Treatment Of Cannabis Use Disorder Research Articles

Regulatory Framework for Cannabis: A Position Paper From the American College of Physicians.

Cannabis, also known as marijuana, is the dried flowers, stems, seeds, and leaves of the Cannabis sativa plant. It contains more than 100 compounds, including tetrahydrocannabinol, which has psychoactive effects. Federal law prohibits the possession, distribution, and use of cannabis outside limited research activities, but most states have legalized cannabis for medical or recreational use. However, research into the potential therapeutic and adverse health effects of cannabis has been limited, in part because of the drug's federal legal status. In this position paper, the American College of Physicians (ACP) calls for the decriminalization of possession of small amounts of cannabis for personal use and outlines a public health approach to controlling cannabis in jurisdictions where it is legal. ACP recommends the rigorous evaluation of the health effects and potential therapeutic uses of cannabis and cannabinoids as well as research into the effects of legalization on cannabis use. It also calls for evidence-based medical education related to cannabis and increased resources for treatment of cannabis use disorder.

The risk of cannabis use disorder is mediated by altered brain connectivity: A chronnectome study.

The brain mechanisms underlying the risk of cannabis use disorder (CUD) are poorly understood. Several studies have reported changes in functional connectivity (FC) in CUD, although none have focused on the study of time-varying patterns of FC. To fill this important gap of knowledge, 39 individuals at risk for CUD and 55 controls, stratified by their score on a self-screening questionnaire for cannabis-related problems (CUDIT-R), underwent resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging. Dynamic functional connectivity (dFNC) was estimated using independent component analysis, sliding-time window correlations, cluster states and meta-state indices of global dynamics and were compared among groups. At-risk individuals stayed longer in a cluster state with higher within and reduced between network dFNC for the subcortical, sensory-motor, visual, cognitive-control and default-mode networks, relative to controls. More globally, at-risk individuals had a greater number of meta-states and transitions between them and a longer state span and total distance between meta-states in the state space. Our findings suggest that the risk of CUD is associated with an increased dynamic fluidity and dynamic range of FC. This may result in altered stability and engagement of the brain networks, which can ultimately translate into altered cortical and subcortical function conveying CUD risk. Identifying these changes in brain function can pave the way for early pharmacological and neurostimulation treatment of CUD, as much as they could facilitate the stratification of high-risk individuals.

Associations of cannabis use, use frequency, and cannabis use disorder with violent behavior among young adults in the United States

BackgroundMost violent crimes (52 %) are committed by adults aged 18–34, who account for 23 % of the US population and have the highest prevalence of cannabis use and cannabis use disorder (CUD). We examined whether and how associations of cannabis use, use frequency, and CUD with violent behavior (i.e., attacking someone with the intent to harm seriously) vary by sex in U.S. young adults. MethodsData were from 113,454 participants aged 18–34 in the 2015–2019 US National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, providing nationally representative data on cannabis use, CUD (using DSM-IV criteria), and violent behavior. Descriptive analyses and bivariate and multivariable logistic regression analyses were conducted. ResultsAmong U.S. adults aged 18–34, 28.9 % (95 % CI = 28.5–29.2 %) reported past-year cannabis use (with/without CUD), including 20.5 % (95 % CI = 20.2–20.8 %) with non-daily cannabis without CUD, 4.7 % (95 % CI = 4.5–4.8 %) with daily cannabis use without CUD, 2.1 % (95 % CI = 1.9–2.2 %) with non-daily cannabis use and CUD, and 1.7 % (95 % CI = 1.5–1.8 %) with daily cannabis use and CUD. Past-year adjusted prevalence of violent behavior was higher among males with daily cannabis use but without CUD (2.9 %, 95 % CI = 2.4–2.7 %; adjusted prevalence ratio (PR) = 1.7, 95 % CI = 1.3–2.2) and males with daily cannabis use and CUD (3.1 %, 95 % CI = 2.3–4.0 %; adjusted PR = 1.8, 95 % CI = 1.3–2.4) than males without past-year cannabis use (1.7 %, 95 % CI = 1.6–1.9 %). Adjusted prevalence of violent behavior was higher among females with cannabis use regardless of daily cannabis use/CUD status (adjusted prevalence = 1.6–2.4 %, 95 % CIs = 0.9–3.2 %; adjusted PRs = 1.6–2.4, 95 % CI = 1.3–3.2) than females without past-year cannabis use (1.0 %, 95 % CI = 0.9–1.1 %). ConclusionsResearch is needed to ascertain the directionality of the associations between cannabis use and violent behavior and underlying sex-specific mechanism(s). Our results point to complex sex-specific relationships between cannabis use frequency, CUD, and violent behavior and highlight the importance of early screening for and treatment of CUD and of preventive interventions addressing cannabis misuse.

Biological sex and hormonal contraceptive associations with drug cue reactivity in cannabis use disorder

Biological sex differences in Cannabis Use Disorder (CUD) progression, cannabis withdrawal severity, and pharmacotherapy response have been reported, suggesting that CUD mechanisms may differ by sex. Drug cue reactivity is an established predictor of drug use behavior, but the literature on sex differences in drug cue reactivity is mixed, including in CUD. One possible moderator of sex differences in drug cue reactivity is hormonal contraceptive (HC) use. The aim of the present study was to test whether sex differences in neural cannabis cue reactivity and craving varied by female HC use in a CUD sample. As part of a larger study, 152 adults reporting frequent cannabis use completed a drug cue reactivity task during electrocenphalogram recording. Late positive potential (LPP) amplitude modulation by cannabis cues was used to measure neural cue reactivity. Craving after the cue reactivity task was also assessed. Males (n = 74) and naturally-cycling females (n = 26), who did not differ from each other, showed significantly greater LPP enhancement to cannabis vs. neutral cues compared to HC-using females (n = 52), an effect mostly driven by neutral cues. Craving was significantly higher in naturally-cycling but not HC-using females compared to males, but only in covariate-unadjusted analyses. Exploratory analyses of HC and menstrual phase characteristics indicate a progesterone-related mechanism may underlie HC effects on cannabis cue reactivity. The present study's results suggest that mixed findings on drug cue reactivity sex differences may be due to variability in HC use, which has implications for sex-specific models of CUD progression and treatment.

Predictors of effective therapy among individuals with Cannabis Use Disorder: a review of the literature.

Treatment demand for Cannabis Use Disorder (CUD) has increased in the past decade in almost all European countries, and CUD is currently the most common reason for first-time drug-related treatment admission in the European Union. Even though several therapeutic approaches have been shown to benefit individuals with CUD, there is a lack of knowledge regarding factors associated with effective therapy and the underlying mechanisms of change among individuals with CUD presenting for treatment. The aim of the present paper was to review current knowledge on factors that have been shown to contribute to positive outcomes in CUD treatment. A scoping methodology was used, focusing on empirically evaluated studies that used defined, cannabis-related outcome measures. In eligible studies, factors of investigation were categorized as either 'mediators', i.e., treatment-related factors associated with the processes or mechanisms through which patients benefit from therapy, or 'moderators' which are patient-related characteristics that predict his/her odds to benefit from treatment or patient-related (i.e., moderators). Factors categorized as mediators were then classified 'specific factors' if they were related to a certain technique or treatment modality or 'common factors' if they were assessed beyond treatment modalities. Findings suggest that in CUD treatment, specific mediators include treatment duration, addressing motivation to change, acquiring coping skills, enhancing self-efficacy, and integrating several therapeutic components. Common mediators include therapeutic alliance, empathy, expectations and cultural adaptation. Moderators in CUD treatment include sex, ethnicity, age-related factors and comorbid disorders.

Adult use cannabis legalization and cannabis use disorder treatment in California, 2010–2021

IntroductionMany nations and jurisdictions have legalized non-medical adult use of cannabis, or are considering doing so. This paper contributes to knowledge of adult use legalization's associations with cannabis use disorder (CUD) treatment utilization. MethodsThis study collected data from a dataset of all publicly funded substance use disorder treatment delivered in California from 2010 to 2021 (1,460,066 episodes). A logistic regression model estimates adult use legalization's impacts on CUD treatment utilization using an individual-level pre-post time series model, including individual and county-level characteristics and county and year-fixed effects. ResultsAdult use legalization was associated with a significant decrease in the probability of admission to CUD treatment (average marginal effect (AME): −0.005, 95 % CI: −0.009, 0.000). Adult use legalization was also associated with a decrease in the probability of admission to CUD treatment for males (AME: −0.025, 95 % CI: −0.027, −0.023) Medi-Cal beneficiaries (AME: −0.025, 95 % CI: −0.027, −0.023) adults ages 21+ (AME: −0.011, 95 % CI: −0.014, −0.009) and Whites (AME: −0.012, 95 % CI: −0.015, −0.010), and an increase in the probability of admission to CUD treatment for patients referred from the criminal justice system (AME: 0.017, 95 % CI: 0.015, 0.020) and Blacks (AME: 0.004, 95 % CI: 0.000, 0.007) and Hispanics (AME: 0.009, 95 % CI: 0.006, 0.011). ConclusionsAdult use legalization is associated with declining CUD treatment admissions, even though cannabis-related problems are becoming more prevalent. Policies and practices that protect public health, and engage people with CUD in treatment are needed.

Cannabis use and cannabis use disorders and their treatment in the Europe.

This paper introduces the special issue on cannabis use in Europe. It describes data on the prevalence of cannabis use in Europe and the more limited data on the prevalence of cannabis use disorders, one of the most common forms of drug problem treated in many countries in Europe. It summarises what research has indicated about the adverse effects of acute and chronic cannabis use and discusses potential health system responses that may reduce some of these harms. These include public education about the risks of cannabis use; screening and brief interventions in primary medical settings; and specialist treatment for cannabis use disorders. It briefly indicates the special issues that may need to be addressed in dealing with the high rates of comorbidity between cannabis use disorders, other types of drug use disorders, and common mental disorders.

A phase III multisite randomised controlled trial to compare the efficacy of cannabidiol to placebo in the treatment of cannabis use disorder: the CBD-CUD study protocol

BackgroundCannabis use disorder (CUD) is increasingly common and contributes to a range of health and social problems. Cannabidiol (CBD) is a non-intoxicating cannabinoid recognised for its anticonvulsant, anxiolytic and antipsychotic effects with no habit-forming qualities. Results from a Phase IIa randomised clinical trial suggest that treatment with CBD for four weeks reduced non-prescribed cannabis use in people with CUD. This study examines the efficacy, safety and quality of life of longer-term CBD treatment for patients with moderate-to-severe CUD.Methods/DesignA phase III multi-site, randomised, double-blinded, placebo controlled parallel design of a 12-week course of CBD to placebo, with follow-up at 24 weeks after enrolment.Two hundred and fifty adults with moderate-to-severe CUD (target 20% Aboriginal), with no significant medical, psychiatric or other substance use disorders from seven drug and alcohol clinics across NSW and VIC, Australia will be enrolled.Participants will be administered a daily dose of either 4 mL (100 mg/mL) of CBD or a placebo dispensed every 3-weeks. All participants will receive four-sessions of Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) based counselling. Primary endpoints are self-reported cannabis use days and analysis of cannabis metabolites in urine. Secondary endpoints include severity of CUD, withdrawal severity, cravings, quantity of use, motivation to stop and abstinence, medication safety, quality of life, physical/mental health, cognitive functioning, and patient treatment satisfaction. Qualitative research interviews will be conducted with Aboriginal participants to explore their perspectives on treatment.DiscussionCurrent psychosocial and behavioural treatments for CUD indicate that over 80% of patients relapse within 1–6 months of treatment. Pharmacological treatments are highly effective with other substance use disorders but there are no approved pharmacological treatments for CUD. CBD is a promising candidate for CUD treatment due to its potential efficacy for this indication and excellent safety profile. The anxiolytic, antipsychotic and neuroprotective effects of CBD may have added benefits by reducing many of the mental health and cognitive impairments reported in people with regular cannabis use.Trial registrationAustralian and New Zealand Clinical Trial Registry: ACTRN12623000526673 (Registered 19 May 2023).

Treatments for Cannabis Use Disorder across the Lifespan: A Systematic Review.

Cannabis use disorder (CUD) is a growing public health concern, with rising prevalence and significant impact on individuals across age groups. This systematic review examines 24 studies investigating pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions for CUD among adolescents (up to 17), young adults (18-24), and older adults (25-65). Database searches were conducted for randomized controlled trials of CUD interventions reporting outcomes such as cannabis use, abstinence, withdrawal symptoms, and treatment retention. For adolescents, interventions such as contingent rewards and family engagement have shown promise, while young adults benefit from technology-based platforms and peer support. In older adults, pharmacological adjuncts combined with counseling have shown promise in enhancing treatment outcomes. However, optimal treatment combinations remain uncertain, highlighting the need for further research. Addressing CUD requires tailored interventions that acknowledge developmental stages and challenges across the lifespan. Although promising interventions exist, further comparative effectiveness research is needed to delineate the most efficacious approaches.

Mobile Intervention to Address Cannabis Use Disorder Among Black Adults: Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial.

African American or Black (hereafter referred to as Black) adults who use cannabis use it more frequently and are more likely to meet criteria for cannabis use disorder (CUD) than both White and Hispanic or Latin individuals. Black adults may be more apt to use cannabis to cope with distress, which constitutes a false safety behavior (FSB; a behavior designed to reduce psychological distress in the short term). Although FSB engagement can perpetuate the cycle of high rates of CUD among Black individuals, limited work has applied an FSB elimination treatment approach to Black adults with CUD, and no previous work has evaluated FSB reduction or elimination in the context of a culturally tailored and highly accessible treatment developed for Black individuals. This study aims to develop and pilot-test a culturally tailored adaptive intervention that integrates FSB reduction or elimination skills for cannabis reduction or cessation among Black adults with probable CUD (Culturally Tailored-Mobile Integrated Cannabis and Anxiety Reduction Treatment [CT-MICART]). Black adults with probable CUD (N=50) will complete a web-based screener, enrollment call, baseline assessment, 3 daily ecological momentary assessments (EMAs) for 6 weeks, and a follow-up self-report assessment and qualitative interview at 6 weeks after randomization. Participants will be randomized into 1 out of the 2 conditions after baseline assessment: (1) CT-MICART+EMAs for 6 weeks or (2) EMAs only for 6 weeks. The enrollment started in June 2023 and ended in November 2023. Data analysis will be completed in March 2024. No culturally tailored, evidence-based treatment currently caters to the specific needs of Black individuals with CUD. This study will lay the foundation for a new approach to CUD treatment among Black adults that is easily accessible and has the potential to overcome barriers to treatment and reduce practitioner burden in order to support Black individuals who use cannabis with probable CUD. ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05566730; https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05566730. DERR1-10.2196/52776.

Why Are Adolescent Cannabis Use Disorder Treatment Admissions Declining in the US? The Mediated Pathway of State Treatment Admissions Rates before and after Recreational Cannabis Legalization

Purpose: State-level prevalence data are used to investigate whether recreational cannabis legalization moderates the mediated pathway from the perception of low risk of harm, to cannabis use, to cannabis use disorder (CUD) treatment admissions, among adolescents (age 12–17) in the US. Methods: Annual state prevalence measures of perception of low risk, cannabis use, and CUD treatment admissions between 2008 and 2019 (N = 542 state-year observations) were collected from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) and the Treatment Episode Dataset – Admissions (TEDS-A). A two-way fixed effects (state and year) moderated mediation model was used to test whether recreational legalization moderated the indirect effect of perception of low risk on treatment admissions via cannabis use. Results: A positive indirect effect of perceiving cannabis as low risk on CUD treatment admissions via cannabis use was observed prior to legalization but not afterwards. After legalization, the positive association of perceiving cannabis as low risk with cannabis use was strengthened, and the positive association of cannabis use with treatment admissions was suppressed, as compared to before legalization. Discussion: Recreational legalization may alter the social acceptability and medical self-administration of cannabis, potentially leading to CUD treatment utilization decline among adolescents even as risk factors for CUD increase. Linking recreational cannabis legalization to advancing awareness of the health risks associated with adolescent cannabis use and promoting adolescent CUD treatment engagement through mHealth approaches and primary care providers are key to addressing potential adolescent health challenges brought about by expanding cannabis legalization.

Esrar Kullanım Bozukluğu Tedavisinde Kullanılan İnternet Tabanlı Psikososyal Müdahale Programları: Bu Programların Etkinlikleri ve Sınırlılıkları

This review focuses on the internet-based psychosocial intervention methods used in the treatment of cannabis use disorder, reviewing their effectiveness and limitations in light of the available information. Cannabis use disorder contributes to both physical and mental health issues, as well as high healthcare costs. In recent years, various internet-based psychosocial interventions have been developed for treating this condition. These interventions can be categorized into three main groups: self-help and educational programs, mobile applications and gamified interventions, and peer support with community-based platforms. Studies indicate that these internet-based psychosocial interventions could be an effective alternative for the treatment of cannabis use disorder. Their strengths include the potential to reduce the frequency and amount of cannabis use, their flexible and accessible nature, and the ability to reach a broad user base. However, limitations such as technological access and digital literacy issues, data security and privacy concerns, discrepancies in demographic and cultural diversity, and challenges in long-term follow-up and sustainability are evident, particularly in cases of severe psychological disorders or situations requiring immediate intervention. While the results of relevant research are promising, there have been a limited number of randomized controlled trials conducted. Keywords: Cannabis, Cannabis use disorder, Internet-based psychosocial interventions.

Towards a New Dynamic Interaction Model of Adolescent CUD Manifestation, Prevention, and Treatment: A Narrative Review

Background: Cannabis is one of the most popular drugs of the 21st century, especially among adolescents and young adults. Evidence of a variety of lasting neuropsychological deficits as a result of chronic cannabis use has increased. Furthermore, regular cannabis use is found to be a predictor of mental health problems, less motivation in school, and school dropout. Aim: Our goal is to propose a theoretical model of adolescent cannabis use disorder (CUD) based on Zinberg’s drug, set, and setting model and explicated by a review of the literature on adolescent cannabis use to improve the prevention and treatment of CUD for adolescents. Methods: PubMed and Web of Science were searched for relevant publications as part of a hypothesis-based and model-generating review. Results: Individual (set) and environmental (setting) risk factors play important roles in the development of CUD in adolescents. School performance, motivation, and attendance can be negatively influenced by persistent cannabis use patterns and adolescent brain development can consequently be impaired. Thus, cannabis use can be understood as both being the cause of poor school performance but also the consequence of poor school performance. To prevent and reduce adolescent CUD the drug, set, and setting must all be considered. It is important to notice that the multiple feedback loops (indicated in our dynamic interaction model) are not mutually exclusive, but offer important intervention focus points for social workers, addiction professionals, parents, and other care takers. Conclusion: We argue that the three dimensions of drug, set, and setting contribute significantly to the eventual manifestation of CUD. Based on our dynamic interaction model, recommendations are made for possible preventive and therapeutic interventions for the treatment of adolescents and young adults with CUD.

Randomized controlled trial of zolpidem as a pharmacotherapy for cannabis use disorder

BackgroundSleep disturbance is commonly reported among individuals meeting criteria for cannabis use disorder (CUD), and people who use cannabis frequently report sleep disturbance as a contributor to failed quit attempts. The purpose of this study was to measure sleep in individuals enrolled in treatment for CUD, and to determine whether use of hypnotic medication during treatment increased abstinence rates. MethodThe study enrolled 127 adults seeking treatment for CUD in a 12-week clinical trial and randomized to receive extended-release zolpidem (zolpidem-XR) or placebo. All participants received computerized behavioral therapy and abstinence-based contingency management. The study conducted in-home ambulatory polysomnography (PSG) assessments at baseline and during treatment to objectively measure sleep. Self-report measures of recent sleep, Insomnia Severity Index (ISI), and drug use (Timeline Follow-Back) were collected at each study visit, and the study confirmed self-reported abstinence via quantitative urine drug testing. ResultParticipants randomized to placebo, but not zolpidem-XR exhibited significant sleep disturbance during week 1 of treatment. Sleep disturbance emerged in the zolpidem-XR group after study medication was stopped at the end of treatment. Though participants assigned to the zolpidem-XR condition had qualitatively greater rates of abstinence compared with placebo (27 % versus 15 % negative at end of treatment), the difference was not statistically significant. Treatment retention was poor (about 50 % drop out in both groups) and medication adherence was a challenge without the use of contingent incentives. ConclusionResults from this randomized controlled trial suggest that zolpidem-XR can attenuate abstinence-induced sleep disturbance early in treatment for CUD, but that sleep problems are likely to emerge after the medication is stopped. Further research should identify alternative pharmacotherapies and behavioral treatments for CUD and elucidate the role of sleep disturbance in the development and maintenance of CUD.

Criminal Justice Referrals to Cannabis Use Disorder Treatment among Adolescents and Young Adults following Recreational Cannabis Legalization in the United States.

This study investigates whether the proportion of referrals to cannabis use disorder (CUD) treatment from the criminal justice system declined among adolescents (aged 12-17 years) and young adults (aged 18-24 years) following state recreational (adult use) cannabis legalization in the United States between 2008 and 2019. Cannabis use disorder treatment referral data were extracted from the Treatment Episode Dataset-Admissions and used to calculate trends in the number and proportion of criminal justice referrals. Difference-in-differences analysis was used to estimate the effect of recreational legalization on the state-level proportion of criminal justice referrals as a share of all admissions. Nationwide, the number and proportion of adolescent and young adult criminal justice referrals to CUD treatment declined over the study period. The proportion of young adult criminal justice referrals declined significantly more rapidly after recreational legalization as compared with before ( β = -0.045; 95% confidence interval, -0.079 to -0.010; P = 0.01). Among adolescents, the trajectory of decline in the proportion of criminal justice referrals did not change significantly following recreational legalization ( β = -0.033; 95% confidence interval, -0.073 to 0.008; P = 0.11). The decline in the proportion of young adult criminal justice referrals to CUD treatment following recreational legalization is likely due to falling cannabis-related arrests. Although cannabis criminalization may result in court-mandated CUD treatment for some young adults without CUD, the decline in CUD treatment admissions during a period of increasing CUD risk factors associated with recreational legalization represents a key health concern. Promoting screening and other CUD treatment referral sources, such as through primary care, may be warranted.

Association between cannabis use disorder symptom severity and probability of clinically-documented diagnosis and treatment in a primary care sample

BackgroundBrief cannabis screening followed by standardized assessment of symptoms may support diagnosis and treatment of cannabis use disorder (CUD). This study tested whether the probability of a medical provider diagnosing and treating CUD increased with the number of substance use disorder (SUD) symptoms documented in patients’ EHRs. MethodsThis observational study used EHR and claims data from an integrated healthcare system. Adult patients were included who reported daily cannabis use and completed the Substance Use Symptom Checklist, a scaled measure of DSM-5 SUD symptoms (0−11), during routine care 3/1/2015–3/1/2021. Logistic regression estimated associations between SUD symptom counts and: 1) CUD diagnosis; 2) CUD treatment initiation; and 3) CUD treatment engagement, defined based on Healthcare Effectiveness Data and Information Set (HEDIS) ICD-codes and timelines. We tested moderation across age, gender, race, and ethnicity. ResultsPatients (N=13,947) were predominantly middle-age, male, White, and non-Hispanic. Among patients reporting daily cannabis use without other drug use (N=12,568), the probability of CUD diagnosis, treatment initiation, and engagement increased with each 1-unit increase in Symptom Checklist score (p’s<0.001). However, probabilities of diagnosis, treatment, and engagement were low, even among those reporting ≥2 symptoms consistent with SUD: 14.0% diagnosed (95% CI: 11.7–21.6), 16.6% initiated treatment among diagnosed (11.7–21.6), and 24.3% engaged in treatment among initiated (15.8–32.7). Only gender moderated associations between Symptom Checklist and diagnosis (p=0.047) and treatment initiation (p=0.012). Findings were similar for patients reporting daily cannabis use with other drug use (N=1379). ConclusionDespite documented symptoms, CUD was underdiagnosed and undertreated in medical settings.

Neurophysiological error processing and addiction self-awareness correlates of reduced insight in cannabis use disorder.

Cannabis use disorder (CUD) prevalence has increased, while perceived risks of cannabis use and CUD treatment need have decreased. Chronic cannabis use may also impair the neural and behavioral mechanisms of insight, further hampering treatment-seeking. This study aimed to measure whether CUD is characterized by reduced self-monitoring in drug-related contexts (objectively-assessed insight), subserved by functional neural abnormalities in error-processing and manifested clinically as decreased awareness of the need to change. Case-control laboratory study was used. University setting was in Alabama, USA. There were 42 CUD participants and 47 age-, sex-, and nicotine use-matched controls. Participants completed a probabilistic choice task, adapted for the first time for CUD, in which they selected pleasant, unpleasant, neutral, and cannabis-related images according to their preference. Reduced versus accurate insight was operationalized as the correspondence between self-reported and actual most chosen image type. Neurophysiological error-processing during an inhibitory control task was recorded using electroencephalography. Participants with CUD completed measures of cannabis problem recognition and motivation to change. Compared with controls, the CUD group made significantly more cannabis selections on the choice task (mean difference [MD] = 8.11, 95% confidence interval [CI] [4.88 11.35], p < 0.001) and had significantly reduced insight into cannabis choice (odds ratio [OR] = 9.69, 95% CI [1.06 88.65], p = 0.04). CUD participants with reduced insight on the choice task had significantly decreased neurophysiological reactivity to errors on the inhibitory control task (error-related negativity) compared with CUD participants with accurate insight (MD = 2.64 μV, 95% CI [0.74 μV 4.54 μV], p = 0.008) and controls (MD = 4.05 μV, 95% CI [1.29 μV 6.80 μV], p = 0.005). Compared with CUD participants with accurate insight on the choice task, CUD participants with reduced insight reported significantly less agreement that they had a cannabis problem (MD = -5.06, 95% CI [-8.49-1.62], p = 0.003). People with CUD who show reduced insight on a drug-related choice task may also have decreased early neural error-processing and less cannabis problem recognition.

Association between Cannabis Use Disorder and Mental Health Disorders in the Adolescent Population: A Cohort Study

Introduction: According to the literature, early initiation to cannabis use and a dependent pattern of use are important risk factors for the development of mental health disorders. However, there are few cohort studies which look at the development of mental health disorders associated with cannabis use among young people with cannabis use disorder (CUD). The aim of the study was to determine the cumulative incidence of mental health disorders and the risk of developing mental health disorders among minors who commenced treatment for CUD in Catalonia during 2015–2019. Methods: This was a retrospective fixed cohort study, matched for confounding variables, based on data from the Catalan Health Surveillance System. The exposed cohort comprised young people who entered treatment for CUD during 2015–2019 (n = 948) and who were minors on the date of commencing treatment. Matching was done with a paired cohort (n = 4,737), according to confounding variables. Individuals with a diagnosis of a mental health disorder prior to the study period were excluded. The cumulative incidence was calculated for mental health disorders for the exposed and the paired cohorts and stratified by type of mental disorder. Incidence rate ratios were estimated using the conditional Poisson model with robust variance, stratified by sex. Results: The cumulative incidence for development of a mental health disorder was 19.6% in the exposed cohort and 3.1% in the paired cohort; with higher incidence among females (females 32.7%; males 15.8%). The exposed cohort had an 8.7 times increased risk of developing a mental health disorder than the paired cohort. The most frequent diagnoses were reaction to severe stress, adjustment disorder, and personality disorders. Conclusion: This study confirmed that the exposed cohort was at increased risk of developing mental health disorders compared to the paired cohort. To date, few studies have analyzed the association between cannabis use and the development of mental health disorders, considering cannabis dependence. Further studies should be undertaken considering CUD. In addition, more studies are needed to understand the factors that determine the development of CUD. Further research in these areas would contribute to the design of prevention strategies aimed at those young individuals with a higher risk of developing cannabis dependence and suffering its consequences.

Evaluating preferences for online psychological interventions to decrease cannabis use in young adults with psychosis: An observational study

Innovative technology-based solutions have the potential to improve access to clinically proven interventions for cannabis use disorder (CUD) in individuals with first episode psychosis (FEP). High patient engagement with app-based interventions is critical for achieving optimal outcomes. 104 individuals 18 to 35 years old with FEP and CUD from three Canadian provinces completed an electronic survey to evaluate preferences for online psychological intervention intensity, participation autonomy, feedback related to cannabis use, and technology platforms and app functionalities. The development of the questionnaire was informed by a qualitative study that included patients and clinicians. We used Best-Worst Scaling (BWS) and item ranking methodologies to measure preferences. Conditional logistic regression models for BWS data revealed high preferences for moderate intervention intensity (e.g., modules with a length of 15 min) and treatment autonomy that included preferences for using technology-based interventions and receiving feedback related to cannabis use once a week. Luce regression models for rank items revealed high preferences for smartphone-based apps, video intervention components, and having access to synchronous communications with clinicians and gamification elements. Results informed the development of iCanChange (iCC), a smartphone-based intervention for the treatment of CUD in individuals with FEP that is undergoing clinical testing.

Modern methods of treating marijuana addiction (cannabis use disorders) and its influence on health

Introduction: Worldwide, cannabis is the most widely used illegal psychoactive substance and the third most common drug, after alcohol and tobacco. Cannabis use disorder (CUD) affects approximately 10% of the 193 million cannabis users worldwide. In recent years, cannabinoids have become more and more popular. The CUD is becoming a growing social and health problem. The search for effective forms of pharmacotherapy is still ongoing, and an effective combination of psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy may be crucial for the future of CUD treatment.&#x0D; &#x0D; Material and method: The article was based on a review and analysis of publications and discoveries in recent years, which were available in the PubMed and Google Scholar database.&#x0D; &#x0D; Results: 82 study participants attempted abstinence from cannabis use. In the final primary endpoint analysis, both 400 mg of CBD and 800 mg of CBD were more effective than placebo in reducing cannabis use. 50 people who were addicted to cannabis treated with gabapentin showed a significant reduction in cannabis use and cannabis withdrawal compared to placebo. Moreover, 70 men addicted to cannabis were randomized and those, who used FAAH inhibitors reported fewer cannabis withdrawal symptoms, less cannabis use and lower THC urine levels than placebo users.&#x0D; Conclusions: Gabapentin has been proven to show a reduction in CUD. The use of CBD, FAAH inhibitors and psychotherapy MET/CBT/CM also appear to be effective. In addition, the use of the principles of People-First Language, avoiding slang and idioms, using medical and curing vocabulary, respects the addicted person, and also positively influences the chances of abstinence.