a New Frontier in the Treatment of Intestinal Disorders

Effects of Solid Fermentation on Polygonatum cyrtonema Polysaccharides: Isolation, Characterization and Bioactivities.

Polygonati Rhizoma is a widely used traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) with complex pre-processing steps. Fermentation is a common method for processing TCM to reduce herb toxicity and enhance their properties and/or produce new effects. Here, in this study, using Bacillus subtilis and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, we aimed to evaluate the potential application of solid fermentation in isolating different functional polysaccharides from Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua. With hot water extraction, ethanol precipitation, DEAE anion exchange chromatography and gel filtration, multiple neutral and acidic polysaccharides were obtained, showing different yields, content, compositions and functional groups after fermentation. Combining in vitro experiments and in vivo aging and immunosuppressed mouse models, we further compared the antioxidant and immunomodulating bioactivities of these polysaccharides and found a prominent role of a natural polysaccharide (BNP) from fermented P. cyrtonema via Bacillus subtilis in regulating intestinal antioxidant defense and immune function, which may be a consequence of the ability of BNP to modulate the homeostasis of gut microbiota. Thus, this work provides evidence for the further development and utilization of P. cyrtonema with fermentation, and reveals the potential values of BNP in the treatment of intestinal disorders.

Role of Probiotics in Human Health.

Certain bacteria, known as probiotics, have had a vastly beneficial effect on people's health; considering their benefits they have been mixed with a wide variety of foods for several decades now. The ability of probiotics to modify the immunological response of the host, antagonize pathogenic microbes, or compete for adhesion sites with pathogenic microorganisms is related to the action of probiotics against microorganisms. Infections of the digestive tract, irritable bowel, lactose intolerance, allergies, infections of the urogenital tract, cystic fibrosis, and various cancers can all be prevented and treated with the use of probiotics. They can reduce the side effects of various antibodies. In the field of oral health, dental caries, periodontal disease, and bad breath can be prevented and treated with the use of probiotics. The findings of several of these clinical studies indicate that probiotics may be beneficial in the treatment and prevention of various diseases and health issues. Validation of a significant number of these clinical investigations is necessary before the results can be applied to the clinical setting. Clinical studies play an important part in such investigations, and in the not-too-distant future, the outcomes of such trials will determine whether or not probiotics are effective in the treatment of disease. This article will attempt to provide a summary of the available literature on the benefits that these probiotics have with regard to health and disease. Probiotics are foods and/or supplements that contain non-pathogenic microbes such as bacteria and yeast that colonize the gut and can potentially yield a variety of health benefits. Research into the various ways in which probiotic bacteria could be used in the treatment of intestinal disorders is ongoing. Thanks to clinical studies and laboratory experiments, we now know more about how probiotics affect gut microbiome disorders. Studies can prove that probiotics can alleviate a variety of gastrointestinal ailments and improve overall health. This article concentrates on probiotics and commensal microbes, as well as their potential role in gut microbiome-related illnesses. In this section, we mark certain areas that need further work and studies so as to enhance our understanding of how probiotics help in the treatment and reduction of chances of gastrointestinal diseases.

High doses of butyrate induce a reversible body temperature drop through transient proton leak in mitochondria of brain neurons

AimsSodium butyrate (SB) is a major product of gut microbiota with signaling activity in the human body. It has become a dietary supplement in the treatment of intestinal disorders. However, the toxic effect of overdosed SB and treatment strategy remain unknown. The two issues are addressed in current study. Materials and methodsSB (0.3–2.5 g/kg) was administrated through a single peritoneal injection in mice. The core body temperature and mitochondrial function in the brown adipose tissue and brain were monitored. Pharmacodynamics, targeted metabolomics, electron microscope, oxygen consumption rate and gene knockdown were employed to dissect the mechanism for the toxic effect. Key findingsThe temperature was reduced by SB (1.2–2.5 g/kg) in a dose-dependent manner in mice for 2–4 h. In the brain, the effect was associated with SB elevation and neurotransmitter reduction. Metabolites changes were seen in the glycolysis, TCA cycle and pentose phosphate pathways. Adenine nucleotide translocase (ANT) was activated by butyrate for proton transportation leading to a transient potential collapse through proton leak. The SB activity was attenuated by ANT inhibition from gene knockdown or pharmacological blocker. ROS was elevated by SB for the increased ANT activity in proton leak in Neuro-2a. SignificanceExcessive SB generated an immediate and reversible toxic effect for inhibition of body temperature through transient mitochondrial dysfunction in the brain. The mechanism was quick activation of ANT proteins for potential collapse in mitochondria. ROS may be a factor in the ANT activation by SB.

The lung microbiome: clinical and therapeutic implications.

The human respiratory tract, usually considered sterile, is currently being investigated for human-associated microbial communities. According to Dickson's conceptual model, the lung microbiota (LMt) is a dynamic ecosystem, whose composition, in healthy lungs, is likely to reflect microbial migration, reproduction, and elimination. However, which microbial genera constitutes a "healthy microbiome" per se remains hotly debated. It is now widely accepted that a bi-directional gut-lung axis connects the intestinal with the pulmonary microbiota and that the diet could have a role in modulating both microbiotas as in health as in pathological status. The LMt is altered in numerous respiratory disorders such as obstructive airway diseases, interstitial lung diseases, infections, and lung cancer. Some authors hypothesize that the use of specific bacterial strains, termed "probiotics," with positive effects on the host immunity and/or against pathogens, could have beneficial effects in the treatment of intestinal disorders and pulmonary diseases. In this manuscript, we have reviewed the literature available on the LMt to delineate and discuss the potential relationship between composition alterations of LMt and lung diseases. Finally, we have reported some meaningful clinical studies that used integrated probiotics' treatments to contrast some lung-correlated disorders.

The role of the lung microbiota and the gut-lung axis in respiratory infectious diseases.

The pulmonary microbial community, described only a few years ago, forms a discreet part of the human host microbiota. The airway microbiota has been found to be substantially altered in the context of numerous respiratory disorders; nonetheless, its role in health and disease is as yet only poorly understood. Another important parameter to consider is the gut-lung axis, where distal (gut) immune modulation during respiratory disease is mediated by the gut microbiota. The use of specific microbiota strains, termed "probiotics," with beneficial effects on the host immunity and/or against pathogens, has proven successful in the treatment of intestinal disorders and is also showing promise in the context of airway diseases. In this review, we highlight the beneficial role of the body's commensal bacteria during airway infectious diseases, including recent evidence highlighting their local (lung) or distal (gut) contribution in this process.

In Vitro Digestion and Fermentation of Microencapsulated Tributyrin for the Delivery of Butyrate.

Butyrate possesses negative sensory qualities and is most effectively utilized in the intestine to provide energy to the colonocyte for the maintenance of intestinal health. Butyrate has also shown promise in the treatment of intestinal disorders and diseases such as short bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease, and colon cancer. To modify sensory properties, intestinal release, and butyrate production capabilities, tributyrin (TB) was microencapsulated in whey protein isolate (WPI)-based and gamma-cyclodextrin (GC)-based materials. Using an in vitro digestion and fermentation model, microcapsules containing TB were monitored for their release and production of butyrate in vitro. All samples containing TB showed limited butyrate release (<5%) during oral and gastric stages. In the small intestinal phase, all microcapsules containing TB released approximately 75% of their total butyrate with no significant differences (P > 0.05) across formulations. During the fermentation phase, GC-based microcapsules produced significantly more butyrate (P < 0.001) on a molar basis than all WPI-based microcapsules. Butyrate production increased significantly (P < 0.001) over each time interval with GC-based microcapsules having the highest during the 12 h of fermentation. The GC-based TB encapsulation systems were able to effectively deliver butyrate to the small intestine and generate butyrate in the large intestine. These microcapsules may, therefore, be beneficial for the maintenance of intestinal health and improvement of disease states across all areas of the gastrointestinal tract.

自然哺乳子ウシから分離されたLactobacillus amylovorus Strain Kumamoto (JCM14931)の整腸剤としての可能性

自然哺乳子ウシから分離されたLactobacillus amylovorus Strain Kumamoto (JCM14931)の整腸剤としての可能性

Efficient Culture of Intestinal Organoids with Blebbistatin.

The intestinal epithelium is one of the most rapidly self-renewing tissues throughout life in mammals. A small population of stem cells at the base of crypt in the epithelium can continually self-renew and give rise to differentiated epithelial cells. The self-renewal and differentiation of intestinal stem cells are under a tight control during homeostasis, and disruption of this balancing regulation leads to intestinal degeneration or tumorigenesis. Accordingly, exploration of the mechanism underlying the regulation of stem cells is essential for the understanding and treatment of intestinal disorders. As traditional methods using mice models are costly and time-consuming, the recently established ex vivo intestinal organoids model provides an ideal tool to investigate the mechanisms regulating the self-renewal and differentiation of intestinal stem cells. The intestinal organoids recapitulate major characteristics in both structure and function of intestinal epithelium in vivo. Here, we describe a new protocol to generate the intestinal organoids from both crypts and single stem cells with a higher efficiency using the small molecule blebbistatin and provide an approach to assess the self-renewal and differentiation of stem cells in intestinal organoids.

Knowledge of the perceived influence of nutritional supplements on sexual performance of male undergraduates in university of Ilorin, Nigeria

This study investigated on Knowledge of the perceived influence of food supplements on sexual performance of male Undergraduates in University of Ilorin. Nutritional supplements are products intended to make up for a poor diet or to support our health in the same way that nutritious food will perform. This study investigated (i) influence of ginger as a nutritional supplement on sexual performance among male Undergraduates, University of Ilorin (ii) influence of watermelon as a nutritional supplement on sexual performance among male Undergraduates, University of Ilorin (iii) influence of banana as nutritional supplement on sexual performance among male Undergraduates, University of Ilorin. A descriptive research design of survey type was employed for this study. The population consists of all male undergraduates in University of Ilorin. A multistage sampling technique was used for the study. Simple random sampling technique was used to select four hundred and twenty seven (427) respondents for the study. Researcher’s designed structured questionnaire which was validated by four experts from the Department of Health Promotion and Environmental Health Education; University of Ilorin was used for data collection. A correlation co-efficient of .82r was obtained through test retest method using Pearson Product Moment Correlation .Data collection was conducted by the researcher and four trained research assistants. The three postulated null hypotheses were tested using the inferential statistics of chi-square @0.05 alpha level. The findings from this study reveal that; ginger as a nutritional supplement significantly influences sexual performance of male undergraduate with the calculated chi-square (ᵪ2) value of 311.010 is greater than the table chi-square (ᵪ2) value of 16.92 at the freedom (df) 9 @ 0.05 alpha level; Watermelon as a nutritional supplement significantly influences sexual performance of male undergraduate with the calculated chi-square (ᵪ2) value of 543.013 is greater than the table chi-square (ᵪ2) value of 21.03 at the freedom (df) 12 @ 0.05 alpha level and Banana as a nutritional supplement significantly influences sexual performance of male undergraduate in University of Ilorin with the calculated chi-square (ᵪ2) value of 629.021 is greater than the table chi-square (ᵪ2) value of 25.00 at the freedom (df) 15 @ 0.05 alpha level. Based on the findings of the study, it was concluded that ginger, watermelon and banana as a nutritional supplement influenced sexual performance among undergraduates, University of Ilorin. Therefore, it was recommended that male undergraduate students should be encouraged on the consumption of ginger which will serve a body building stimulant and increases the production of sperm motility, regular intake of watermelon which serves as hormone regulator and inhibitor to sexual performance should be taking more often among male undergraduate and knowledge of the consumption of banana intake as a treatment of intestinal disorders and erectile dysfunction should be intensified among male undergraduate students.

Antioxidant and α-glucosidase inhibitory phenolic constituents of Lactuca indica L.

Lactuca indica L. (Compositae) has been used as a folk medicine for the treatment of intestinal disorders. Phytochemical constituents of L. indica were investigated, and their antioxidant and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities thoroughly studied. A phytochemical investigation of the aerial parts of L. indica resulted in the isolation and identification of eight phenolic compounds. The structures of the compounds were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic evidence as apigenin, luteolin, isoquercitrin, chlorogenic acid, protocatechuic acid, p-hydroxymethyl benzoic acid, trans-cinnamic acid, and p-coumaric acid. Luteolin, isoquercitrin, chlorogenic acid, and p-hydroxymethyl benzoic acid showed antioxidant activities with IC50 values in the range of 35.5–52.5 μM. In addition, apigenin and luteolin showed α-glucosidase inhibition activities with IC50 values of 96.4 and 100.7 μM, respectively. These findings strongly suggest that L. indica is a potential source of natural antioxidants and/or anti-diabetic agents in pharmaceutical and health functional foods.

Clinical relevance of intestinal peptide uptake.

To determine available information on an independent peptide transporter 1 (PepT1) and its potential relevance to treatment, this evaluation was completed. Fully published English language literature articles sourced through PubMed related to protein digestion and absorption, specifically human peptide and amino acid transport, were accessed and reviewed. Papers from 1970 to the present, with particular emphasis on the past decade, were examined. In addition, abstracted information translated to English in PubMed was also included. Finally, studies and reviews relevant to nutrient or drug uptake, particularly in human intestine were included for evaluation. This work represents a summary of all of these studies with particular reference to peptide transporter mediated assimilation of nutrients and pharmacologically active medications. Assimilation of dietary protein in humans involves gastric and pancreatic enzyme hydrolysis to luminal oligopeptides and free amino acids. During the ensuing intestinal phase, these hydrolytic products are transported into the epithelial cell and, eventually, the portal vein. A critical component of this process is the uptake of intact di-peptides and tri-peptides by an independent PepT1. A number of "peptide-mimetic" pharmaceutical agents may also be transported through this carrier, important for uptake of different antibiotics, antiviral agents and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors. In addition, specific peptide products of intestinal bacteria may also be transported by PepT1, with initiation and persistence of an immune response including increased cytokine production and associated intestinal inflammatory changes. Interestingly, these inflammatory changes may also be attenuated with orally-administered anti-inflammatory tripeptides administered as site-specific nanoparticles and taken up by this PepT1 transport protein. Further evaluation of the role of this transporter in treatment of intestinal disorders, including inflammatory bowel disease is needed.

Chemical Constituents of the Rhizomes of Alpinia oxyphylla

Alpinia oxyphylla Miq. (Zingerberaceae) is widely cultivated and distributed in South China, of which Hainan and Guangdong are two main producing regions. Its fruits have been used as traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of intestinal disorders, urosis, diuresis, ulceration, and dementia since ancient times [1]. However, its rhizomes were usually ignored and thrown away. To date, the chemical composition of Alpinia oxyphylla rhizomes is not yet clear. In order to clarify if they contain the same chemical components as the fruit, we launch a study of the chemical constituents of Alpinia oxyphylla rhizomes. The rhizomes of Alpinia oxyphylla were collected from Qiongzhong, Hainan Province, China, in December, 2010. A voucher specimen (No. 20101202) was identified by vice Prof. Zeng Nian-kai and deposited in Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of R&D of Tropical Plants, Hainan Medical University, China. The rhizomes of Alpinia oxyphylla (20 kg) were dried at a low temperature (48 C) for 24 h and grounded into a coarse powder (19.4 kg), then extracted twice with 95% ethanol under reflux, each time for 2 h. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure to give a concentrated solution. The solution was partitioned with petroleum ether, methylene dichloride, ethyl acetate, and n-butanol to afford 130 g of petroleum ether extract and 188 g of methylene dichloride extract. The petroleum ether extract (130 g) was then subjected to silica gel column chromatography, eluting with petroleum ether–ethyl acetate (1:0–0:1) to give 10 fractions (Fr. 1–10). Fractions 2 and 3 were divided into six subfractions (Fr. 2.1–2.6) and five subfractions (Fr. 3.1–3.5), respectively. Compound 4 (70.2 mg) was isolated from Fr. 2.3 by repeated column chromatography. Compound 1 (50.0 mg) was obtained from Fr. 3.3 by column chromatography with petroleum ether– acetone (1:0–0:1) as eluent. Compound 3 (10.8 mg) was obtained from Fr. 3.4 by repeated silica gel column chromatography. Compound 2 (7.4 mg) was obtained from Fr. 5 by recrystallization with acetone. The methylene dichloride extract (180 g) was then subjected to silica gel column chromatography, eluting with petroleum ether–ethyl acetate (1:0–0:1) to give 10 fractions (Fr.1–10). Compound 9 (7.2 mg) was obtained from Fr. 2 by pTLC. Fraction 3 was divided into five subfractions (Fr. 3.1–3.5), and Fr. 3.3 was further isolated and purified by column chromatography to yield compounds 6 (8.1 mg) and 7 (4.5 mg). Compound 5 (3.2 mg) was obtained from Fr. 4 by recrystallization with methanol and gel column chromatography. Compound 8 (15.2 mg) was obtained from Fr. 5 by recrystallization with methanol. Based on the data of PMR (500 MHz), 13C NMR (125 MHz), HSQC, HMBC, NOESY, and MS spectra, the eight compounds obtained were determined as izalpinin (1) [2], kaempferol-7,4 -O-dimethyl ester (2) [3], kaempferol-4 -methyl ester (3) [4], tectochrysin (4) [2], chrysin (5) [5], dihydrokaempferol (6) [6], pinocembrin (7) [7], p-hydroxylcinnamic acid (8) [8], and yakuchinone A (9) [9]. All spectral data of these compounds were in agreement with the literature. These compounds were obtained from the rhizomes of Alpinia oxyphylla for the first time. The potential anti-inflammatory activities of these nine compounds were investigated in vitro on NO production from LPS-activated RAW264.7 macrophage cells [10]. Except for compounds 3, 6, and 9, the other six compounds exhibited moderate inhibitory activities against the four cell lines (Table 1). In particular, the ceanothane-type compound 5 showed a greater inhibitory effect on NO production than the other five compounds. The results suggest that compound 5 may be a potential lead compound of anti-inflammatory drugs.

Dose-dependent effects of mosapride citrate on duodenal and cecal motility in donkeys (Equus asinus)

Prokinetic drugs are used for the management of gastrointestinal motility disorders in horses; however, little is known about their efficacy in donkeys. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of different doses of mosapride citrate on duodenal and cecal motility in normal donkeys. Six donkeys (n=6) were used in a crossover study. Mosapride citrate was administered orally via a nasogastric tube at dose rate of 1, 2 and 3mgkg−1. Duodenal and cecal motility were evaluated using ultrasonography before administration and at 15, 30, 60, 120 and 180min post-administration. There was a significant increase of duodenal contractions (p<0.05) after 30min of mosapride citrate administration at 3mgkg−1 with a prolonged (p<0.05) prokinetic effect at 2mgkg−1. Cecal contractions were significantly increased (p<0.05) after 15min at different doses of mosapride with a prolonged effect at 3mgkg−1. The results of the present study indicate that mosapride citrate has a dose-dependent prokinetic effect on the duodenal and cecal contractions in healthy donkeys. Further studies need to determine whether mosapride citrate is effective in treatment of intestinal disorders in donkey.

Lactobacillus casei GG directly stimulates cell growth and differentiation in human intestine: Implications for the treatment of intestinal disorders characterized by epithelial damage

Lactobacillus casei GG directly stimulates cell growth and differentiation in human intestine: Implications for the treatment of intestinal disorders characterized by epithelial damage

Electrical pulse train and single pulse stimulation of the small intestine: acute and chronic studies in the dog.

In vitro tests have shown that electric currents may lead either to relaxation or contraction of the bowel wall. Because voluntary changes of the intestinal motility could be useful in the treatment of intestinal disorders, we investigated the reactions elicited by electrostimulation of the small intestine in the intact animal. Stimulating electrodes, electroenteromyogram electrodes, and pressure monitoring tubes were used to instrument a 5-cm segment of the proximal jejunum in five dogs in acute studies and in two dogs in chronic studies. Single pulses of 200 ms elicited a pulsatile pressure increase of 10-35 mm Hg. Pulse train stimulation was followed by a more complex reaction. Trains of 500-microseconds, 910-Hz pulses at 30 mA evoked a 50-80 mm Hg pressure increase, 1-ms, 10-Hz trains caused an initial relaxation, followed by a pressure increase during stimulation and a further pressure increase after termination of the burst. These reactions were similar to those observed by Campbell working with colon in vitro. The chronic fasted animals reacted to 500 microseconds, 910-Hz, 25-mA stimulation with a mean pressure increase of 26 mm Hg (n = 10) and to 200-microseconds, 1.67-kHz, 30 mA stimulation with 28 mm Hg (n = 16). In the fasted animals a pressure increase during stimulation predominated (Campbell type I), whereas in the fed animal an additional off response after termination of the stimulation was the most common type of reaction (Campbell type II). Initial relaxation (Campbell type III) could be elicited by 1-ms, 10-Hz trains.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

The treatment of intestinal disorders in the military forces

The treatment of intestinal disorders in the military forces