Treatment Of Autoimmune Thyroiditis Research Articles

Autoimmune thyroiditis: an update on treatment possibilities.

Autoimmune thyroiditis (AIT) is due to an autoimmune process that destroys thyrocytes, leading to hormonal disorders. AIT is more common in women, and the aetiology is multifactorial. The destruction of thyroid cells may release free thyroid hormones into the bloodstream, causing hyperthyroid symptoms. With further destruction of thyroid cells, patients develop euthyroidism and eventually chronic hypothyroidism. The diagnosis of AIT is based on clinical symptoms, positive anti-thyroid antibodies, ultrasound, and histological features. The main goal of treatment is correcting hormonal disorders and achieving euthyroidism. Treatment of AIT involves replacing thyroid hormone deficiency with the use of synthetic hormones. Prophylactic levothyroxine (L-T4) treatment of euthyroid patients with AIT may reduce both serological and cellular markers of autoimmunisation. Attention should be paid to the starting dose of L-T4, potential drug interactions, and drug formulation. A follow-up should be planned to determine the optimal dose. The authors highlighted that a healthy lifestyle and supplementing selected vitamins and microelements appropriately are essential. In selected clinical conditions, thyroidectomy should be considered. There are also alternative therapeutic strategies, such as herbal medicine and acupuncture, but their effectiveness has yet to be conclusively confirmed in research studies. Monitoring the thyroid gland enlargement and the possibility of developing nodular goitre is integral to patient care over AIT patients. In conclusion, treating AIT is complex, involving thyroid hormone replacement therapy, taking care of a healthy diet and lifestyle, and proper supplementation. It requires an individual approach. Regular follow-up is necessary to control the disease and minimise its effects.

Retraction Note: Optical medical equipment diagnosis and clinical efficacy of medication in the treatment of autoimmune thyroiditis

Retraction Note: Optical medical equipment diagnosis and clinical efficacy of medication in the treatment of autoimmune thyroiditis

RETRACTED ARTICLE: Optical medical equipment diagnosis and clinical efficacy of medication in the treatment of autoimmune thyroiditis

RETRACTED ARTICLE: Optical medical equipment diagnosis and clinical efficacy of medication in the treatment of autoimmune thyroiditis

Exploring the mechanism of action of total glucosides of paeony against autoimmune thyroiditis based on network pharmacology and molecular docking.

The objective of this study is to explore the potential mechanism of action of Total glucosides of paeony (TGP) in the treatment of autoimmune thyroiditis (AIT). The study utilized literature mining to obtain the active ingredients of TGP. Databases such as Super-PRED, similarity ensemble approach, and Swiss Target Prediction were utilized to predict the targets of the active ingredients. DisGeNET, Dangbank, GeneCards, online mendelian inheritance in man, and Pharmgkb databases were used to obtain the targets related to AIT. The Venn Online tool was used to screen the intersecting genes between the active ingredients and AIT targets. The STRING database was employed to analyze protein protein interaction. Gene ontology bio-enrichment and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes enrichment of common targets were analyzed using R language. Finally, molecular docking was performed using AutoDockTools-1.5.6 software for validation. The study identified 5 active ingredients of TGP, 283 ingredient targets, 7120 disease targets, 220 intersecting targets, 30 entries for gene ontology analysis, and 30 pathways for Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes analysis. The important targets of the protein protein interaction network were identified as interleukin-6, proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase, epidermal growth factor receptor, among others. The molecular docking validation results showed that Paeoniflorin, albiflorin, and benzoylpaeoniflorin and oxypaeoniflor all bind well to interleukin-6, epidermal growth factor receptor, and proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase. This study reveals the multi-component, multi-target and multi-pathway mechanism of action of TGP in regulating AIT and provides a reference for subsequent basic research.

Network Pharmacology-based Analysis to Investigate Bioactive from the Root of Astragalus membranaceus against Immunomodulatory Protein and their Role in Autoimmune Thyroiditis (AIT)

Background The thyroid is the prime organ of infection during the onset of autoimmune disease. The disease is known as Autoimmune thyroiditis (AIT). In recent times, AIT has been alarming worldwide, with growing attention towards pharmaceutical companies for finding new drugs for therapy. The present investigation aims to use a multi-targeting approach to identify the best compound from the root of Astragalus membranaceus for synergistic therapy of AIT. Materials and Methods To explore the mechanism of action of the compounds, the present study uses network pharmacology-based methods. Totally, 48 genes involved in AIT were collected from the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway (KEGG). Gene ontology (GO) annotation, disease ontology, and pathway enrichment analysis were conducted. The chemical structure of the compounds from A. membranaceus was retrieved from the PubChem database. To study the toxic and pharmacological efficiency of the chemical structure, absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity (ADMET) screening was performed. Results The ononin and astroside were identified as suitable with all the pharmacokinetic properties can be employed to identify the disease targets. The intersection between the compound target (C-T-N) and the AIT-related genes was identified. Totally 16 genes among the C-T networks of ononin and astroside have shown interaction with thyroid disease-related pathways and signaling pathways. Consequently, the overlapping genes between the C-T network and AIT-related genes were determined as IL2. However, from the pathway enrichment, AIT-related genes have been involved in several viral infection pathways. The genes involved in infection pathways are also targeted by ononin and astroside. Conclusion The underlying mechanism of action of the compounds on AIT-related pathways was also determined. Therefore, a network pharmacology-based strategy will provide new insight into AIT therapy. However, further studies are required to validate the investigation that can prove bioactive as a promising candidate for the treatment of AIT.

The Effects of Selenium Supplementation in the Treatment of Autoimmune Thyroiditis: An Overview of Systematic Reviews.

The available evidence on selenium supplementation in the treatment of autoimmune thyroiditis (AIT) was inconclusive. This research serves to assess the effects of selenium supplementation in the treatment of AIT. Online databases including PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and the Cochrane Library were searched from inception to 10 June 2022. The AMSTAR-2 tool was used to assess the methodological quality of included studies. The information on the randomized controlled trials of the included studies was extracted and synthesized. The GRADE system was used to assess the certainty of evidence. A total of 6 systematic reviews with 75 RCTs were included. Only one study was rated as high quality. The meta-analysis showed that in the levothyroxine (LT4)-treated population, thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPO-Ab) levels decreased significantly in the selenium group at 3 months (SMD = -0.53, 95% CI: [-0.89, -0.17], p < 0.05, very low certainty) and 6 months (SMD = -1.95, 95% CI: [-3.17, -0.74], p < 0.05, very low certainty) and that thyroglobulin antibody (Tg-Ab) levels were not decreased. In the non-LT4-treated population, TPO-Ab levels decreased significantly in the selenium group at 3 and 6 months and did not decrease at 12 months. Tg-Ab levels decreased significantly in the selenium group at 3 and 6 months and did not decrease at 12 months. The adverse effects reported in the selenium group were not significantly different from those in the control group, and the certainty of evidence was low. Although selenium supplementation might reduce TPO-Ab levels at 3 and 6 months and Tg-Ab levels at 3 and 6 months in the non-LT4-treated population, this was based on a low certainty of evidence.

The first and the second types of diabetes mellitus, autoimmune and non-autoimmune thyroiditis differential diagnosis possibility using the calculated index based on plasma butyrylcholinesterase isoforms activity

BACKGROUND: The possibility of using a diagnostic index based on the use of blood plasma objective indicators to differentiate the diagnosis of type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus, autoimmune and non-autoimmune thyroiditis is an urgent task for timely decision-making on the use of a particular type of therapy, taking into account the etiology of a particular pathology. Changing the ratio of blood plasma butyrylcholinesterase isoforms activity makes it possible to identify increased excitability, to separate them among themselves depending on the genesis, and during treatment, to assess the activity of diseases and the effectiveness of therapeutic measures.&#x0D; AIM: To develop a calculated diagnostic index for the differential diagnosis of diabetes and thyroiditis autoimmune type from symptomatically similar non-autoimmune pathologies, using the ratio of the plasma pseudocholinesterase isoforms activities.&#x0D; MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study involved 188 people: 45 patients diagnosed with type 1 diabetes; 60 patients diagnosed with type 2 diabetes; 25 patients diagnosed with autoimmune thyroiditis; 25 patients with non-autoimmune thyroiditis; the control group consisted of 33 healthy volunteers. The groups were aligned by gender and age. Patients of all groups were examined by an endocrinologist and a therapeutist. The diagnoses were made in accordance with the Clinical Guidelines of the Russian Endocrinologists Association for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Autoimmune Thyroiditis in Adults, as well as the Clinical Guidelines Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus in Adults. In the blood plasma of all patients groups, the activity of pseudocholinesterase (butyrylcholinesterase) forms was determined by analysis using a modification of the Ellmans method in combination with inhibitory analysis. The index was calculated based on the ratio of the studied enzyme typical and atypical forms activities. Based on the results of data analysis for all examined groups, diagnostic intervals were determined that are characteristic for each diagnosis, as well as for conditionally healthy people. Comparison of the patients distribution by categories of diagnosis was carried out using the -square test with Yates correction in the SPSS 22 statistical software package.&#x0D; RESULTS: The results of the blood plasma analysis determined that in the diagnoses of autoimmune thyroiditis and type 1 diabetes mellitus, there was an increase in the activity of increased activity of the butyrylcholinesterase isoform, while the activity of the atypical form remains more stable. The ratio of these forms was taken as the basis for the development of the calculated diagnostic index. Diagnostic index for the control group in the range of 12; for patients with non-autoimmune thyroiditis 2,12,9; autoimmune thyroiditis 33,5; type 1 diabetes mellitus 3,65; type 2 diabetes 01. Statistical analysis of the data showed that the diagnosis based on the index obtained in this way does not inferior to the diagnostic scales in terms of sensitivity and specificity. The findings are consistent with the evolution of data supporting each diagnosis.&#x0D; CONCLUSIONS: The calculated index on the basis of butyrylcholinesterase activity is a promising, minimally invasive, fast and budgetary method, revealing a pronounced severity of occurrence in terms of symptoms, but different in etiology, type 1 diabetes mellitus and type 2 diabetes mellitus, autoimmune thyroiditis and thyroiditis of a non-autoimmune nature, which is of critical importance when choosing a therapeutic strategy and improving the quality of life of patients.

Low-Level Laser Therapy in the Treatment of Autoimmune Thyroiditis.

Introduction: Autoimmune thyroiditis (AIT) is an autoimmune disorder that is characterized by thyroid gland dysfunction. Low-level laser therapy (LLLT), as a safe and non-invasive intervention, has gained much attention in many clinical applications including pain relief, regenerative medicine, and autoimmune. Methods: In this review, we discuss the effect of LLLT on cellular responses and its application in the treatment of AIT. Such keywords as "low-level laser therapy", "photobiomodulation" and "autoimmune thyroiditis" were used to find studies related to laser therapy in AIT in Google Scholar, PubMed and Medline databases. Results: LLLT reduced thyroid gland inflammation and inhibited immune cell trafficking. LLLT modulated inflammatory responses and improved thyroid gland regeneration. Conclusion: Investigations indicated that besides current treatment strategies, LLLT could be a promising therapeutic approach for the treatment of AIT.

Effect of different iodine levels on the DNA methylation of PRKAA2, ITGA6, THEM4 and PRL genes in PI3K-AKT signaling pathway and population-based validation from autoimmune thyroiditis patients.

Autoimmune thyroiditis (AIT) is one of the most common autoimmune endocrine diseases. The currently recognized causes are genetic susceptibility, environmental factors and immune disorders. It is important to clarify the pathogenesis for the prevention, diagnosis, treatment of AIT and scientific iodine supplementation. This study analyzed the DNA methylation levels of PRKAA2, ITGA6, PRL and THEM4 genes related to PI3K-AKT signaling pathway, compared the DNA methylation levels between cases and controls from different water iodine levels in Shandong Province of China, and evaluated the contribution of PI3K-AKT signaling pathway-related genes in AIT. A total of 176 adult AIT patients were included from three different water iodine areas, and 176 healthy controls were included according to gender, age and BMI. According to the results of the Illumina Methylation 850K BeadChip in our previous research, the significant methylation differences of genes on the PI3K-AKT signaling pathway related to AIT were determined. The MethylTarget™ assay was used to detect the methylation levels of the target genes, and real-time PCR experiments were used to verify the mRNA expression levels. Compared with the control group, PRKAA2_3 and 15 CpG sites were hyper-methylated. ITGA6 gene and 2 CpG sites were hypo-methylated in AIT cases. The mRNA expression of ITGA6 gene was negatively correlated with the DNA methylation levels of ITGA6 gene and 2 CpG sites. Compared with cases and controls in areas with different water iodine levels, methylation differences were mainly in PRKAA2 and ITGA6 genes. The methylation levels of PRKAA2_1 and PRKAA2_3 were positively correlated with age. The methylation levels of PRL and THEM4 genes were negatively correlated with age. The methylation level of PRKAA2_3 was positively correlated with FT4. In summary, we identified aberrant DNA methylation levels of PRKAA2 and ITGA6 genes related to PI3K-AKT signaling pathway in the blood of AIT patients. Both iodine supplementation after long-term iodine deficiency and iodine excess can affect the DNA methylation levels of PRKAA2 and ITGA6 genes, and the former affects more obviously. In ITGA6 gene, this aberrant epigenetic modification is associated with the increased mRNA expression.

Обоснование использования натуральных средств в лечении аутоиммунного тиреоидита с разной степенью гипотиреоза

Актуальность. Аутоиммунный тиреоидит является наиболее частой причиной гипофункции щитовидной железы. Если тактика лечения манифестного гипотиреоза путем назначения заместительной гормональной терапии довольно однозначна, то вопрос по лечению пациентов с субклиническим гипотиреозом остается открытым. Целью данного исследования было определить эффективность использования комбинированного натурального препарата Тиреос при лечении аутоиммунного тиреоидита без нарушения функции на стадии субклинического гипотиреоза в качестве монотерапии и в комплексной терапии манифестного гипотиреоза — в комбинации с L-тироксином. Материалы и методы. Обследовано 49 больных аутоиммунным тиреоидитом в возрасте 48,26 ± 13,52 года, разделенных на три группы. В первую группу включены 20 больных аутоиммунным тиреоидитом без нарушения функции, во вторую группу — 16 больных с впервые выявленным субклиническим гипотиреозом, в третью группу — 13 больных, предварительно получавших терапию L-тироксином по поводу манифестного гипотиреоза. Всем пациентам был назначен Тиреос по 1 капсуле два раза в сутки на период 3 месяца в качестве монотерапии (больным первой и второй групп) или в дополнение к заместительной гормональной терапии (больным третьей группы). Результаты. При оценке жалоб выявлено, что через 3 месяца приема препарата слабость и быструю утомляемость отмечали достоверно меньше больных во всех трех группах (р &lt; 0,05). Также достоверно реже после трехмесячной терапии Тиреосом регистрировалась жалоба на сухость и выпадение волос у больных первых двух групп (р &lt; 0,05). В результате лечения сухость кожи доказанно уменьшилась у больных только первой обследуемой группы (р = 0,024). У больных с впервые выявленным субклиническим гипотиреозом определена достоверная позитивная динамика ТТГ. У лиц с манифестным гипотиреозом добавление Тиреоса к терапии L-тироксином позволило существенно снизить уровень тиреотропного гормона (ТТГ) и повысить показатель свободного тироксина без изменения дозы заместительной гормональной терапии. Все обследуемые больные хорошо переносили прием препарата, какие-либо побочные реакции отсутствовали. Выводы. При наличии субклинического и манифестного гипотиреоза на фоне аутоиммунного тиреоидита полностью оправданным является использование комбинированного натурального препарата Тиреос. Он показал клинически значимый положительный эффект, который проявлялся в улучшении самочувствия и показателей гормонального статуса больных как в монотерапии при субклиническом гипотиреозе, так и в комбинации с L-тироксином — при манифестном. Предварительные результаты по эффективности Тиреоса в подавлении аутоиммунного процесса в щитовидной железе требуют дальнейшего уточнения с привлечением большего числа больных и удлинением курса лечения.

Insufficient evidence to support the clinical efficacy of selenium supplementation for patients with chronic autoimmune thyroiditis.

This study critically reappraises the documentation on the clinical efficacy of selenium supplementation in chronic autoimmune thyroiditis (AIT) with the goal of improving the normalization of the treatment of this disease. A literature search was performed in the Medline, Embase, and Cochrane Library databases. Twenty-three trials conducted in adults with AIT comparing the efficacy of selenium with or without levothyroxine (LT4) versus placebo and/or LT4 were eligible. The assessed outcomes were primarily pooled using a random- or fixed effects model based on the results of the heterogeneity test. The quality of evidence was assessed per outcome. In LT4-treated populations, patients receiving selenium demonstrated lower thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPOAb) levels at 3 months (mean difference [MD], -236.88; 95% confidence interval [CI], -353.35 to -120.41; p < 0.0001), 6 months (MD, -407.17; 95% CI, -623.60 to -190.73; p = 0.0002), and 12 months (MD, -327.03; 95% CI, -613.78 to -40.28; p = 0.0254), while thyroglobulin antibody (TgAb) levels only decreased at 12 months. In non-LT4-treated population, the selenium group demonstrated significantly lower TPOAb levels after 3 months (MD, -203.07; 95% CI, -395.44 to -10.70; p = 0.0385) and 6 months (MD, -322.27; 95% CI, -597.50 to -47.04; p = 0.0217) but not after 12 months, while TgAb levels only decreased at 3 months. There was no significant change in thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) levels. Lower thyroid echogenicity was observed in all patients receiving selenium at 3, 6, and 12 months. However, these participants had a significantly higher risk of reported adverse effects. Current evidence does not justify the emerging use of selenium supplementation in the treatment of AIT, despite it resulting in a decrease in autoantibody levels.

Ursolic acid ameliorates Nthy-ori 3-1 cells injury induced by IL-1β through limiting MALAT1/miR-206/PTGS1 ceRNA network and NF-κB signaling pathway.

Ursolic acid (UA) has exhibited anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative drug effects. In the research, we assessed the effects of UA on Nthy-ori 3-1 cells stimulated by IL-1β and attempted to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the effects. Autoimmune thyroiditis (AIT) was simulated using Nthy-ori 3-1 cells by IL-1β (10 μM) treatment. UA (20 μM) was applied to ameliorate the injury of Nthy-ori 3-1 cells. The target of UA was predicted by TCMSP, BATMAN, and GEO database. Targeted relationship between lncRNA MALAT1 and miR-206, as well as miR-206 and PTGS1, was predicted by bioinformatics software and identified by dual luciferase assays. Cytokines in the cell supernatant and the apoptosis of cells were detected by ELISAs and flow cytometry assays, respectively. Expression levels of NF-κB signaling pathway-related proteins were estimated by western blot. By enquiring TCMSP, BATMAN, and GEO database, PTGS1 was identified as a target of UA. Afterward, a ceRNA network among MALAT1, miR-206, and PTGS1 was constructed. The expression levels of MALAT1 and PTGS1 in AIT tissues were obviously enhanced. Moreover, the ceRNA network formed by MALAT1/miR-206/PTGS1 contributed to the damage of Nthy-ori 3-1 cells induced by IL-1β. However, UA ameliorated the Nthy-ori 3-1 cells injury induced by IL-1β through mediating the MALAT1/miR-206/PTGS1 ceRNA network and NF-κB signaling pathway. UA treatment significantly relieved the injury of Nthy-ori 3-1 cells via inhibiting the ceRNA mechanism of MALAT1/miR-206/PTGS1 and inflammatory pathways, insinuating that UA may be helpful for the treatment of AIT.

The effect of vitamin D supplementation on thyroid autoantibody levels in the treatment of autoimmune thyroiditis: a systematic review and a meta-analysis.

Although observational studies suggested that vitamin D plays a role in autoimmune thyroiditis (AIT), intervention trials yielded inconsistent findings. We therefore conducted a systematic review and a meta-analysis to evaluate the effects of Vitamin D on decreasing autoantibodies in patients with AIT. We identified all studies that assessed the changes of TPO-Ab and Tg-Ab in patients with AIT under the treatment of vitamin D from PubMed, Embase, The Cochrane Library, Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wanfang, and VIP Database. Six randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were included in this systematic review representing a total of 344 patients with AIT. The results showed that Vitamin D supplementation significantly dropped TPO-Ab titers [three studies, random effects standardized mean difference (SMD): -1.11, 95% CI -1.52 to -0.70, P < 0.01] at six months, but not at no more than 3 months [random effects SMD: -0.12, 95% CI: -0.69 to 0.44, P = 0.67]. As compared with control group, participants who received vitamin D supplementation demonstrated significantly lower Tg-Ab [random effects SMD: -0.55, 95% CI: -1.05 to -0.04, P = 0.033]. In addition, no serious adverse effect was reported. The current evidence suggests that vitamin D supplementation could decrease serum TPO-Ab and Tg-Ab titers of patients with AIT in the short-term (about six months). More high quality studies are needed to further confirm the effects, especially the long-term effects of Vitamin D supplementation on thyroid autoantibodies levels in the treatment of AIT.

Influence of resveratrol on the structural and functional state of the thyroid gland in patients with autoimmune thyroiditis combined with stable ischemic heart disease

Objective: to study the influence of resveratrol on the structural and functional state of the thyroid gland by levels of thyroid hormones, antibodies and ultrasound data of the thyroid gland in patients with stable coronary heart disease (IHD) in combination with autoimmune thyroiditis (AIT). Methods: 110 patients took part in the study: 60 patients with IHD: stable angina pectoris, FCII, 30 of whom had concomitant AIT, euthyroid, 20 patients with AIT and 30 healthy volunteers. On the background of standard therapy (β-blockers, statins, aspirin), patients with IHD and IHD in combination with AIT were assigned resveratrol at a dose of 100 mg per day for 2 months. Before and after the course of therapy, patients were diagnosed with free thyroxine (T4 free), thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and antibodies to thyroperoxidase (AT-TPO). To all participants were made ultrasound of the thyroid gland with pulse-wave dopplerography. Results: In patients with IHD and AIT under the influence of resveratrol, the level in the blood of TSH decreased, T4 free increased, AT-TPO did not change signifcantly. The same dynamics of the studied indicators was found in patients with IHD. All patients with AIT had an increase in the values of the arterial thyroid blood flow. The use of resveratrol contributed to a decrease the velocity and index of blood flow resistance in the thyroid arteries, which may be associated with its anti-inflammatory, endothelioprotective, thyroprotective effects. There was no evidence of the effect of resveratrol on normal thyroid blood flow in patients with IHD. Conclusion: In patients with IHD in combination with AIT, the use of resveratrol improves thyroid functional status and thyroid blood flow parameters, which makes the relevance to use of resveratrol in treatment of AIT and IHD in combination with AIT.

Treatment with Myo-Inositol and Selenium Ensures Euthyroidism in Patients with Autoimmune Thyroiditis.

Clinical evidences have highlighted the efficacy of myo-inositol and selenium in the treatment of autoimmune thyroiditis. Aim of this study was to further analyze the role of myo-inositol plus selenium (Myo-Ins-Se) in restoring a normal thyroid function of Hashimoto's patients with subclinical hypothyroidism. Eighty-six patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis having thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels between 3 and 6 mIU/L, elevated serum antithyroid peroxidase (TPOAb) and/or antithyroglobulin (TgAb), and normal free thyroxine (fT4) and free triiodothyronine (fT3) levels were enrolled in the study: one hyperthyroid subject with TSH about 0.14 μU/ml was included in this trial as a single case. Patients were assigned to receive Myo-Ins-Se. TSH, TPOAb, and TgAb levels were significantly decreased in patients treated with combined Myo-Ins-Se after 6 months of treatment. In addition, a significant fT3 and fT4 increase, along with an amelioration of their quality of life, was observed. Remarkably, TSH values of the hyperthyroid patient increased from 0.14 μU/ml up to 1.02 μU/ml, showing a complete restoration of TSH values at a normal range. In conclusion, the administration of Myo-Ins-Se is significantly effective in decreasing TSH, TPOAb, and TgAb levels, as well as enhancing thyroid hormones and personal wellbeing, therefore restoring euthyroidism in patients diagnosed with autoimmune thyroiditis.

CXCR4 antagonist AMD3100 ameliorates thyroid damage in autoimmune thyroiditis in NOD.H‑2h⁴ mice.

CXC chemokine ligand 12 (CXCL12) and its receptor, CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4), are upregulated in mice with autoimmune thyroid diseases. However, whether this interaction is involved in the pathophysiology of autoimmune thyroiditis (AIT) remains to be elucidated. In the present study, the effects of the CXCR4 antagonist, AMD3100, in an iodine‑induced autoimmune thyroiditis model were investigated. NOD.H‑2h4 mice were randomly separated into a control, AIT and AIT+AMD3100 groups. The mice were fed with 0.05% sodium iodide water for 8 weeks to induce AIT. The AMD3100‑treated mice were administered with the CXCR4 antagonist at a dose of 10 mg/kg intraperitoneally three times a week during the experimental period. The percentages of CD19+interleukin (IL)10+ B cells and CD4+IL10+ T cells, and the mRNA expression levels of IL10 in the splenocytes were reduced in the AIT group, compared with the control group, however, they increased following AMD3100 treatment, compared with the untreated AIT group. The percentages of CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, CD19+ B cells and CD8+ interferon (IFN)γ+ T cells, and the mRNA expression levels of IFNγ increased in the AIT group, compared with the control group, however, these were reduced in the AMD3100 group, compared with the AIT group. The AMD3100‑treated mice also had lower serum thyroglobulin antibody titers and reduced lymphocytic infiltration in the thyroid, compared with the untreated AIT mice. These results suggested that inhibition of this chemokine axis may offer potential as a therapeutic target for the treatment of AIT.

Selenium supplementation for autoimmune thyroiditis: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Many studies have reported that selenium (Se) has a close relationship with autoimmune thyroiditis (AIT). The therapeutic effect of Se supplementation in AIT treatment remains unclear. The objective of the present study was to determine the efficacy of Se supplementation for the treatment of AIT. A structured literature search was undertaken to identify all randomized controlled trials conducted in patients with AIT receiving Se supplementation or placebo. Nine studies enrolling a total of 787 patients were included. The results showed that Se supplementation with duration 6 months significantly dropped the TPOAb titers but did not decrease the TgAb titers. Patients assigned to Se supplementation for 12-month duration showed significantly lower TPOAb titers and TgAb titers. Patients after Se supplementation had a higher chance to improve the mood or well-being compared with controls. Se supplementation is associated with a significant decrease in TPOAb titers at 6 and 12 months; meanwhile, the TgAb titers can be dropped at 12 months. After Se supplementation treatment, patients had a higher chance to improve the mood without significant adverse events.

Clinical recommendations of the Russian Association of Endocrinologists for the diagnosis and treatment of autoimmune thyroiditis in adults

The article is devoted to the clinical recommendations of the Russian Association of Endocrinologists for the diagnosis and treatment of autoimmune thyroiditis in adults

Clinical recommendations of the Russian Association of Endocrinologists for the diagnosis and treatment of autoimmune thyroiditis in children

The article is devoted to the clinical recommendations of the Russian Association of Endocrinologists for the diagnosis and treatment of autoimmune thyroiditis in children

Клинические рекомендации Российской ассоциацииэндокринологов по диагностике и лечению аутоиммунного тиреоидита у детей

The article is devoted to the clinical recommendations of the Russian Association of Endocrinologists for the diagnosis and treatment of autoimmune thyroiditis in children.