Treatment Of Barley Straw Research Articles

Using mid-infrared diffuse reflectance spectroscopy to investigate the dynamics of soil aggregate formation in a clay soil

Soil organic carbon is a crucial parameter for assessing soil quality, and it significantly contributes to soil aggregation. However, the influence of different organic carbon components and groups on the formation of soil water-stable aggregates has not been thoroughly investigated. To examine it, a clay soil amended with two different types of organic matter (OM) at four input levels for 84 days. The ratio of peak area (RPA) of the mid-infrared (MIR) spectra was used to investigate the dynamic of specific compounds and soil aggregation during the decomposition of OM. The results showed three important aspects. Firstly, the amount and nature of OM input strongly influenced the formation of organic compounds during incubation, as well as the degree of soil aggregation. Furthermore, we observed that the C groups identified by MIR spectroscopy were highly dynamic. Thus, the approach of using a band of soil MIR spectra to infer the stability of a C group can be misleading. Secondly, the low C/N of alfalfa stimulated more microbial activity with 1.1 to 2.3 times more cumulative respiration than high C/N barley straw. The rapid degradation of alfalfa immediately formed water-stable aggregates and subsequently, the macroaggregates were reorganized by microbial activities and physical disturbance. In contrast, the slow decomposition of barley straw built up aggregates gradually in a hierarchical manner and in proportion to the amount of OM added. Alfalfa amendment caused a significant increase in the mean weight diameter (MWD) and a strong correlation with the RPA in the range of 1747–1500 cm−1 (r = 0.78). While aggregation due to barley straw treatment led a stronger relationship between MWD and RPA of 3000–2800 cm−1 (r = 0.89). The results suggest MIR spectra can be used to understand the dynamics of OM that build stable aggregates.

RESPONSE OF WATER STRESSED TOMATO PLANTS TO SOIL ORGANIC AMENDMENTS

Two field trials were conducted during successive two summer seasons of 2019 and 2020 at the experimental farm, Fac. Environ. Agric. Sci., Arish Univ., North Sinai to investigate the influence of drought stress (100% ETc (D0), 85% ETc (DL), 75% ETc (DM) and 55% ETc (DH) and organic amendments (biochar, BCH and barley straw, ST) on soil water relation as well as growth, yield and quality of tomato. Biochar+barley straw treatment exhibited the highest increment under all water levels of the three water relation, i.e., field capacity (FC), plant permanent wilting point (PWP) and plant available water content (AWC) traits with no significant differences between biochar and biochar+barley straw treatments. The highest yielding treatments under high drought stress (55% ETc, DH) level were both BCH and BCH+ST treatments. As for stress tolerance indices, BCH+ST followed by BCH treatment recorded the highest RDI, STI, GMP, YI, DI, K1STI and K2STI suggesting more stress tolerance mechanism. Based on the yield category, treatments classified into three groups: high, moderate and low yield/feddan. Comparison between the two drought stress levels (DH and DM) shows the extent of improvement in the 75% ETc (DM). Construction of dendrogram based on 12 drought tolerance indices under non-stress and both high and moderate drought conditions were involved. Based on Fruit yield (ton/fed) under non-stress and high drought stress, the 4-amendment treatments split into two main clusters. Cluster I contained stress tolerant treatment that had low value of stress susceptibility (Biochar and Biochar+ST) indicating the best cluster for both growth conditions. Cluster II performed poorly in the reverse trend of tolerant-group. So, this study confirms the contribution of biochars to the sustainability of agriculture and water conservation.

Effect of replacing barley silage with calcium oxide-treated barley straw on rumen fermentation, rumen microbiota, nutrient digestibility, and growth performance of finishing beef cattle

Effect of calcium oxide (CaO) treatment of barley straw and salt on rumen fermentation, microbiota, digestibility, growth, and carcass quality of cattle was assessed. A replicated 4 × 4 Latin square metabolism experiment was conducted using eight heifers fed a wheat finishing diet with barley silage (B-SIL), barley straw (B-S), or 5.0% CaO-treated barley straw (CaOS) with or without NaCl (CaOS-NS). Growth over 115 d was assessed using 75 individually housed steers fed the above diets and an additional diet (I-CaOS), where CaO was added to straw just before feeding. There was no effect (P ≥ 0.08) of diet on rumen fermentation, digestibility, or carcass quality, although CaO decreased (P < 0.001) maximum pH and retained Na was decreased (P < 0.05) by CaOS-NS. Rumen bacterial abundance was altered (P ≤ 0.05) by diet. The average daily gain (ADG) of B-SIL and CaOS-NS steers was 14.1% greater (P ≤ 0.05) than BS and CaOS steers, whereas the gain:feed of CaOS-NS steers was 14.2% greater (P ≤ 0.05) than B-S and CaOS steers. Steers fed I-CaO had similar ADG and gain:feed to other treatments. CaO-treated straw without NaCl could replace barley silage in wheat diets, without compromising digestibility or growth in steers.

Acid-Catalyzed Wet Torrefaction for Enhancing the Heating Value of Barley Straw

In the present study, the possibility of improving the higher heating value (HHV) of lignocellulosic biomass, especially barley straw, was examined. The research deals with the treatment of barley straw by acid-catalyzed wet torrefaction (ACWT), also called acid hydrolysis, in a batch reactor (autoclave) Parr 4553 3.75 L. In this case, two different simulation approaches were applied: (i) combined severity factor (CSF) and (ii) response surface methodology (RSM) based on Box–Behnken design of experiments (DoE). Sulfuric acid (SA) concentration, temperature and time were the ACWT parameters examined herein. An oxygen bomb calorimeter was used for the HHV measurement. The findings indicated that the composition changes of the straw due to ACWT had a significant effect on the HHV of the pretreated material. In this study, treatment conditions were 10–35 mM SA, 160–200 °C and an isothermal reaction time 0–40 min (preheating period not included in these values). In conclusion, there was a significant increase in the HHV up to 24.3 MJ/kg for the ACWT barley straw, compared to 17.5 MJ/kg for the untreated straw, at optimal conditions of 200 °C for 25 min (isothermal period) and 35 mM SA. This resulted in a 1.39 enhancement factor (EF) and 68% energy yield (EY).

Отримання органічного добрива з відновлюваної рослинної сировини

The purpose. To study influence of application of processing barley straw by microbiological specimens and humate of potassium before composting with dung and peat on microbiological and agrochemical content of organic fertilizer. Methods. Model, analytical, statistical. They use fresh poultry dung with a moisture content 68%, peat (32%), and barley straw (14%). Straw of barley was treated before mixing together by solutions of microbiological specimens and humate of potassium (200 l of working solution for 1 t of straw). Duration of process of composting — 6 months Results. It is established that pretreatment of straw with microbiological and humate-containing specimens speeds up process of its decomposition. That, in turn, promotes martempering of quality of organic fertilizer. Microbiological and agrochemical characteristics of the gained organic fertilizers are brought. Regular application of organic fertilizer on the basis of straw will enrich soil with organic substance, components of mineral nutrition, useful microflora. That will raise its biological activity and will promote lowering of acidity. Conclusions. Treatment of barley straw before composting with microbiological specimen containing lactic acid bacteria, barm, purple not sulfuric bacteria or microbiological specimen, which basic component are cells of Azotobacter chroococcum, or humate of potassium promotes intense decomposition of nitrogen-free organic joints of straw, as well as heightening of a pool of microorganisms and quantity of fungi. As a result of composting of plant raw material for 6 months it is possible to get organic fertilizer with the content of organic substance not less than 70%, content of nitrogen on dry matter — not less than 2,8%, phosphorus — not less than 2,3, potassium — not less than 1,6%.

Evaluating Nutrient Reduction, Grazing and Barley Straw as Measures Against Algal Growth

The aim of our study was to experimentally investigate whether it is possible to reduce nuisance growth of filamentous algae in freshwater ecosystems. We used an experimental set-up mimicking a shallow pond system and performed a field investigation in the eutrophic moat of Krapperup castle (Southern Sweden), which exemplifies an extremely impaired ecosystem with ample growth of filamentous green algae. The indoor experiment tested three treatments: I) reduced nutrient concentrations, II) invertebrate grazers and III) addition of barley straw, which may constitute measures against filamentous algal growth and thereby improve the quality of the ecosystem services provided by water bodies. Our results show a decrease in cyanobacteria and diatom abundances in all mesocosms as filamentous algae biomass increased, suggesting that the microalgae suffered from nutrient and light competition with filamentous algae. A tendency for lower filamentous algae final biomass, as well as coverage, was observed in the treatment where the concentration of nutrients was reduced. Grazers treatment showed a tendency to inhibit filamentous algae growth on artificial macrophytes towards the end of the experiment, suggesting that snails initially fed on their preferred food source (diatoms), until it was almost depleted and then started to feed on filamentous algae. Interestingly, the barley straw treatment was the only treatment promoting macrophytes growth and enhancing diatom biomass, but this did not affect filamentous algae biomass. However, the ratio between filamentous algae and macrophyte final biomasses was significantly lower in the straw treatment. In a broader context, it is likely that in a long-term perspective the positive effect of barley straw on macrophyte growth will promote a shift from dominance by filamentous algae to macrophytes as main primary producer. Moreover, our experiment shows that barley straw may be effective in reducing cyanobacterial growth, which may lead to improved water quality and thereby ecosystem services, such as supporting and cultural ecosystem services, since cyanobacteria may produce potent toxins and pose a serious risk to human and animal health. Altogether, our experimental results have important implications for the challenge of reversing nuisance filamentous algal blooms in highly eutrophic systems.

Fractionation of Lignocellulosic Biomass by Selective Precipitation from Ionic Liquid Dissolution

We propose the treatment of barley straw with 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate [EMIMAcO] ionic liquids (ILs) and subsequent precipitation with antisolvent mixtures, thus allowing the separation of the sugar-rich fractions (cellulose and hemicellulose) from the lignin fraction. For this purpose, different concentration ranges of acetone:water antisolvent mixtures were studied. In all cases, a high recovery percentage and a high and effective separation of fractions was achieved for 1:1 acetone:water. The fractionated lignocellulosic compounds were studied by using infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance characterization techniques. This method allows the possibility of reusing IL, confirming the versatility of the established method. The fraction rich in cellulose and hemicellulose was subjected to acid hydrolysis (0.2 mol/L H2SO4) for 5 h at 140 °C, obtaining a yield of total reducing sugars of approximately 80%, much higher than those obtained in non-pretreated samples.

Design of a highly thermostable hemicellulose-degrading blend from Thermotoga neapolitana for the treatment of lignocellulosic biomass

The biological conversion of lignocellulose into fermentable sugars is a key process for the sustainable production of biofuels from plant biomass. Polysaccharides in plant feedstock can be valorized using thermostable mixtures of enzymes that degrade the cell walls, thus avoiding harmful and expensive pre-treatments. (Hyper)thermophilic bacteria of the phylum Thermotogae provide a rich source of enzymes for such industrial applications. Here we selected T. neapolitana as a source of hyperthermophilic hemicellulases for the degradation of lignocellulosic biomass. Two genes encoding putative hemicellulases were cloned from T. neapolitana genomic DNA and expressed in Escherichia coli. Further characterization revealed that the genes encoded an endo-1,4-β-galactanase and an α-l-arabinofuranosidase with optimal temperatures of ˜90 °C and high turnover numbers during catalysis (kcat values of ˜177 and ˜133 s−1, respectively, on soluble substrates). These enzymes were combined with three additional T. neapolitana hyperthermophilic hemicellulases – endo-1,4-β-xylanase (XynA), endo-1,4-β-mannanase (ManB/Man5A) and β-glucosidase (GghA) – to form a highly thermostable hemicellulolytic blend. The treatment of barley straw and corn bran with this enzymatic cocktail resulted in the solubilization of multiple hemicelluloses and boosted the yield of fermentable sugars by up to 65% when the complex substrates were further degraded by cellulases.

338 Effect of Calcium Oxide Treatment of Barley Straw on In Vitro & In Situ Digestibility.

338 Effect of Calcium Oxide Treatment of Barley Straw on In Vitro & In Situ Digestibility.

Effect of biological Treatment of Barley Straw with Baker’s Yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) on some productive performance of growing lambs.

ABSTRACTThis study was conducted at the farm of Ruminants Research Station, Office of AgriculturalResearch, Ministry of Agriculture, Abu Ghraib – Baghdad. The experiment continued for 56 days,in addition to 14 days as preliminary period from 11/10/2015 until 06/12/2016 to study the effect oftreating barley straw with baker’s yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) on some productiveperformance of growing lambs. Ten Awassi lambs used in this experiment with average initial weightof 38±0.50 kg and age 8-9 months. Lambs divided randomly into two equal groups and kept inseparate individual pens. Lambs fed individually on a unified concentrate diet (2.5% of body weight),while, roughages offered ad libitum. Each group fed on roughages (barley straw), as follows:1. The first group fed untreated barley straw plus concentrate mixture and operated as control2. The second group fed barley straw treated with baker’s yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) at rate0.5% (5 kg / tones).Animals weighed every two weeks before morning feeding. The digestibility experimentperformed in the seventh week. Rumen liquor collected at fifth week of the experiment at three times(before feeding, after three and six hours from feeding). Results showed different effects amongtreatments. The yeast not significantly affected the feed intake, average daily gain (15 – 28 d), invivo digestibility, and rumen fermentation (pH and NH3-N). Moreover, there was significant decrease(P <0.05) in daily weight gain during 29 - 42 d with baker’s yeast compared with control (107.14and 160.71g/d, respectively), while a significant increase (P <0.05) found in daily weight gain in the(1 – 14 d and 43 – 56 d) with baker’s yeast (103.57 and 178.57 g/d, respectively) compared withcontrol (48.33 and 142.86 g/d, respectively). We conclude that treatment with baker’s yeast notimproved feed conversion ratio, feed intake, intake of different nutrients, weight gains, digestibilityand rumen fermentation (pH and NH3-N concentration).

Effect of Biological Treatment of Barley Straw with Baker's Yeast (Saccharomyces Cerevisiae) on Some Productive Performance of Growing Lambs

ABSTRACTThis study was conducted at the farm of Ruminants Research Station, Office of AgriculturalResearch, Ministry of Agriculture, Abu Ghraib – Baghdad. The experiment continued for 56 days,in addition to 14 days as preliminary period from 11/10/2015 until 06/12/2016 to study the effect oftreating barley straw with baker’s yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) on some productiveperformance of growing lambs. Ten Awassi lambs used in this experiment with average initial weightof 38±0.50 kg and age 8-9 months. Lambs divided randomly into two equal groups and kept inseparate individual pens. Lambs fed individually on a unified concentrate diet (2.5% of body weight),while, roughages offered ad libitum. Each group fed on roughages (barley straw), as follows:1. The first group fed untreated barley straw plus concentrate mixture and operated as control2. The second group fed barley straw treated with baker’s yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) at rate0.5% (5 kg / tones).Animals weighed every two weeks before morning feeding. The digestibility experimentperformed in the seventh week. Rumen liquor collected at fifth week of the experiment at three times(before feeding, after three and six hours from feeding). Results showed different effects amongtreatments. The yeast not significantly affected the feed intake, average daily gain (15 – 28 d), invivo digestibility, and rumen fermentation (pH and NH3-N). Moreover, there was significant decrease(P <0.05) in daily weight gain during 29 - 42 d with baker’s yeast compared with control (107.14and 160.71g/d, respectively), while a significant increase (P <0.05) found in daily weight gain in the(1 – 14 d and 43 – 56 d) with baker’s yeast (103.57 and 178.57 g/d, respectively) compared withcontrol (48.33 and 142.86 g/d, respectively). We conclude that treatment with baker’s yeast notimproved feed conversion ratio, feed intake, intake of different nutrients, weight gains, digestibilityand rumen fermentation (pH and NH3-N concentration).

Effect of Supplementation with Graded Levels of Concentrate Mix on Feed Intake, Digestibility, Body Weight Change, Carcass Parameters and Economic benefit of Arsi-bale Sheep Fed with Basal Diet of Urea Treated Barley Straw

The effects of supplementation with graded levels of concentrate mix on feed intake, live weight gain, feed digestibility, carcass parameters and economic benefits of Arsi-Bale sheep fed urea treated barley straw were evaluated in Tiyo Woreda, Arsi Zone. Twenty four yearling male Arsi- Bale sheep with a mean (± SD) initial live weight of 18.72±0.87 kg were purchased from Asella livestock open market and assigned to one of the four treatments, Treatment 1 (T1; Control) con stituted urea treated barley straw alone (UTBS), Treatment 2 (T2; UTBS +200g concentrate mixtures), Treatment 3 (T3; UTBS +300g concentrate mixtures) and Treatment 4 (T4; UTBS + 400g concentrate mixtures). Concentrate mix were prepared from barley bran (50%), linseed meal (17%) and malt barley by-product (33%). Basal feed (urea treated barley straw) dry matter intake was higher (p<0.001) for sheep in the control compared to supplemented group. Supplementation, in general, improved (p<0.05) total dry matter and nutrient intakes compared to the control. Among the supplemented group, sheep in T4 has the highest total feed intakes and feed nutrients digestibility. Animals fed on the control diet gained 8.12 g/d, while supplemented group gained weight in the range of 48.82 74.82 g/d. Supplementation (T2-T4) improved (p<0.001) slaughter body weight, empty body weight and hot carcass weight as compared to the control (T1), particularly in T3 and T4 better body weight gain, slaughter body weight, empty body weight and hot carcass weight were recorded. Thus, it could be concluded that supplementing with T3 and T4 should be better strategy to improve the performance of Arsi Bale sheep

تأثیر تبن الشعیر المعامل کیمیاویاً على کمیة الماکول و الماء المتناول ومعدل النمو و بعض صفات الدم فی الحملان الکرادیة Effect of Chemically Treated Barley Straw on the Amount of Food and Water Intakes, Growth Rate and Some Blood Measurements in Kurdish Lambs

تمت هذه الدراسة لمعرفة تأثير تبن الشعير المعامل کيمياويا على کمية الغذاء والماء المتناول ومعدل الزيادة الوزنية اليومية وکذلک ترکيزات بعض قياسات الدم علي الحملان .أجريت هذه الدراسة والتي شملت 15 حملا کراديا تراوحت أعمارها بين 3-6 اشهر وکان معدل اوزانها 24.5 کغم . قسمت الحيوانات بصورة عشوائية الى ثلاثة مجاميع متقاربه (5حملان لکل مجموعة). المجموعة الاولى اعتبرت مجموعة ظابطه تم اعطائها تبن غير المعامل والمجموعة الثانية تم اعطائها تبن المعامل بهيدروکسيد صوديوم والمجموعة الثالثة تم اعطائها تبن معامل باليوريا. تم قياس کمية المتناول اليومي من التبن ومحتواه من العناصر الغذائية المختلفة (المادة الجافة ،المادة العضوية،نيتروجين الکلي ،مستخلص ألياف متعادل ،هيميسيليلوز ،مستخلص ألياف حامضي ،سيليلوز ،لکنين) وکذلک تم قياس معدل الزيادة الوزنية اليومية و بعض صفات الدم في الحملان الکرادية. اخذ الدم من الوريد الوداجي لکل حيوان في نهاية فترة التجربة وتم قياس (RBC,Hb,PCV,WBC) ثم تم فصل مصل الدم واستخدم في تقدير (يوريا الدم،حامض اليوريک ،الکولسترول،وبروتينات مصل الدم (الالبومين والکلوبيولين) وهرمون النمو) وبعد تحليل البيانات احصائيا اظهرت النتائج الاتي 1-انخفضت کمية التبن المعامل بهيدروکسيد الصوديوم کمادة کليه ومادة جافة ومادة عضويه )280.21, 283.13, 240.48غم/يوم)على التوالي مقارنة بمعاملة الاولى (365.58 ,353.68، 313.99 غم/يوم) والمعاملة الثالثة ) 374.56، 351.98،323.50 غم /يوم ) على التوالي. 2- واستعمال اليوريا ادي الى زيادة النيتروجين الکلي في التبن (5.98 غم/يوم) بشکل معنوي (0.05>P) مقارنة بتبن المجموعة الضابطة (1.54 غم/يوم) وتبن المعاملة الثانية (1.67 غم/يوم). 3- استخدام تبن بهيدروکسيد الصوديوم ادي الى انخفاض معنوي (0.05>P) لمستخلص الالياف المتعادل ومستخلص الالياف الحامضي في التبن (220.17 و 137.30 غم/يوم على التوالي) مقارنة بتبن الحيوانات الضابطة (295.7و 187.64 غم /يوم) وتبن المعاملة الثالثة (287.54 و206.34 غم/يوم) على التوالي. 4- هناک تأثير معنوي (0.05>P) لاستخدام اليوريا على المحتوى السيليلوزي لتبن الشعير حيث ادت الى زيادة السيليلوز 172.58 غم/يوم مقارنة بالسيليلوز في تبن معاملة الاولى (143.82 غم/يوم) وسيليلوز تبن المعاملة الثانية( 118.78 غم/يوم ). 5- لوحظ انخفاض معنوي (0.05>P) لمحتوى اللکنين في تبن الشعير المعامل بهيدروکسيد الصوديوم واليوريا (22.95 و34.49 غم/يوم)على التوالي مقارنة بمحتواه في تبن الشعير غير المعامل (40.43 غم/يوم( وکذلک فيما بينهما. 6- معاملة تبن الشعير بهيدروکسيد الصوديوم ادت الى زيادة معنوية (0.05>P) لکمية الماء المتناول من قبل الحيوانات( 4.546 لتر/يوم) مقارنة بکمية الماء المتناول من قبل حيوانات المجموعة الاولى ( 2.747 لتر/يوم) وحيوانات المجموعة الثالثة ( 3.036 لتر/يوم). 7- هناک تأثير معنوي علي معدل الزيادة الوزنية اليومية للحملان فأن المعاملة الثانية تفوقت على المعاملة الاولى و الثالثة. 8- وجد تأثير معنوي (0.05>P ) لتبن الشعير المعامل باليوريا على نيتروجين يوريا الدم حيث زاد مستواها في الدم (33 غم/مل) مقارنة بالحيوانات الضابطه (25غم/مل) والمعاملة الثانية (28 غم/مل). بناء علي النتائج السابقة فإن الدراسة المقدمة توصي باستخدام تبن الشعير المعامل بهيدروکسيد الصوديوم في تغذية الحملان .

EFFICIENCY EVALUATION OF AN ALGISTATIC TREATMENT BASED ON BARLEY STRAW IN A HYPERTROPHIC POND

Eutrophication processes were closely examined in a hypertrophic pond that was subjected to a barley straw treatment to inhibit cyanobacteria blooms. A phytoplankton activity was present from February to November 2010 with Chlorophyll a concentrations that ranged between 8 and 83 μg L-1 . The good oxygenation of the pond provided by primary production all along the year seems to maintain an oxic layer at the top of the sedimentary column. A high-frequency monitoring of algal development pointed out the end of the diatom bloom at the end of April and the growth of green algae from beginning of May. One month later, the development of cyanobacteria supplanted other algae several times. The implementation of barley straw does not seem to hinder the growth of cyanobacteria in June, August and September and do not promote the development of other algae potentially favoured by such a treatment. As a consequence, a barley straw treatment does not seem to be really appropriate for this kind of ponds in Northern France and more tests should still be undertaken to prove its real efficiency.

Disintegration in the biogas sector – Technologies and effects

Pretreatment of organic material prior to anaerobic digestion is seen as an option to increase the overall efficiency of the process. An overview of physical, chemical, and biological disintegration (DT) of substrates in the biogas sector is given. The energy demands DT were surveyed. The technologies were evaluated by reference to the Technology Readiness Assessment Guide of the U.S. Department of Energy. The evaluation focuses on ligno-cellulosic substrates like straw. Data of a survey among biogas plant operators were analyzed regarding the prevalence of disintegration technology classes in Germany. Furthermore, biochemical methane potential tests were conducted in laboratory scale to determine the specific methane yields of un-/treated barley straw (thermal pressure hydrolysis (TPH)). A methane potential of 228mlCH4/gVS was measured for untreated barley straw; and of 251mlCH4/gVS for TPH-straw (190°C, 30min). The reaction rates in BMP were calculated between 0.0976 and 0.1443d−1.

Adjustment of pH and enzymatic treatment of barley straw by dry processing method

Chemical characteristics and ruminal degradability of barley straw when treated with dry application (spraying technique) of acid and alkali were studied over the adjusted pH range (1.5–12.5 by measuring titratable capacity). Enzymatic (a cellulase product) effectiveness was also examined on pretreated straw at pH 3.5, 4.5 and 11.5. Treated straws were then ensiled for four weeks. Results showed that the solubility of dry matter (DM) and hemicellulose (HC) was altered quadratically within the pH region, while that of cellulose (CL) and lignin displayed minor changes. Release of phenolic compounds and water-soluble carbohydrates increased linearly with increasing alkaline pH whereas, they were raised from pH 7 up to pH 2 and then decreased at pH 1.5. DM degradability was little affected under acidic conditions and the highest value was achieved at pH 2, whereas fibre components (HC and CL) degradability was orderly reduced towards zero with decreasing pH. Increasing pH with application of alkali led to a linear enhancement of DM, HC and CL degradability. An interaction between pH level and enzymatic treatment was detected, such that the degradability of pretreated straw at pH 4.5 was enhanced but no improvement was attained at pH 3.5 and 11.5 with enzyme addition. Dry processing of barley straw under acidic pH, increased fibre solubilisation, reduced ruminal fibre degradability and exhibited a positive effect on the efficacy of the exogenous enzyme, while alkaline pH, in particular pH 12, substantially improved the degradation of barley straw.

Effect of Feeding Chemically and Biologically Treated Barley Straw on Some Hematological and Serum Biochemical Parameters of Karadi Lambs

Aims: This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of feeding untreated, urea and fungal ( Pleurotus ostreatus , Po ) treated barley straw on some blood profiles of Karadi lambs.

Comparison between continuous and batch processing to produce xylanase by penicillium canescens 10-10c

Penicillium canescens 10-10c strain was cultivated on barley straw hydrolysate as a soluble nutrient source and as inducer for xylanase production. Barley straw hydrolysate was obtained by treatment of barley straw with NaOH or hot water. In shake flask cultures, NaOH treatment was found to increase the biomass production, but was not accompanied by an increase in xylanase production. The best xylanase production (54 U/ml) was observed on hydrolyzed extract from barley straw treated with hot water (100 oC) for 3 hours. Enzyme production was further improved by scaling up the cultivation process to a 3-L stirred tank bioreactor. For batch cultivations in the bioreactor, the maximum xylanase productivity reached 1.31 and 0.46 U/ml/h, respectively, after 96 and 168 hours of cultivation. However, xylanase productivity reached 3.46 U/ml/h in the continuous culture. These results suggest that xylanase can be produced efficiently by Penicillium canescens 10-10c in continuous culture from an inexpensive source such as barley straw hydrolysate.

Structural characterization and isolation of lignin and hemicelluloses from barley straw

Structural characterization and isolation of lignin and hemicelluloses from crops are very important for industrial utilization. In this paper, the sequential treatments of barley straw using 90% dioxane, 80% acidic dioxane, 100% dimethyl sulfoxide, and 8% NaOH released total 93% of original lignin and 87% of original hemicelluloses. The extractions with acidic dioxane and dimethyl sulfoxide produced the original hemicelluloses and high-condensed lignin mainly from the middle lamella. FT-IR and NMR analyses show that the hemicelluloses of barley straw contain acidic arabinxylans as the major polysaccharides, which are substituted by α- l-arabinofuranose, 4- O-methyl-glucuronic acid, acetyl group (DS = 0.13), and xylose at O-3 and/or O-2 of xylan, and lignin contains β- O-4′ as a predominant interunit linkage with high amounts of β-5′ and β-1′. The guaiacyl and syringyl units are more etherified, and the proportion of erythro-β- O-4′ is slightly higher than that of threo-β- O-4′ in the lignin of barley straw.

Effects of sewage sludge and barley straw treatment on the sorption and retention of Cu, Cd and Pb by coppermine Anthropic Regosols

To evaluate the involvement of cation exchange in the competitive and separate sorption and retention of Cu 2+, Cd 2+ and Pb 2+ by soils developing from a copper mine spoil, and to determine the effects of sludge and barley straw treatment on the intensity and reversibility of sorption and retention, isotherms were constructed by means of batch sorption/desorption experiments in which displaced Ca 2+, Mg 2+, K + and Al 3+ were also determined. Amendment with sludge and barley straw was associated with an increase in pH of about 4 units; approximately 75-, 1900- and 55-fold increases in CEC e, organic matter content and Mn oxides content, respectively; and greatly increased capacity for the sorption and retention of Pb, Cu and Cd. Most heavy metal sorption came about through displacement of the predominant cation in the exchange complex (Al 3+ in unamended soils, and Ca 2+ in amended soils), but the greater total sorption from multi-metal solutions also involved the displacement of other exchangeable cations. The parameter K r clearly reflected the lower sorption and retention capacities of unamended minesoils ( K r < 0.2 for all three metals, as against K r ≈ 0.54 (Cd) or K r > 0.97 (Pb and Cu) for amended minesoils); the competition for sorption sites in multi-metal solutions (for any given metal, the K r for single-metal solutions was invariably greater than the corresponding K r for multi-metal solutions); and the order of preference among metals for sorption and retention (Pb > Cd ≥ Cu for sorption on unamended soils, which had virtually no organic matter, an important Cu-binding component; Pb > Cu ≥ Cd otherwise). The values of the hysteresis index HI were likewise in agreement with previous results on the reversibility of the sorption of these metals, identifying Pb and Cd as the most and the least irreversibly sorbed metals, respectively. The amendment combination investigated successfully increased the immobilization of Pb, Cu and Cd by this minesoil, but a change in the amendment dosage is necessary in order to achieve near-neutral pH and minimize the predominance of Ca 2+ in the exchangeable cation complex.