Treatment Of Demodicosis Research Articles

Diagnosis and Treatment of Demodicosis in Pet Dogs with Dermatological Lesions by Amitraz in Tabriz, Iran

Introduction: Demodex is a tiny parasite (smaller than one millimeter) that can sometimes cause a skin disease called Demodicosis in dogs and cats. Demodicosis in dogs is created by three species of mites called Demodex canis, Demodex injai, and Demodex cornei. The most common mite-causing demodicosis in dogs is D. canis. This mite lives in hair roots and sometimes in sebaceous glands, where they feed on cells. Methods: This study was conducted on 200 pet dogs aged one month to 9 years referred to veterinary clinics in Tabriz, Iran, who had clinical symptoms of dermatological lesions from November 2021 to November 2023. Skin samples were taken through skin scrapings, and in the laboratory, first, these samples were clarified using potassium hydroxide 10% and lactophenol and then examined by a microscope. Finally, 10 dogs infected with Demodex mange were isolated and treated twice daily with Amitraz as a spray prepared from poison powder for one week. Results: In this study, out of 200 dogs tested during 2 consecutive years 2021–2023, 10 (5%) were infected with Demodex mange. The highest rate of prevalence of demodicosis in pet dogs in Tabriz was found in dogs under 2 years old 7 (70%), while the lowest rate of demodicosis was observed in dogs aged 2–4 years 1 (10%). The prevalence of demodicosis in pet dogs in Tabriz was higher in female dogs (n=7, 70%) than that in male dogs (n=3, 30%). The results of this study revealed that the drug Amitraz could kill Demodex 100% in dogs. Conclusion: In this study, it was found that the drug Amitraz is able to destroy 100% Demodex in pet dogs. Thus, this is an effective drug against Demodex.

Rosacea – a modern view of diagnostics and treatment

Introduction: Rosacea is a chronic inflammatory skin disease affecting central region of the face. Main symptoms consist of erythema, flushing, telangiectasia, phymatous changes and inflammatory papules and pustules. It can also affect eyes, causing blepharitis, conjunctivitis, keratitis or lid margin telangiectasia. Rosacea can negatively affect the quality of life, causing low self-esteem, avoidance of social interactions and mental health issues such as anxiety and depression. There are two classifications of rosacea, one from 2002 focusing on subtypes, and new phenotype-based classification. Phenotype-based approach allows individual management of each patient instead of categorizing by predefined subtype. Due to increased frequency of Demodex infestation in patients with rosacea, diagnosis and treatment of demodicosis can be helpful in management of rosacea. General treatment of rosacea consists of combination of oral and topical therapies, choosing adequate skincare cosmetics, laser therapies and avoidance of identified trigger factors specific for the patient.
 The aim of the study: This study aims to gather current knowledge about classification, diagnostics, skincare and treatment of rosacea.
 Materials and methods: This review was based on available data collected in the PubMed database, using the keywords: ‘rosacea’, ‘ocular rosacea’, ‘rosacea treatment’.
 Conclusions: The treatment of rosacea requires selection of appropriate treatment depending on symptoms specific for the patient. Because of increased Demodex infestation present in some of the patients with rosacea, eradication can mitigate rosacea symptoms. Identification and avoidance of trigger factors and assortment of adequate skincare products are also substantial parts of management of rosacea and can alleviate rosacea symptoms.

Demodicosis in Different Age Groups and Alternative Treatment Options—A Review

Infestation with Demodex mites is a common occurrence, especially in adults and the elderly. More recent attention has been paid to the presence of Demodex spp. mites in children, even ones without comorbidities. It causes both dermatological and ophthalmological problems. The presence of Demodex spp. is often asymptomatic, thus it is suggested to include parasitological investigation tests in dermatological diagnostics, in addition to bacteriological analysis. Literature reports show that Demodex spp. are related to the pathogenesis of numerous dermatoses, including rosacea or demodicosis gravis, and common eye pathologies reported by patients such as dry eye syndrome or ocular surface inflammatory conditions, such as blepharitis, chalazia, Meibomian gland dysfunction, and keratitis. Treatment of patients is a challenge and is usually prolonged, therefore it is important to carefully diagnose and properly select the therapy regimen for the treatment to be successful, and with minimal side effects, especially for young patients. Apart from the use of essential oils, research is ongoing for new alternative preparations active against Demodex sp. Our review was focused on the analysis of the current literature data on the available agents in the treatment of demodicosis in adults and children.

The choice of method of introduction of active substances into the basis of the cream for the treatment of acne and demodecosis

Among dermatological diseases demodicosis and acne occupy a very important place. The incidence of demodicosis is more than 5% and ranks seventh in frequency among dermatological diseases. It is known that demodicosis can turn into acne.
 Treatment of demodicosis and acne does not lose its relevance. This medical problem can be solved through the development of the composition and technology of a soft drug of complex action with the content of active substances used to treat these diseases. Since in dermatology for external use the optimal soft medicines is a cream (taking into account the medical and biological requirements for the drug for the treatment of this disease), we have developed the composition of the base, which is the rheological properties of the cream.
 The aim of the work is to substantiate the optimal method of introducing active pharmaceutical ingredients into the basis of a soft medicines.
 Materials and research methods – metronidazole, benzyl benzoate, benzoyl peroxide, emulsion base. When choosing the optimal method of introduction of active pharmaceutical ingredients to the base used pharmaco-technological research methods (homogeneity of the content of API in the base). Used a microscope with a photoresist (microscope – OLYMPUS BX-41, photoresist – OLYMPUS U-CMAD3, Japan).
 Active pharmaceutical ingredients was added to the base in the form of a suspension with glycerol. According to previous studies, we found that propylene glycol and polyethylene oxide were used to obtain the suspension. Studies have shown that in the process of storage for 6 months at room temperature there is a stratification of the base, in order to improve the stability of the composition of the developed cream, we introduced glycerin.
 Experimental studies have shown that active pharmaceutical ingredients in the form of a suspension must be introduced into the base alternately: a suspension of metronidazole, a suspension of benzoyl peroxide. After bringing the mass to homogeneity, benzyl benzoate was finally introduced. We studied 8 samples with different sequence of administration of active substances in suspension with glycerol, sample № 2 in the study showed the best results of homogeneity of the suspension, so this method we used in further studies.
 Experimental studies have established the procedure for the introduction of active pharmaceutical ingredients in the form of a suspension to the base: a suspension of metronidazole, a suspension of benzoyl peroxide and, last but not least, benzyl benzoate. The results of the research make it possible to develop a rational technology for the production (manufacture) of a treated soft medicines with metronidazole, benzyl benzoate and benzoyl peroxide for dermatology.

Diagnosis and treatment of demodicosis in dogs and cats: Clinical consensus guidelines of the World Association for Veterinary Dermatology.

Demodicosis is a common disease in small animal veterinary practice worldwide with a variety of diagnostic and therapeutic options. To provide consensus recommendations on the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of demodicosis in dogs and cats. The authors served as a Guideline Panel (GP) and reviewed the literature available before December 2018. The GP prepared a detailed literature review and made recommendations on selected topics. A draft of the document was presented at the North American Veterinary Dermatology Forum in Maui, HI, USA (May 2018) and at the European Veterinary Dermatology Congress in Dubrovnik, Croatia (September 2018) and was made available via the World Wide Web to the member organizations of the World Association for Veterinary Dermatology for a period of three months. Comments were solicited and responses were incorporated into the final document. In young dogs with generalized demodicosis, genetic and immunological factors seem to play a role in the pathogenesis and affected dogs should not be bred. In old dogs and cats, underlying immunosuppressive conditions contributing to demodicosis should be explored. Deep skin scrapings are the diagnostic gold standard for demodicosis, but trichograms and tape squeeze preparations may also be useful under certain circumstances. Amitraz, macrocyclic lactones and more recently isoxazolines have all demonstrated good efficacy in the treatment of canine demodicosis. Therapeutic selection should be guided by local drug legislation, drug availability and individual case parameters. Evidence for successful treatment of feline demodicosis is strongest for lime sulfur dips and amitraz baths.

Editorial

In this issue, guidelines on two more very important conditions in veterinary dermatology are published. These documents adopt the same successful format developed and sponsored by the World Association for Veterinary Dermatology (WAVD) as used for the guidelines on infections caused by meticillin-resistant staphylococci, and on dermatophytosis of small animals that were published in Veterinary Dermatology volume 28, issue three of June 2017.1 The new guidelines deal with the diagnosis and treatment of demodicosis in dogs and cats, chaired by Ralf Mueller, and the biology, diagnosis and treatment of Malassezia dermatitis in dogs and cats, chaired by Ross Bond. They have already been presented in draft form at the North American Veterinary Dermatology Forum in Maui, Hawaii, and at the ESVD-ECVD Congress in Dubrovnik, Croatia, in 2018. The Malassezia guidelines were also presented at the Malassezia workshop of the International Society for Human and Animal Mycology (ISHAM) in Utrecht, the Netherlands in 2018. The guidelines comprehensively review the literature relating to these diseases, focusing on clinical signs, diagnosis and treatment, and they concisely summarise the consensus recommendations providing easy access to this essential information at the beginning of each text. Importantly, they also identify areas where lack of knowledge makes treatment and prevention of these conditions more difficult and where further research is needed. The Malassezia guidelines provide, in addition, a detailed review of the biology of this genus and illustrate the emerging knowledge that has led to the development of its taxonomy and the identification of multiple species of the organism. This examination of historical aspects of Malassezia yeasts as skin pathogens illustrates the way in which World War I and World War II retarded knowledge of the organism and its diseases both in animals and in man. The demodicosis guidelines also touch on sociological factors when they describe how the use of the isoxazoline drug, fluralaner, could be used to allow breeding of healthy puppies from bitches that are susceptible to generalised demodicosis and would otherwise have offspring likely to develop this disease. However, the authors warn against the temptation to adopt this approach as it would be likely to further increase susceptible canine populations. The importance of sociological factors in the management of disease both in animals and in man was a feature examined by Tony Barnett in an editorial accompanying the first set of WAVD guidelines.2 He reminded us that preparation of guidelines and their adoption depend not only on scientific knowledge and the approach taken by clinicians but also on attitudes towards the diseases and their control amongst dog breeders and owners. Such attitudes influence the demand for fashionable breeds, possibly promoting the breeding of dogs with increased susceptibility to diseases such as Malassezia dermatitis and demodicosis. We still need to find ways of informing potential owners about such issues and enabling them to understand the suffering and difficulties of management which are imposed on such animals. The WAVD has a continuing programme of guideline preparation aimed at promoting best practice in veterinary dermatology. Two more guidelines are currently reaching the final stages. They will deal with equine hypersensitivity, chaired by Rosanna Marsella, and best clinical practices in otitis of dogs and cats, chaired by Jim Noxon and will be presented at the 9th World Congress of Veterinary Dermatology in Sydney, Australia, in October 2020. All of the WAVD guidelines are to be published in Veterinary Dermatology with open access or free access so as to maximise their availability to and use by veterinary practitioners, both specialists and those in general practice, and also to research workers.

Опыт применения мази “Аверсектиновая” в местном лечении демодекоза

Опыт применения мази “Аверсектиновая” в местном лечении демодекоза

Efficacy of fluralaner against canine generalized demodicosis

Demodicosis is a parasitic dermatopathy, resulting from the excessive proliferation of Demodex mites. The rateat which this disease is encountered in the pet clinic is high, despite recent advances in the treatment ofthe disease. The aim of this study, which was conducted in Brazil, was to analyze the efficacy of fluralanerin the treatment of demodicosis in dogs. Fifteen dogs with generalized demodicosis that were diagnosedwith Demodex sp. mites from skin scraping were included. All animals were treated with fluralaner at adose of 25 mg/kg, following the manufacturer’s recommendations for the treatment of ectoparasites.The effectiveness of the treatment was evaluated based on clinical improvement of the animals andthe time required to obtain two consecutive negative skin scrapes 30 days apart (parasitological cure).The main clinical signs observed were alopecia (100%; 15/15); erythema (86.7%; 10/15); and hypotrichosis,papule, crusts, hyperpigmentation, and hyperkeratosis (26.7%; 4/15). Of the 15 animals evaluated, two ofthem were excluded for not returning for the second evaluation in 60 days, although they had the firstnegative skin scrape. After 30 days, six (46.2%) from 13 animals that concluded the study presented thefirst negative skin scraping. At the end of the study, all dogs presented parasitological cure and clinicalimprovement, except for three animals. One for developing atopic dermatitis and two that lived in ananimal shelter. In conclusion, a single oral dose of fluralaner is effective in the treatment of generalizeddemodicosis in dogs.

Canine demodicosis: a retrospective study of a veterinary hospital population in California, USA (2000-2016).

Demodex spp. are cutaneous mites that cause clinical disease when present in increased numbers. There is an association in some dogs with underlying systemic disease or immunosuppressive medications. Retrospective study to document breed predisposition, identify any concurrent diseases or underlying immunosuppressive conditions, and to determine the frequency of demodicosis recurrence after treatment completion. There were 431 dogs with demodicosis presented to a veterinary teaching hospital in California, USA, from 2000 to 2016. Inclusion in this study required a diagnosis of demodicosis based on direct demonstration of the mite. Records were reviewed for signalment, disease history, potential underlying aetiologies, diagnosed concurrent diseases, medications and demodicosis treatment. Analyses were performed to evaluate for potential breed predispositions and because of the large number of dogs with allergic dermatoses, analyses for this diagnosis as a disease associated with demodicosis was also performed. E-mailed surveys and follow-up telephone calls were used to assess for information about disease recurrence. The pit bull terrier group and West Highland white terrier, based on calculated odds ratio, were breeds predisposed to developing demodicosis. For dogs with demodicosis, allergic dermatoses was an associated disease. Relapse or recurrence of disease after treatment was uncommon, affecting 11% of the dogs with long-term follow-up. This study identified, in dogs attending the institution based in California, USA, breed predilections for canine demodicosis and associated concomitant diseases. It also revealed a low occurrence of disease relapse, recurrence or persistence.

Лечение демодекоза собак с применением клозантина и иммуномодуляторов

Лечение демодекоза собак с применением клозантина и иммуномодуляторов

THE MODERN APPROACH TO THE COMPLEX THERAPY OF DEMODICOSIS

Demodicosis is one of the most common diseases of the skin. Despite the large number of scientific publications on this issue the question of the etiology and pathogenesis of this disease still remains unresolved and the development of more effective methods of treatment and prevention has not only medical but also social significance as patients preserving the working ability have actually long enough to be on outpatient and even inpatient treatment. In addition the long existence of the rash on the face that is the "business card" leads to the secondary sometimes severe neurotic disorders that results in reducing abilities, isolation, unwillingness to be in a team, family, etc. We investigated the effect of complex therapy which had been conducted by means of antiparasitic, immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory and desensitizing drugs in patients with demodicosis, as well as mandatory adjustment of changes in the hepato- panсreato-duodenal system. We examined 109 patients with demodicosis from 18 to 39 years old and 10 healthy individuals of the corresponding age and sex. It was established that the effectiveness of treatment of demodicosis based on the application of albendazole in the complex treatment along with immune-modulating therapy and hepatoprotection increased significantly. There has been a reliable rapid regression of clinical symptoms in most patients with demodicosis.

Treatment of demodicosis in dogs: 2011 clinical practice guidelines

These guidelines were written by an international group of specialists with the aim to provide veterinarians with current recommendations for the diagnosis and treatment of canine demodicosis. Published studies of the various treatment options were reviewed and summarized. Where evidence in form of published studies was not available, expert consensus formed the base of the recommendations. Demodicosis can usually be diagnosed by deep skin scrapings or trichograms; in rare cases a skin biopsy may be needed for diagnosis. Immune suppression due to endoparasitism or malnutrition in young dogs and endocrine diseases, neoplasia and chemotherapy in older dogs are considered predisposing factors and should be diagnosed and treated to optimize the therapeutic outcome. Dogs with disease severity requiring parasiticidal therapy should not be bred. Secondary bacterial skin infections frequently complicate the disease and require topical and/or systemic antimicrobial therapy. There is good evidence for the efficacy of weekly amitraz rinses and daily oral macrocyclic lactones such as milbemycin oxime, ivermectin and moxidectin for the treatment of canine demodicosis. Weekly application of topical moxidectin can be useful in dogs with milder forms of the disease. There is some evidence for the efficacy of weekly or twice weekly subcutaneous or oral doramectin. Systemic macrocyclic lactones may cause neurological adverse effects in sensitive dogs, thus a gradual increase to the final therapeutic dose may be prudent (particularly in herding breeds). Treatment should be monitored with monthly skin scrapings and extended beyond clinical and microscopic cure to minimize recurrences.

First description of demodicosis in 12 galagos (Galago senegalensis)

Twelve Galago senegalensis from the Moscow Zoo were presented with papular to nodular (2-11 mm) lesions on the pinnae, containing a white, waxy material. Microscopic examination revealed large numbers of mites consistent with the morphology of Demodex spp. mites. Nine animals were treated with ivermectin, 600 μg/kg/day topically, orally or subcutaneously for 3-10 months, while one remained untreated. All the treated animals achieved clinical remission. The control animal was still affected and died 11 months later due to pneumonia and possible eosinophilic leukaemia. No adverse effects were noted in any animals during the treatment. No animal relapsed in the 13-19 months follow-up period. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of demodicosis in G. senegalensis. The use of ivermectin in G. senegalensis was safe, although its effectiveness in the treatment of demodicosis needs further investigation.

Adverse reactions to milbemycin treatment for demodicosis

Adverse reactions to milbemycin treatment for demodicosis

Demodicosis in nine prairie dogs (Cynomys ludovicianus)

This case report describes the clinical signs and treatment of demodicosis in nine pet prairie dogs (Cynomys ludovicianus). Clinical records including history, clinical examination, microscopic evaluation and fungal culture of the skin lesions were available for all nine animals. In seven animals, blood was obtained for haematological and biochemical analyses. Clinical signs comprised bilaterally symmetrical alopecia extending from the middle part of the back down to the skin of the thighs and the dorsal and ventral parts of the tail. Demodex mites were found in skin scrapings from all cases. Treatment with amitraz at 250 p.p.m. resulted in resolution of lesions and hair regrowth. This is the first report of demodicosis in this species.

Evidence‐based treatment for demodicosis

Evidence‐based treatment for demodicosis

Observations on the epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment of demodicosis in dogs.

Observations on the epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment of demodicosis in dogs.