Treatment Of Habit Research Articles

Motivation of farmer group members in the application of balanced fertilization in maize (Zea mays) plant cultivation

Balanced fertilizer application technology aims not only to increase crop production but also to improve fertilizer efficiency and protect the environment from agrochemical pollution. However, its application in the field still faces several barriers, both technical and non-technical. This study aims to determine the level of farmer motivation to apply balanced fertilization in maize production, identify the factors that influence the level of farmer motivation, and develop effective strategies. In addition, the study aims to compare maize plant growth between farmers' habits and the application of balanced fertilization. The methods used in this study were descriptive and multiple linear regression. The descriptive quantitative method was used while the data were collected through observation, questionnaires, interviews, and literature studies. The population consisted of 181 maize farmers who were members of farmer groups. The respondents were 65 individuals selected through purposive sampling from 181 individuals who were members of farmer groups and engaged in maize cultivation. In addition, field experiments were conducted with two treatments: farmers' custom or P0, consisting of urea 400 + NPK 15-15-15 100 kg/ha + fertilizer scattered on the soil surface, and balanced fertilization or P1, consisting of urea 300 + NPK 15-15-15 300 kg/ha + fertilizer buried in the soil. The results of the study showed that the farmers' motivation to apply balanced fertilization was in the medium category with 67.7%. The study also identified two significant factors that influenced the farmers' motivation, namely the function of farmer groups with p = 0.004 and government support with p = 0.001. To increase farmer motivation, socialization programs should focus on the lowest indicator value, which was the ability of farmers to apply balanced fertilization. The field experiments showed that the growth of maize plants in the balanced fertilizer treatment was significantly better than that in the farmer's habit treatment. This was indicated by plant height, number of leaves, dry kernel yield, and cob+husk yield.

Habit as resistance: Bergson's philosophy of second nature

AbstractHenri Bergson is one of the few philosophers who both explicitly and extensively discusses the phenomenon of habit. In view of his engagement with habit, does Bergson develop a philosophically robust account of the phenomenon? Most commentary on his account of habit refers to his early work, Matter and Memory. In this paper, I begin by arguing that Bergson's treatment of habit in Matter and Memory is problematic because it does not adequately differentiate between habit and material nature. Despite its neglect in secondary literature, Bergson also discusses habit in the first part of his final book, The Two Sources of Morality and Religion. With respect to this book, I subsequently show how Bergson deploys Ravaisson's distinction between instinct and habit to reconceptualize habit as the second of our two natures, our social nature. Lastly, I reconstruct Bergson's late contribution to the philosophy of habit: rather than a tendency that is hard to resist, habit is a resistance to which we tend to submit. By shedding light on the effort that we expend to adhere to them, Bergson's resistance account of habit advances an original and productive perspective on our social habits.

The importance of cultivating democratic habits in schools: enduring lessons from Democracy and Education

In this article, we argue that democratic habits remain as vital for education and culture today as they were when Dewey published Democracy and Education in 1916. We take our point of departure from his treatment of habit and education in the book. Dewey dissolves the stereotypical notion that habits refer solely to mechanical, repetitive and mindless routines. He reconstructs the concept so that we can see why habits can be both stable and dynamic. They can evolve through action and reflection upon the consequences of action. We draw from his analysis a conception of democratic habits that educators today can cultivate across the curriculum and overall life of the school.

Pengelolaan Konflik Aktivitas Bisnis Perspektif Islam Pada Manajemen Pasar Induk Puspa Agro Jawa Timur

Conflict is something that can not be separated in the process of management of the company. Conflict that managed well will be able to make a positive contribution to the business activities and the achievement of corporate goals. This study used a qualitative research methodology with a case study approach. The selection of a qualitative methodology based on the problem formulation used in this studyThe results of this study indicate that the conflicts that happened in management Central Market Puspa Agro caused by internal and external factor. Internal factor is derived from obscurity powers, functions and roles, monitoring and evaluation weakness, slowness of responds to the problems, the competence of individual differences, the target and task interdependence. External factors consist of the presence of government policies and industry demands. The effect of conflicts are functional and dysfunctional. Conflicts levels are low, optimal and high.Conflict management is applied by stimulation, reduction of conflict and conflict resolution methods. Conflict stimulation methods include the application of the system of reward and punishment and the different treatment of habit . Conflict reduction methods include the provision of a forum for dialogue, joint activities and creating new challenges. Conflict resolution methods include the expansion of resources, compromise, change the variable structure of the company, avoiding and otorative command.

Pragmatic Modernism by Lisi Schoenbach (review)

Reviewed by: Pragmatic Modernism by Lisi Schoenbach Tania Lown-Hecht Lisi Schoenbach. Pragmatic Modernism. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2012. 146pp. In her ambitious study of pragmatic modernism, Lisi Schoenbach uses pragmatist philosophy to challenge the sovereignty of concepts such as rupture, shock, and anti-institutionality in modernist studies. Building on the field of New Modernist Studies, Schoenbach reads four diverse modernist figures—Gertrude Stein, Henry James, Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr., and Marcel Proust—through their treatments of habit and institutions. These readings form the foundation of Schoen-bach’s alternate approach to modernist studies, an approach that counters the “standard idea of modernism-as-break” (3). In its place, Schoenbach proposes that pragmatic modernism takes a “gradualist” approach to rapid geographical, political, and artistic change by focusing on habit and institution. Stein, James, and others address the central question of Schoenbach’s study: how do we integrate radical change into everyday life? Do we institutionalize rupture or habituate ourselves to shock over the long term? Schoenbach’s work redresses what she sees as modernist studies’ problematic adherence to the ideology of rupture by showing, for instance, how both individual habits and institutions adapt to rapid social and historical change, how even avant-garde forms like the manifesto rely on habit in arguing for radical change, and how both avant-garde and pragmatic modernism consider the relation between shock and habit. Schoenbach reevaluates the current and historical critical rejection of habit by arguing that “no one can break free from habit, nor can habits break free from the institutions within which they develop” (145). As she argues, both avant-garde modernism and philosophical pragmatism share an interest in re-integrating art into life, uniting theory with practice, analyzing the relationships between institutions and social change. The difference between them, she claims, is their treatment of habit. Rather than see habit as consistently stultifying, pragmatic modernism treats habit as generative and productive. While her succinct introduction persuasively resituates the role of habit in literary modernism and critical approaches to modernism, the chapters that follow do not always deliver the focused close readings that would be necessary to substantiate the ambitious opening claims. The book is structured in two parts. The first section offers an encyclopedic reading of the philosophical history of habit, exploring meanings ranging from personal hygiene to social formation. Schoenbach analyzes the work of William James, Dewey, Aristotle, Darwin, Benjamin, and Adorno to reframe habit as progressive rather than deadening. This analysis sets the stage for Schoenbach’s later reading [End Page 863] of conventionally avant-garde texts like the surrealist manifestos. Yet because “habit” is a capacious term, the chapter’s exhaustive account of its philosophical history, while valuable as an exploration of the concept, does not demonstrate how Schoenbach intends to use “habit” and leaves the term somewhat ambiguous. The second chapter, on Gertrude Stein, picks up on the introduction’s insightful analysis of a conflict between Stein and the editors of transition to show how Stein’s work transgressed the ideology of rupture that defined the modernist avant-garde. Stein is the linchpin of Schoenbach’s project, and this chapter’s reading of Paris France (1940) persuasively distinguishes Stein’s work from the work of the surrealists by arguing that Stein embraced habit as both “stultifying and enabling of original thought” (49). Unlike many of her contemporaries, including Eugene Jolas and the editors of transition who elide the role of habit in generating change, Stein focuses on rendering habit visible. For instance, Stein’s interest in cinema, particularly in cinema’s use of mechanization and repetition, works as a metaphor for work overall and reflects her “vision of habitual repetitions” (52). Schoenbach is inventive in her formal readings of Stein, showing, for example, how Stein’s repetitive use of the comma captures an ongoing tension between habitual behavior and independent thought. The second half of the book departs from individual habit to address institutional habits and their effects on individual and collective behaviors, primarily in the work of Henry James. Whereas Stein’s work exemplifies pragmatic modernism’s aesthetic approach to habit, James’s work focuses on the effects of institutions. The third chapter, focusing on Portrait of...

Pragmatism and economics: William James' contribution

In addition to his treatment of habit, which is widely recognised as contributing to a theory of institutions, William James' discussion of choice and rationality, as well as self-interest, make significant contributions to areas of concern in modern economic theory. James' incisive and insightful analysis of these and related phenomena is achieved in part by including, together with instinct and habit, emotions as a key faculty of human psychology. Each of these themes is discussed in the present paper, and connected with aspects of relevant economic literature, in order to indicate the contribution of James' pragmatism to economic theory.

THE TREATMENT OF THE MORPHINE HABIT BY HYOSCINE

In complying with a promise made several months ago to write a paper on the treatment of the morphine habit by hyoscine, I am cognizant of the fact that this subject has already been discussed in other societies, as well as through the medical press. However, as members of this Association have much to do with narcotic and alcoholic habitu#{233}s, it cannot be out of place to discuss the treatment of such patients, and in view of the widely different opinions maintained as to the new method of dealing with this class, it is opportune that this subject be discussed at this time. It is not the purpose of this paper to deal with the causes that lead to the habitual use of morphine; but incidentally I will say the fault is too often with the physician, who first gives the drug for relief of pain without instructions to the patient as to its danger; on the other hand, many use it wilfully for its intoxicating effect, and the strenuous lives of many require such a stimulant to keep them going. In the end, the drug becomes the victor, and the victim appeals to us for relief. Until quite recently, but little progress had been made in the treatment of this habit, the profession being content to follow the old methods, which have been described as the sudden withdrawal, the quick reduction, and the tapering-off. The first two cause untold suffering, and are even dangerous to the life of the patient, while the last only prolongs the agony. Any one who has had occasion to use the sudden withdrawal or rapid reduction methods, or who has ever read the chapter on opium and morphine in Pepper’s System of Medicine, in which this treatment, with its attending horrors, is so graphically described, must surely feel the need of a more humane and rational method of dealing with this class of unfortunates.