Treatment Of Incomplete Abortion Research Articles

The efficacy and influence factors analysis of Mifepristone combined with estrogen-progesterone in the treatment of incomplete abortion.

To analyze the efficacy and influencing factors of Mifepristone combined with estrogen-progesterone sequential therapy (Femoston) in the treatment of incomplete abortion. This retrospective cohort study included 93 patients with incomplete abortion. All patients took 50 mg of Mifepristone 2 times a day for 5 days and then took Femoston once a day (starting with estradiol tablets/2 mg) for 28 days. Without any indication of intrauterine residue by ultrasonic examination was judged to be effective. According to statistical analysis, this study calculated the effective rate and analyzed its influencing factors. A 2-sided value of P < .05 was considered statistically significant. The total response rate of the treatment regimen was 86.67%. body mass index was a significant influencing factor for treatment outcome (OR 0.818, 95% confidence interval 0.668-0.991, P = .041). For patients with incomplete abortion, Mifepristone combined with estrogen-progesterone sequential therapy has a remarkable therapeutic effect. Patients with a lower body mass index may respond much more significantly to this treatment regimen.

Health care providers’ perceptions of using misoprostol in the treatment of incomplete abortion in Malawi

BackgroundIn Malawi, abortion is only legal to save a pregnant woman’s life. Treatment for complications after unsafe abortions has a massive impact on the already impoverished health care system. Even though manual vacuum aspiration (MVA) and misoprostol are the recommended treatment options for incomplete abortion in the first trimester, surgical management using sharp curettage is still one of the primary treatment methods in Malawi. Misoprostol and MVA are safer and cheaper, whilst sharp curettage has more risk of complications such as perforation and bleeding and requires general anesthesia and a clinician. Currently, efforts are being made to increase the use of misoprostol in the treatment of incomplete abortions in Malawi. To achieve successful implementation of misoprostol, health care providers’ perceptions on this matter are crucial.MethodsA qualitative approach was used to explore health care providers’ perceptions of misoprostol for the treatment of incomplete abortion using semi-structured in-depth interviews. Ten health care providers were interviewed at one urban public hospital. Each interview lasted 45 min on average. Health care providers of different cadres were interviewed in March and April 2021, nine months after taking part in a training intervention on the use of misoprostol. Interviews were recorded, transcribed verbatim and analyzed using ‘Systematic Text Condensation’.ResultsThe health care providers reported many advantages with the increased use of misoprostol, such as reduced workload, less hospitalization, fewer infections, and task-shifting. Availability of the drug and benefits for the patients were also highlighted as important. However, some challenges were revealed, such as deciding who was eligible for the drug and treatment failure. For these reasons, some health care providers still choose surgical treatment as their primary method.ConclusionFindings in this study support the recommendation of increased use of misoprostol as a treatment for incomplete abortion in Malawi, as the health care providers interviewed see many advantages with the drug. To scale up its use, proper training and supervision are essential. A sustainable and predictable supply is needed to change clinical practice.Plain English SummaryUnsafe abortion is a major contributor to maternal mortality worldwide. Unsafe abortion is the termination of an unintended pregnancy by a person without the required skills or equipment, which might lead to serious complications. In Malawi, post-abortion complications are common, and the maternal mortality ratio is among the highest in the world. Retained products of conception, referred to as an incomplete abortion, are common after spontaneous miscarriages and unsafe induced abortions. There are several ways to treat incomplete abortion, and the drug misoprostol has been successful in the treatment of incomplete abortion in other low-income countries. This study explored perceptions among health care providers using misoprostol to treat incomplete abortions and whether the drug can be fully embraced by Malawian health care professionals. Health personnel at a Malawian hospital were interviewed individually regarding the use of the drug for treating incomplete abortions. This study revealed that health care providers interviewed are satisfied with the increased use of misoprostol. They highlighted several benefits, such as reduced workload and that it enabled task-shifting so that various hospital cadres could now treat patients with incomplete abortions. The health care workers also observed benefits for women treated with the drug compared to other treatments. The challenges mentioned were finding out who was eligible for the drug and drug failure. This study supports scaling up the use of misoprostol in the treatment of incomplete abortions in Malawi; the Ministry of Health and policymakers should support future interventions to increase its use.

The effects of interventions to integrate long-acting reversible contraception with treatment for incomplete abortion: Results of a 6-year interrupted time series analysis in hospitals in mainland Tanzania and Zanzibar.

To evaluate an intervention that aimed at strengthening voluntary access to long-acting reversible contraception (LARC) within postabortion care (PAC) in hospitals in mainland Tanzania and Zanzibar. From 2016 to 2018, we conducted PAC quality improvement interventions, emphasizing family planning (FP) counseling and voluntary access to LARC. Researchers conducted an interrupted time-series analysis of service statistics compiled from 2014 to 2020 using segmented linear mixed effects regression models to assess the interventions' effect on postabortion contraceptive uptake. The intervention in mainland Tanzania was associated with an immediate 38% increase in postabortion LARC uptake, a trend that declined from late 2016 to mid-2020 to 34%. In Zanzibar, the intervention was associated with a gradual increase in LARC uptake that peaked in late 2018 at 23% and stabilized at approximately 15% by mid-2020. Whereas the interventions in mainland facilities did not generate significant changes in postabortion FP uptake overall, the launch of interventions in Zanzibar in mid-2016 was associated with a precipitous rise in that outcome over time, which plateaued at approximately 54% by 2019. Increased voluntary uptake of postabortion contraception was associated with the introduction of training in PAC, including FP, and quality improvement interventions and gains were sustained over time.

A Comparison of Using Oral Misoprostol and Manual Vacuum Aspiration (MVA) in the First Trimester Incomplete Abortion

Background: Misoprostol, a synthetic prostaglandin E1 analogue, may workas an alternative to manual vacuum aspiration (MVA) in incomplete abortion, which is easy to administer orally, andhelps to increase access to post abortion care.Objective: To compare the effectiveness, safety and acceptability by the patients of using oral misoprostol therapy and manual vacuum aspiration technique for the treatment of incomplete abortion in the first trimester of pregnancy.Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in Department of Obstetrics &amp; Gynaecology, Sir Salimullah Medical College &amp; Mitford Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh, between January and July of 2016. A total of 200 patients (women with incomplete abortion ≤12weeks) were enrolled in the study. 100 Patients were randomly selected and treated with oral misoprostol 600mcg (group I), while the other 100 were treated with manual vacuum aspiration (MVA) (group II). They were followed up for 1-3 days before discharge. Participants were asked to return to the clinic for follow-up after 1 week. In follow-up visit, if abortion was not found complete, an immediate surgical evacuation was performed.Results: The mean age of the participants were 28.59±10.44 and 28.24±9.40 in group I and II respectively. In group I, 94% had complete abortion, while 6% had incomplete abortion or continued pregnancy. However, in group II, 100% had complete abortion (P&gt;0.05). Per vaginal normal and heavy bleeding were 35% and 12% in group I, while 9% and 1% in group II respectively (P&lt;0.001). Pain, nausea, vomiting and gastrointestinal issues were more observed in group I than that of group II (P&lt;0.001). However, incidence of fever, headache and vertigo were similar in both groups (P&lt;0.001). In group I, 98% stated that the treatment was ‘satisfactory/very satisfactory’, while in group II, 99% found the procedure ‘satisfactory/very satisfactory’. The difference between the groups is not statistically significant (P&gt;0.05). In group I, 98% stated that they would select this method again, if needed and recommend it to a friend or relative, while in group II, 88% stated that they would choose this method again and 86% would like to recommend to a friend or relative. The difference between the groups is statistically significant (P&lt;0.001).Conclusion: Our data suggest that oral misoprostol therapy can be used effectively ensuring safety and patients’ satisfaction for treatment of incomplete abortion in the first trimester as compared to manual vacuum aspiration technique.International Journal of Human and Health Sciences Vol. 06 No. 02 April’22 Page: 173-177

Determination of misoprostol acid in plasma samples by UPLC–MS/MS with application in a maternal-fetal pharmacokinetic study following a low misoprostol dose vaginally to induce labor

Misoprostol is a prostaglandin E1 synthetic analogous used for elective interruptions of early pregnancy, treatment of incomplete abortion, postpartum hemorrhage and induction of full-term labor. Its a lipophilic drug, passing by extensive and rapid pre-systemic metabolism into the active metabolite, misoprostol acid (MA). The objective of this study was to develop and validate a highly sensitive method for MA determination in plasma using UPLC-MSMS, with application in a study of maternal-fetal pharmacokinetics in healthy parturients women (n = 10) after administration of 25 μg misoprostol vaginally. The method presented linearity of 2−10 pg/mL and acceptable precision, accuracy, plasma and solution stability. The parturients women presented median (interquartile range) values of AUC0−6 of 68.0 (40.8–84.7) pg.h/mL, Cmax of 21.9 (11.9–30.1) pg/mL and Tmax of 2.25 (0.69–5.00) h. The placental transfer of MA was assessed from the umbilical vein/maternal blood ratios of 1.40 (0.91–2.13) and intervillous space/maternal blood ratios of 0.49 (0.15–3.41). In conclusion, this method presented high sensitivity, being able to quantify MA in plasma samples following a low 25 μg misoprostol administered vaginally aimed to induce labor in parturients women. Additionally, this is the first description of the placental transfer of MA after a vaginal administration of misoprostol.

Perspectives on self-managed abortion among providers in hospitals along the Texas\u2013Mexico border

BackgroundFollowing self-managed abortion (SMA), or a pregnancy termination attempt outside of the formal health system, some patients may seek care in an emergency department. Information about provider experiences treating these patients in hospital settings on the Texas-Mexico border is lacking.MethodsThe study team conducted semi-structured interviews with physicians, advanced practice clinicians, and nurses who had experience with patients presenting with early pregnancy complications in emergency and/or labor and delivery departments in five hospitals near the Texas-Mexico border. Interview questions focused on respondents’ roles at the hospital, knowledge of abortion services and laws, perspectives on SMA trends, experiences treating patients presenting after SMA, and potential gaps in training related to abortion. Researchers conducted interviews in person between October 2017 and January 2018, and analyzed transcripts using a thematic analysis approach.ResultsMost of the 54 participants interviewed said that the care provided to SMA patients was, and should be, the same as for patients presenting after miscarriage. The majority had treated a patient they suspected or confirmed had attempted SMA; typically, these cases required only expectant management and confirmation of pregnancy termination, or treatment for incomplete abortion. In rare cases, further clinical intervention was required. Many providers lacked clinical and legal knowledge about abortion, including local resources available.ConclusionsTreatment provided to SMA patients is similar to that provided to patients presenting after early pregnancy loss. Lack of provider knowledge about abortion and SMA, despite their involvement with SMA patients, highlights a need for improved training.

Comparison of manual vacuum aspiration and misoprostol in the management of inc omplete abortion

Background: Incomplete abortions can be managed expectantly, surgically and medically (using misoprostol). Expectant management is safe in places where women have access to information, appropriate care and follow-up; however, in isolated and poor areas women who come for help need an intervention. Objective: To compare the efficiency of manual vacuum aspiration (MVA) and misoprostol in the treatment of incomplete abortion. Patients and method: This was a prospective study over five months from March to August 2015. All patients admitted with a diagnosis of incomplete abortion were recruited into the study. Results: 308 patients with incomplete abortion were randomized into two treatment groups - MVA (done under local anaesthesia) and misoprostol (400 micrograms by the vaginal route). MVA was successfully performed for all patients. Two patients presented with anaemia. In the misoprostol group, 23 patients had vaginal bleeding, and 10 persistence of incomplete abortion. Conclusion: MVA is more effective than misoprostol with less complications in the treatment of incomplete abortion when it is done by a trained person. Keywords: incomplete abortion, manual vacuum aspiration, misoprostol, management, Chad

Effectiveness of Manual Vacuum Aspiration PLUS in The Treatment of Incomplete Abortion in the First Trimester of Pregnency

Background &amp; objective: With the advent of Misoprostol, medical termination of pregnancy in the first trimester has become a popular choice. But its indiscriminate use with inadequate doses more often results in incomplete abortion. Manual Vacuum Aspiration PLUS (MVA-PLUS) is claimed to be an effective treatment modality for incomplete abortion. The present study was intended to evaluate the effectiveness of MVA-PLUS in the treatment of incomplete abortion.&#x0D; Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in Sherpur District Hospital, Sherpur, Bangladesh. Pregnant women of 8-12 weeks of gestation receiving tablet Misoprostol by untrained personnel and presented to us with incomplete abortion were included in the study. Patients with complete abortion, ectopic pregnancy, signs of pelvic infection or sepsis were excluded from our study. MVA-Plus was done by paracervical block, analgesia and/or mild sedation and verbal reassurance. Successful outcome was defined in terms of complete evacuation of the product of conceptus.&#x0D; Result: The study subjects were generally young, married with low educational background. Treatment with MVA-PLUS showed that majority (98%) of the patients have had complete evacuation with minimum duration of hospital stay (1-2 days) in majority of the cases (82%). The need for blood transfusion varied from 1-2 units (76%) to more than 5 units (4%). No major complications were noted.&#x0D; Conclusion: Manual Vacuum Aspiration PLUS (MVA-PLUS) is highly effective in the treatment of incomplete abortion in the first trimester of pregnency with no side effect and minimum stay in the hospital.&#x0D; Ibrahim Card Med J 2017; 7 (1&amp;2): 76-79

What contraception do women use after experiencing complications from abortion? an analysis of cohort records of 18,688 postabortion care clients in Tanzania

BackgroundThe family planning component of postabortion care (PAC) is critical, as it helps women to prevent unintended pregnancies and reduce future incidence of life-threatening unsafe abortion. In Tanzania, PAC was recently decentralized from tertiary-level district hospitals to primary health care dispensaries in four regions of the country. This analysis describes interventions used to improve access to high quality PAC services during decentralization; examines results and factors that contribute to PAC clients’ voluntary uptake of contraception; and develops recommendations for improving postabortion contraceptive services.MethodsThis analysis uses service delivery statistics of 18,688 PAC clients compiled from 120 facilities in Tanzania between 2005 and 2014.ResultsThis study suggests that efforts to integrate postabortion family planning into treatment for incomplete abortion contributed to higher postabortion contraceptive uptake (86%). Results indicate that variables associated with significant differences in contraceptive uptake were facility level, age, gestational age at the time of treatment, and uterine evacuation technology used.ConclusionThe experience of expanding PAC services in Tanzania suggests that integrating contraceptive services with treatment for abortion complications can increase family planning use.

The Use of Manual Vacuum Aspiration in the Treatment of Incomplete Abortions: A Descriptive Study from Three Public Hospitals in Malawi.

Malawi has a high maternal mortality rate, of which unsafe abortion is a major cause. About 140,000 induced abortions are estimated every year, despite there being a restrictive abortion law in place. This leads to complications, such as incomplete abortions, which need to be treated to avoid further harm. Although manual vacuum aspiration (MVA) is a safe and cheap method of evacuating the uterus, the most commonly used method in Malawi is curettage. Medical treatment is used sparingly in the country, and the Ministry of Health has been trying to increase the use of MVA. The aim of this study was to investigate the treatment of incomplete abortions in three public hospitals in Southern Malawi during a three-year period. All medical files from the female/gynecological wards from 2013 to 2015 were reviewed. In total, information on obstetric history, demographics, and treatment were collected from 7270 women who had been treated for incomplete abortions. The overall use of MVA at the three hospitals during the study period was 11.4% (95% CI, 10.7–12.1). However, there was a major increase in MVA application at one District Hospital. Why there was only one successful hospital in this study is unclear, but may be due to more training and dedicated leadership at this particular hospital. Either way, the use of MVA in the treatment of incomplete abortions continues to be low in Malawi, despite recommendations from the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Malawi Ministry of Health.

Women's Acceptability of Misoprostol Treatment for Incomplete Abortion by Midwives and Physicians - Secondary Outcome Analysis from a Randomized Controlled Equivalence Trial at District Level in Uganda.

ObjectiveThis study aimed to assess women´s acceptability of diagnosis and treatment of incomplete abortion with misoprostol by midwives, compared with physicians.MethodsThis was an analysis of secondary outcomes from a multi-centre randomized controlled equivalence trial at district level in Uganda. Women with first trimester incomplete abortion were randomly allocated to clinical assessment and treatment with misoprostol by a physician or a midwife. The randomisation (1:1) was done in blocks of 12 and stratified for health care facility. Acceptability was measured in expectations and satisfaction at a follow up visit 14–28 days following treatment. Analysis of women’s overall acceptability was done using a generalized linear mixed-effects model with an equivalence range of -4% to 4%. The study was not masked. The trial is registered at ClinicalTrials.org, NCT 01844024.ResultsFrom April 2013 to June 2014, 1108 women were assessed for eligibility of which 1010 were randomized (506 to midwife and 504 to physician). 953 women were successfully followed up and included in the acceptability analysis. 95% (904) of the participants found the treatment satisfactory and overall acceptability was found to be equivalent between the two study groups. Treatment failure, not feeling calm and safe following treatment, experiencing severe abdominal pain or heavy bleeding following treatment, were significantly associated with non-satisfaction. No serious adverse events were recorded.ConclusionsTreatment of incomplete abortion with misoprostol by midwives and physician was highly, and equally, acceptable to women.Trial RegistrationClinicalTrials.gov NCT01844024

Amplifying Access to Misoprostol

Misoprostol is an effective treatment for incomplete abortion. However, because worldwide access to this agent is limited, hemorrhage and sepsis remain major causes of maternal morbidity and mortality in many low-resource settings. To investigate whether postabortion care provided by midwives is equivalent to physician care, …

Contraception following abortion and the treatment of incomplete abortion

Family planning counseling and the provision of postabortion contraception should be an integrated part of abortion and postabortion care to help women avoid another unplanned pregnancy and a repeat abortion. Postabortion contraception is significantly more effective in preventing repeat unintended pregnancy and abortion when it is provided before women leave the healthcare facility where they received abortion care, and when the chosen method is a long-acting reversible contraceptive (LARC) method. This article provides evidence supporting these two critical aspects of postabortion contraception. It suggests that gynecologists and obstetricians have an ethical obligation to do everything necessary to ensure that postabortion contraception, with a focus on LARC methods, becomes an integral part of abortion and postabortion care, in line with the recommendations of the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics and of several other organizations.

Comprehensive abortion care: evidence of improvements in hospital-level indicators in Tigray, Ethiopia

ObjectiveApproximately 18% of maternal deaths in East Africa is attributable to unsafe abortion. Availability of comprehensive abortion care (CAC) services at all levels of the healthcare system, including medical abortion,...

A Clinical Study on Management of Incomplete Abortion by Manual Vacuum Aspiration (MVA)

Background: Abortion is an important social and public health issue. In Bangladesh complication from unsafe abortion is one of the leading causes of maternal mortality. It is a serious health problem. World Health Organisation estimates that 14% of maternal deaths which occur every year in the countries of South Asia including Bangladesh are due to abortion. Study shows manual vacuum aspiration procedure is safe and effective in incomplete abortion. Very few clinical trials were carried out in Bangladesh to assess the safety and effectivity of manual vacuum aspiration in managing incomplete abortion.Objective: To find out the outcome of manual vacuum aspiration in the management of patients of incomplete abortion.Materials and Methods: This observational descriptive study was conducted in the department of Obstetrics &amp; Gynaecology, Dhaka Medical College &amp; Hospital from June to December, 2004. One hundred cases of diagnosed incomplete abortion up to 12 weeks of gestation were managed by manual vacuum aspiration during this period. A data recording sheet was designed for this purpose. Haemodynamically stable patients with no history of induced abortion and fever were enrolled. Results: Procedure time of manual vacuum aspiration was short, average duration was 7 minutes. Bleeding was minimum (20-30 mL) in 67% cases and weighted mean was 29.80 mL. Eighty three percent patients were stable during the procedure and only 3% needed blood transfusion. Nonnarcotic analgesics were used in 59% cases and 33% needed only proper counselling. Average duration of hospital stay was 2 hours. Effectiveness of the procedure was about 98% with very low post procedure complication rate (2%). Conclusion: MVA procedure is a safe and effective technique of uterine evacuation in incomplete abortion. It is quick, less expensive, effective and less painful. Hospital stay and chance of perforation of uterus is less. So this procedure should be considered by health care system in Bangladesh for improving treatment of incomplete abortion to reduce both maternal morbidity and mortality. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jemc.v2i1.11918 J Enam Med Col 2012; 2(1): 24-28

Unsafe abortion and postabortion care - an overview

Forty per cent of the world's women are living in countries with restrictive abortion laws, which prohibit abortion or only allow abortion to protect a woman's life or her physical or mental health. In countries where abortion is restricted, women have to resort to clandestine interventions to have an unwanted pregnancy terminated. As a consequence, high rates of unsafe abortion are seen, such as in Sub-Saharan Africa where unsafe abortion occurs at rates of 18-39 per 1 000 women. The circumstances under which women obtain unsafe abortion vary and depend on traditional methods known and types of providers present. Health professionals are prone to use instrumental procedures to induce the abortion, whereas traditional providers often make a brew of herbs to be drunk in one or more doses. In countries with restrictive abortion laws, high rates of maternal death must be expected, and globally an estimated 66 500 women die every year as a result of unsafe abortions. In addition, a far larger number of women experience short- and long-term health consequences. To address the harmful health consequences of unsafe abortion, a postabortion care model has been developed and implemented with success in many countries where women do not have legal access to abortion. Postabortion care focuses on treatment of incomplete abortion and provision of postabortion contraceptive services. To enhance women's access to postabortion care, focus is increasingly being placed on upgrading midlevel providers to provide emergency treatment as well as implementing misoprostol as a treatment strategy for complications after unsafe abortion.

Misoprostol for safe motherhood: one tablet, two life-saving indications

Misoprostol is a safe, acceptable, feasible, and effective alternative for both postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) and the treatment of incomplete abortion and miscarriage when no other interventions are available, which is often the case in resource-challenged regions. This article reviews the use of misoprostol for these two leading causes of maternal death globally and presents data on the implementation of misoprostol for PPH in Zanzibar as a case study. An evaluation was conducted to assess the uptake of misoprostol in public facilities in Zanzibar through a record review at nine facilities on various indicators from April 2008 to March 2009. For comparison, pre-intervention data were also collected from the same nine facilities for the 12 months preceding the PPH management trainings in April 2008. Following the introduction of misoprostol for PPH, the need for additional interventions among PPH cases significantly declined. The post-intervention period showed significantly fewer blood transfusions, PPH referrals, and PPH-related maternal deaths. Among PPH cases, the need for blood transfusion decreased from 30 (19.2%) in the pre-intervention period to 7 (2.4%) in the postintervention period. Rates of PPH-related referrals and maternal deaths also declined from 7.7% pre-intervention to 3.1% postintervention (P&lt;0.05). Misoprostol has the potential to make an immediate impact on the number of maternal deaths resulting from PPH and treatment of incomplete abortion and miscarriage.

O202 Bleeding following surgical (MVA) and medical (400 μg sublingual misoprostol) treatment of incomplete abortion

International Journal of Gynecology & ObstetricsVolume 107, Issue S2 p. S150-S151 Free communication (oral) presentations O202 Bleeding following surgical (MVA) and medical (400 μg sublingual misoprostol) treatment of incomplete abortion R. Dabash, R. DabashSearch for more papers by this authorM. Cherine, M. CherineSearch for more papers by this authorE. Darwish, E. DarwishSearch for more papers by this authorJ. Blum, J. BlumSearch for more papers by this authorN. Hassanein, N. HassaneinSearch for more papers by this authorT. Abdel Daiem, T. Abdel DaiemSearch for more papers by this authorB. Winikoff, B. WinikoffSearch for more papers by this author R. Dabash, R. DabashSearch for more papers by this authorM. Cherine, M. CherineSearch for more papers by this authorE. Darwish, E. DarwishSearch for more papers by this authorJ. Blum, J. BlumSearch for more papers by this authorN. Hassanein, N. HassaneinSearch for more papers by this authorT. Abdel Daiem, T. Abdel DaiemSearch for more papers by this authorB. Winikoff, B. WinikoffSearch for more papers by this author First published: 20 November 2009 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0020-7292(09)60574-9Citations: 6AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article.Citing Literature Volume107, IssueS2Abstracts of XIX FIGO World Congress of Gynecology and ObstetricsOctober 2009Pages S150-S151 RelatedInformation

Two routes of administration for misoprostol in the treatment of incomplete abortion: a randomized clinical trial

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Misoprostol for treatment of incomplete abortion in Sub-Saharan Africa

Misoprostol for treatment of incomplete abortion in Sub-Saharan Africa