Treatment Of Classical Trigeminal Neuralgia Research Articles

Comprehensive Treatment of Patients With Classical Trigeminal Neuralgia

Trigeminal neuralgia is a chronic disease characterized by short paroxysms of intense excruciating shooting pains in the innervation zone of one or more branches of the trigeminal nerve. Trigeminal neuralgia is a common disease, it occurs with a frequency of 4-5 to 30-50 cases per 100,000 population — according to reports, about 15,000 new patients are diagnosed in the United States annually. The practical social severity of trigeminal neuralgia is high — the severity of pain attacks leads to a significant disruption of the flow of the normal rhythm of life of patients. Among the conservative methods of treatment of classical trigeminal neuralgia, first-line drugs are anticonvulsants and, above all, carbamazepine, which suppresses cortical and stem foci of sensitization. In parallel with the increase in tolerance to the drug, the number of adverse events also increases. If drug therapy is ineffective, surgical methods of treatment are used. Microvascular decompression of the trigeminal nerve root is considered the “gold standard” among them. The microvascular decompression ensures the complete elimination of the pain syndrome, but the percentage of relapses of the disease varies widely. According to scientists, the relapse rate after the microvascular decompression was 28%. The mortality rate is from 0.5 to 2% and averages 1.4%. The main cause of death is a violation of blood circulation in the brain stem. In addition, damage to adjacent nerve structures occurs with varying frequency: IV, VI, VII and VIII nerves. In this regard, there was a need to develop alternative approaches to the treatment of trigeminal neuralgia with paroxysmal facial pain. The results of a clinical and instrumental study of various treatment methods are presented. The effectiveness of complex treatment for trigeminal neuralgia has been proven.

Autologous conditioned serum (Orthokine) injection for treatment of classical trigeminal neuralgia: results of a single-center case series

BackgroundDespite some advances, treatment of trigeminal neuralgia remains a significant challenge. This study determines the efficacy and safety of autologous conditioned serum (Orthokine) injection into the foramen oval to treat refractory trigeminal neuralgia.Case presentationThis is a consecutive case series from the Pain and Palliative Care Department of Imam Reza University Hospital, Tabriz, Iran. Eleven Iranian patients, eligible according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, aged 45.64 ± 11.58 years (Four male and seven female, all Iranian) with established classical trigeminal neuralgia were injected with Orthokine (2 mL per injection) once a week for three consecutive weeks (total of four injections). Numeric rating scale scores for facial pain intensity and also carbamazepine daily dose were confirmed at pretreatment (T0) and at week 1 (T1), week 2 (T2), week 3 (T3), week 4 (T4), and month 2 (T5) posttreatment. Pain intensity was significantly reduced in the first 3 weeks of follow-up in comparison with baseline (T0 to T3) (8.18 ± 1.99 to 2.82 ± 2.13, p < 0.001), an effect that was retained at week 4 (T4) and month 2 (T5) follow-ups (2.82 ± 2.13 to 3.36 ± 2.69, p = 0.886). Carbamazepine consumption was significantly reduced in the first 3 weeks of follow-up in comparison with baseline (T0 to T3) (636.36 ± 307.48 to 200.00 ± 296.64, p = 0.003), an effect that was retained at week 4 and month 2 follow-ups (200.00 ± 296.64 to 200.00 ± 282.84, p = 0.802). There were no serious adverse events in participants.ConclusionOrthokine injection led to consistent pain relief and reduced carbamazepine dosage in patients with trigeminal neuralgia, with acceptable safety.

Stereotactic radiosurgery for trigeminal neuralgia: a systematic review.

The aims of this systematic review are to provide an objective summary of the published literature specific to the treatment of classical trigeminal neuralgia with stereotactic radiosurgery (RS) and to develop consensus guideline recommendations for the use of RS, as endorsed by the International Society of Stereotactic Radiosurgery (ISRS). The authors performed a systematic review of the English-language literature from 1951 up to December 2015 using the Embase, PubMed, and MEDLINE databases. The following MeSH terms were used in a title and abstract screening: "radiosurgery" AND "trigeminal." Of the 585 initial results obtained, the authors performed a full text screening of 185 studies and ultimately found 65 eligible studies. Guideline recommendations were based on level of evidence and level of consensus, the latter predefined as at least 85% agreement among the ISRS guideline committee members. The results for 65 studies (6461 patients) are reported: 45 Gamma Knife RS (GKS) studies (5687 patients [88%]), 11 linear accelerator (LINAC) RS studies (511 patients [8%]), and 9 CyberKnife RS (CKR) studies (263 patients [4%]). With the exception of one prospective study, all studies were retrospective.The mean maximal doses were 71.1-90.1 Gy (prescribed at the 100% isodose line) for GKS, 83.3 Gy for LINAC, and 64.3-80.5 Gy for CKR (the latter two prescribed at the 80% or 90% isodose lines, respectively). The ranges of maximal doses were as follows: 60-97 Gy for GKS, 50-90 Gy for LINAC, and 66-90 Gy for CKR.Actuarial initial freedom from pain (FFP) without medication ranged from 28.6% to 100% (mean 53.1%, median 52.1%) for GKS, from 17.3% to 76% (mean 49.3%, median 43.2%) for LINAC, and from 40% to 72% (mean 56.3%, median 58%) for CKR. Specific to hypesthesia, the crude rates (all Barrow Neurological Institute Pain Intensity Scale scores included) ranged from 0% to 68.8% (mean 21.7%, median 19%) for GKS, from 11.4% to 49.7% (mean 27.6%, median 28.5%) for LINAC, and from 11.8% to 51.2% (mean 29.1%, median 18.7%) for CKR. Other complications included dysesthesias, paresthesias, dry eye, deafferentation pain, and keratitis. Hypesthesia and paresthesia occurred as complications only when the anterior retrogasserian portion of the trigeminal nerve was targeted, whereas the other listed complications occurred when the root entry zone was targeted. Recurrence rates ranged from 0% to 52.2% (mean 24.6%, median 23%) for GKS, from 19% to 63% (mean 32.2%, median 29%) for LINAC, and from 15.8% to 33% (mean 25.8%, median 27.2%) for CKR. Two GKS series reported 30% and 45.3% of patients who were pain free without medication at 10 years. The literature is limited in its level of evidence, with only one comparative randomized trial (1 vs 2 isocenters) reported to date. At present, one can conclude that RS is a safe and effective therapy for drug-resistant trigeminal neuralgia. A number of consensus statements have been made and endorsed by the ISRS.

Injection of ropivacaine combined with pregabalin in a patient with post-traumatic trigeminal neuropathic pain

Introduction: Post-traumatic painful trigeminal neuropathy is a chronic facial pain secondary to trigeminal nerve injury. The treatment of this pain is a therapeutic issue due to the alteration of quality of life that it generates. Observation: A 58-year-old man whose main history of facial trauma has been consulted in the Odontology Department for bilateral trigeminal neuropathic pain that has been evolving for several months. The interrogation revealed continuous pain like electric shocks in the canine areas and daily painful exacerbations. Hyperesthesia and allodynia were found on clinical examination. The patient had received several treatments, oral and local, without significant improvement. As a last resort, injections of ropivacaine every 2 weeks associated with pregabalin (200 mg/day) were performed. At 6 months, there was a clear decrease in the burning sensation and a complete disappearance of painful exacerbations. Discussion: Two studies have recently shown the benefit of the combination of an antiepileptic and a local analgesic in the treatment of classical trigeminal neuralgia, justifying their use in a context of post-traumatic neuropathic pain. Conclusion: Further studies with higher levels of evidence are needed to confirm these preliminary results.

Long-Term Outcomes in the Treatment of Classical Trigeminal Neuralgia by Gamma Knife Radiosurgery: A Retrospective Study in Patients With Minimum 2-Year Follow-up.

Gamma knife radiosurgery (GKRS) is one of the alternatives for treatment for classical trigeminal neuralgia (TN). To retrospectively analyze long-term outcomes for TN using GKRS achieved at our institution. One hundred seventeen patients with medically refractory TN treated by GKRS at our institution were followed up between 1993 and 2011. Mean maximum dose was 86.5 Gy (range: 80-90 Gy; median: 90 Gy). Clinical response was defined based on the Burchiel classification. We considered classes I and II as a complete response. For toxicity, we use the Barrow Neurological Institute facial numbness scale. Mean duration of follow-up was 66 months (range: 24-171 months). Complete response at last follow-up in our patients was 81%, with an excellent response while off medication in 52%. Pain-free rates without medication (class I) were 85% at 3 years (confidence interval [CI]: 78%-94%), 81% at 5 years (CI: 72%-91%), and 76% at 7 years (CI: 65%-90%). Complete response rates (classes I-II) were 91% at 3 years (CI: 86%-97%), 86% at 5 years (CI: 79%-93%), and 82% at 7 years (CI: 72%-93%). Poor treatment response rates differed significantly between patients who had undergone previous surgery and were refractory to management with medication prior to GKRS. New or worsening facial numbness was reported in 32.5% (30% score II and 2.5% score III). No anesthesia dolorosa was reported. Permanent recurrence pain rate was 12%. GKRS achieved favorable outcomes compared with surgery in terms of pain relief and complication rates in our cohort of patients, notwithstanding decreasing pain-free survival rates over time. We consider GKRS to be an initial treatment in the management of medically intractable TN in selected patients. CI, confidence intervalGKRS, gamma knife radiosurgeryMVD, microvascular decompressionRS, radiosurgeryTN, trigeminal neuralgia.

Stereotactic Radiosurgery for Classical Trigeminal Neuralgia

Trigeminal neuralgia is a debilitating pain syndrome with a distinct symptom mainly excruciating facial pain that tends to come and go unpredictably in sudden shock-like attacks. Medical management remains the primary treatment for classical trigeminal neuralgia. When medical therapy failed, surgery with microvascular decompression can be performed. Radiosurgery can be offered for classical trigeminal neuralgia patients who are not surgical candidate or surgery refusal and they should not in acute pain condition. Radiosurgery is widely used because of good therapeutic result and low complication rate. Weakness of this technique is a latency period, which is time required for pain relief. It usually ranges from 1 to 2 months. This review enlightens the important role of radiosurgery in the treatment of classical trigeminal neuralgia.

Botulinum neurotoxin type A in the treatment of classical Trigeminal Neuralgia (BoTN): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial.

BackgroundTrigeminal neuralgia is characterized by paroxysmal facial pain attacks. Adequate prophylactic drug therapy is often limited by the lack of efficacy and intolerance due to central nervous system side effects.Subcutaneous injections of botulinum toxin type A are a promising treatment option for patients with unsatisfactory response to drug therapy or neurosurgical intervention. Its effects are expected to last for at least 3 months, so it could be a potential long-term treatment.This is the study protocol of a prospective, placebo-controlled, double blind clinical trial investigating the add-on therapy of subcutaneous administration of botulinum toxin type A injections to standard treatment in therapy-refractory classical trigeminal neuralgia.Methods and designBoTN is a prospective, double blind, placebo-controlled trial with a randomized withdrawal design in which a single blind phase is followed by a double blind phase (see also Methods and design). Eligible patients with classical trigeminal neuralgia who are otherwise refractory to medical and neurosurgical treatment will receive subcutaneous injections of botulinum toxin type A into injection sites of the affected trigeminal branch.In the first phase all patients will receive botulinum toxin type A in a single blinded intervention. Twelve weeks later therapy responders will be allocated to the verum or placebo (saline) arm in a double blind, randomized manner. These injections will be performed at the same sites as the first injections.This trial will be conducted in a tertiary outpatient clinic specialized in the treatment of headache and facial pain. There will be three investigators performing the injections who are experienced in the treatment of headache and facial pain and trained in botulinum toxin type A injections.DiscussionBoTN is designed to assess the efficacy and safety of subcutaneous botulinum toxin type A injections in addition to standard prophylactic treatment in therapy-refractory trigeminal neuralgia.Trial registration numberEU Clinical Trials Register: EudraCT-No: 2014-001959-24 https://www.clinicaltrialsregister.eu/ctr-search/rest/download/trial/2014-001959-24/DEDate of trial registration26 August 2014Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13063-015-1052-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Topiramate versus Carbamazepine for the Treatment of Classical Trigeminal Neuralgia

Carbamazepine is currently the drug of first choice in the treatment of trigeminal neuralgia. However, it is reported as efficacious in only 70-80% of patients, and can be associated with adverse effects such as drowsiness, confusion, nausea, ataxia, nystagmus and hypersensitivity, which may necessitate discontinuation of medication. Therefore, alternative drugs such as oxcarbazepine, baclofen and topiramate are also used to treat the disease. The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness and safety of topiramate with carbamazepine in the treatment of classical trigeminal neuralgia. We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) [Issue 3 of 12, March 2011], MEDLINE, EMBASE, the Chinese Biomedical Database (CBM), the Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) and the Chinese Science and Technique Journals Database (VIP) for the period January 1998 to March 2011, and we also manually searched all relevant journals. We included all confirmed randomized controlled trials treating trigeminal neuralgia with topiramate and carbamazepine. We evaluated the risk of bias of the included trials according to the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions, Version 5.1. The Cochrane Collaboration's software RevMan 5.1 was used for the meta-analysis. A total of six randomized controlled trials with poor methodological quality were included. All trials were conducted in China. Altogether, they included 354 patients with trigeminal neuralgia. The results of the meta-analysis showed that topiramate was more effective than carbamazepine after a treatment duration of 2 months (relative risk [RR] = 1.20, 95% CI 1.04, 1.39, p = 0.01). However, no difference was found in the effectiveness rate after a treatment duration of 1 month (RR = 1.00, 95% CI 0.87, 1.14, p = 0.94), in the remission rate after a treatment duration of 1 month (RR = 1.06, 95% CI 0.83, 1.36, p = 0.63), in the remission rate after a treatment duration of 2 months (RR = 1.31, 95% CI 0.96, 1.80, p = 0.09) or in adverse events when comparing topiramate with carbamazepine. Present trials comparing topiramate with carbamazepine are all poor in methodological quality. A meta-analysis of these studies showed that the overall effectiveness and tolerability of topiramate did not seem to differ from carbamazepine in the treatment of classical trigeminal neuralgia. However, the meta-analysis yielded a favourable effect of topiramate compared with carbamazepine after a treatment duration of 2 months. RESULTS were limited due to the poor methodological quality and the geographic localization of the randomized controlled trials identified. Therefore, large, international, well conducted, randomized controlled trials are needed to further assess the relative efficacy and tolerability of topiramate and carbamazepine in this indication.

Neurosurgical interventions for the treatment of classical trigeminal neuralgia

Surgical interventions are used for trigeminal neuralgia when drug treatment fails. Surgical treatments divide into two main categories, ablative (destructive)or non-ablative. These treatments can be done at three different sites: peripherally, at the Gasserian ganglion level, and within the posterior fossa of the skull. To assess the efficacy of neurosurgical interventions for classical trigeminal neuralgia in terms of pain relief, quality of life and any harms. To determine if there are defined subgroups of patients more likely to benefit. We searched the Cochrane Neuromuscular Disease Group Specialized Register, (13 May 2010), CENTRAL (issue 2, 2010 part of the Cochrane Library), Health Technology Assessment (HTA) Database, NHS Economic Evaluation Database (NHSEED) and Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects (DARE) (issue 4, 2010 (HTA, NHSEED and DARE are part of the Cochrane Library)), MEDLINE (January 1966 to May 2010) and EMBASE (January 1980 to May 2010) with no language exclusion. Randomised controlled trials and quasi-randomised controlled trials of neurosurgical interventions used in the treatment of classical trigeminal neuralgia. Two authors independently assessed trial quality and extracted data. We contacted authors for clarification and missing information whenever possible. Eleven studies involving 496 participants met some of the inclusion criteria stated in the protocol. One hundred and eighty patients in five studies had peripheral interventions, 229 patients in five studies had percutaneous interventions applied to the Gasserian ganglion, and 87 patients in one study underwent two modalities of stereotactic radiosurgery (Gamma Knife) treatment. No studies addressing microvascular decompression (which is the only non-ablative procedure) met the inclusion criteria. All but two of the identified studies had a high to medium risk of bias because of either missing data or methodological inconsistency. It was not possible to undertake meta-analysis because of differences in the intervention modalities and variable outcome measures. Three studies had sufficient outcome data for analysis. One trial, which involved 40 participants, compared two techniques of radiofrequency thermocoagulation (RFT) of the Gasserian ganglion at six months. Pulsed RFT resulted in return of pain in all participants by three months. When this group were converted to conventional (continuous) treatment these participants achieved pain control comparable to the group that had received conventional treatment from the outset. Sensory changes were common in the continuous treatment group. In another trial, of 87 participants, investigators compared radiation treatment to the trigeminal nerve at one or two isocentres in the posterior fossa. There were insufficient data to determine if one technique was superior to another. Two isocentres increased the incidence of sensory loss. Increased age and prior surgery were predictors for poorer pain relief. Relapses were nonsignificantly reduced with two isocentres (risk ratio (RR) 0.72, 95% confidence intervaI (CI) 0.30 to 1.71). A third study compared two techniques for RFT in 54 participants for 10 to 54 months. Both techniques produced pain relief (not significantly in favour of neuronavigation (RR 0.70, 95% CI 0.46 to 1.04) but relief was more sustained and side effects fewer ifa neuronavigation system was used. The remaining eight studies did not report outcomes as predetermined in our protocol. There is very low quality evidence for the efficacy of most neurosurgical procedures for trigeminal neuralgia because of the poor quality of the trials. All procedures produced variable pain relief, but many resulted in sensory side effects. There were no studies of microvascular decompression which observational data suggests gives the longest pain relief. There is little evidence to help comparative decision making about the best surgical procedure. Well designed studies are urgently needed.

Percutaneous radiofrequency thermocoagulation for the treatment of different types of trigeminal neuralgia: Evaluation of quality of life and outcomes

Radiofrequency thermocoagulation (RFT) of the gasserian ganglion is a routine and effective technique for the treatment of classical trigeminal neuralgia (CTN). In this study we compared its efficacy in patients with CTN and atypically symptomatic or mixed trigeminal neuralgia (MTN). Fifty-seven patients were treated with RFT for trigeminal neuralgia from June 2006 to February 2009. Thirty patients had CTN, and 27 had MTN. Outcomes were measured by using the visual analog pain scale (VAS) and patients' reports of quality of life (QOL), medication usage, and complications over a follow-up period of up to 3 years. Our results showed that the patients with MTN were younger, tended to have bilaterial involvement of the first division, and were unresponsive to treatment. All surgeries were completed smoothly. About 86.7% CTN patients and 48.1% MTN patients responded immediately to RFT. The VAS scores were significantly higher in the CTN group than in MTN group (P<0.05). Kaplan-Meier curves showed that 1-year, 2-year, and 3-year pain relief rates were 76.7%, 73.3%, and 73.3% in the CTN group and 46.6%, 41.4%, and 41.4% in the MTN group, respectively. The rates of pain relief for both groups leveled off at 2 years. Complications included numbness, dysesthesia, and anesthesia dolorosa. RFT did not cause any deaths and complications were low. The treatment was very effective for CTN and, to some degrees, effective for MTN. If numbness, dysesthesia, and anesthesia dolorosa are limited to the trigger area, QOL will be greatly improved.