Treatment Of Low-grade Dysplasia Research Articles

Optimizing Management of Patients With Barrett’s Esophagus and Low-Grade or No Dysplasia Based on Comparative Modeling

Endoscopic treatment is recommended for patients with Barrett's esophagus (BE) with high-grade dysplasia, yet clinical management recommendations are inconsistent for patients with BE without dysplasia (NDBE) or with low-grade dysplasia (LGD). We used a comparative modeling analysis to identify optimal management strategies for these patients. We used 3 independent population-based models to simulate cohorts of 60-year-old individuals with BE in the United States. We followed up each cohort until death without surveillance and treatment (natural disease progression), compared with 78 different strategies of management for patients with NDBE or LGD. We determined the optimal strategy using cost-effectiveness analyses, at a willingness-to-pay threshold of $100,000 per quality-adjusted life-year (QALY). In the 3 models, the average cumulative incidence of esophageal adenocarcinoma was 111 cases, with costs totaling $5.7 million per 1000 men with BE. Surveillance and treatment of men with BE prevented 23% to 75% of cases of esophageal adenocarcinoma, but increased costs to $6.2 to $17.3 million per 1000 men with BE. The optimal strategy was surveillance every 3 years for men with NDBE and treatment of LGD after confirmation by repeat endoscopy (incremental cost-effectiveness ratio, $53,044/QALY). The average results for women were consistent with the results for men for LGD management, but the optimal surveillance interval for women with NDBE was 5 years (incremental cost-effectiveness ratio, $36,045/QALY). Based on analyses from 3 population-based models, the optimal management strategy for patient with BE and LGD is endoscopic eradication, but only after LGD is confirmed by a repeat endoscopy. The optimal strategy for patients with NDBE is endoscopic surveillance, using a 3-year interval for men and a 5-year interval for women.

Efficacy and safety of radiofrequency ablation of Barrett's esophagus in the absence of reimbursement: a multicenter prospective Belgian registry.

Radiofrequency ablation (RFA), combined with endoscopic resection, can be used as a primary treatment for low grade dysplasia, high grade dysplasia, and early esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) in Barrett's esophagus (BE). The aim of the Belgian RFA registry is to capture the real-life outcome of endoscopic therapy for BE with RFA and to assess efficacy and safety outside study protocols, in the absence of reimbursement. Between February 2008 and January 2017, data from 7 different expert centers were prospectively collected in the registry. Efficacy outcomes included complete remission of intestinal metaplasia (CR-IM), complete remission of dysplasia (CR-D), and durability of remission. Safety outcomes included immediate and late adverse events. 684 RFA procedures in 342 different patients were registered. Of these, 295 patients were included in the efficacy analysis, with CR-IM achieved in 88 % and CR-D in 93 %, in per-protocol analysis; corresponding rates in intention-to-treat analysis were 82 % and 87 %, respectively. Sustained remission was seen in 65 % with a median (interquartile range) follow-up of 25 (12 - 47) months. No risk factors for recurrent disease were identified. Immediate complications occurred in 4 % of all procedures and 6 % of all patients, whereas late complications occurred in 9 % of all procedures and in 20 % of all patients. Data from the Belgian registry confirm that RFA in combination with endoscopic resection is an efficient treatment for BE with dysplasia or early EAC. In the absence of reimbursement, more rescue treatments are used, not compromising outcome. Since there is recurrent disease after CR-IM in 35 %, surveillance endoscopy remains necessary.

Management of Barrett's esophagus with low-grade dysplasia

Barrett's esophagus progresses to esophageal adenocarcinoma in a stepwise histological fashion of no dysplasia, low grade dysplasia, high grade dysplasia and cancer. Hence the progression to cancer from various histological stages is different. Progression to cancer from low grade dysplasia is highly variable in the literature due to high inter-observer variability between pathologists in diagnosing it. Studies have shown the utility of having confirmation of low grade dysplasia by expert pathologists or documenting its persistence on two subsequent endoscopies in order to unify the diagnosis. The treatment of low grade dysplasia is variable. In this article we summarize the diagnosis, evaluation and management of low grade dysplasia in Barrett's Esophagus.

Efficacy of endoscopic mucosal resections for the management of small gastric adenomas with low-grade dysplasia

Objective. Gastric adenoma with low-grade dysplasia (LGD) can progress to gastric cancer; however, the optimal therapeutic modality for LGD has not been established. The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy, safety of and local recurrence following endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) for LGD. Specifically, we compared EMR with circumferential precutting (EMR-P) and EMR using a dual-channel endoscope (EMR-D) for the treatment of LGD ≤2 cm. Materials and methods: A total of 158 lesions from 147 patients with LGD treated by EMR were retrospectively analyzed. The en bloc resection rate, complete resection rate, procedure time, complication rate and local recurrence rate were compared between EMR-P and EMR-D. Results. The en bloc resection and complete resection rates of EMR were 91.1% and 90.5%, respectively. The bleeding and perforation rates were 1.3% and 1.3%, respectively. The local recurrence rate following EMR was 2.2%. The en bloc resection and complete resection rates did not differ between EMR-P and EMR-D (88.2% vs. 92.5%, p = not significant (NS); and 90.2% vs. 90.7%, p = NS, respectively). The procedure time was significantly longer for EMR-P compared with EMR-D (16 (5–141) vs. 7 (2–48) min, p < 0.001), and the complication rate was significantly higher for EMR-P (7.8% vs. 0.0%, p = 0.010). Local recurrence was not found in EMR-P, whereas the recurrence rate was 3.2% in EMR-D. Conclusion. EMR is an effective method for the treatment of LGD ≤2 cm. Compared with EMR-P, EMR-D appears to be the more effective, technically simple and safer method.

Management controversies in Barrett’s oesophagus

The management of Barrett's oesophagus and associated neoplasia has evolved considerably in recent years. Modern endoscopic strategies including endoscopic resection and mucosal ablation can eradicate dysplastic Barrett's and prevent progression to invasive oesophageal cancer. However, several aspects of Barrett's management remain controversial including the stage in the disease process at which to intervene, and the choice of endoscopic or surgical therapy. A review of articles pertaining to the management of Barrett's oesophagus with or without associated neoplasia, was conducted in accordance with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Medline, Embase and Cochrane databases were searched to identify literature relevant to eight pre-defined areas of clinical controversy. The following search terms were used: Barrett's oesophagus; dysplasia; intramucosal carcinoma; endotherapy; endoscopic resection; ablation; oesophagectomy. A significant body of evidence exists to support early endoscopic therapy for high-grade dysplasia (HGD). Although not supported by randomised controlled trial evidence, endoscopic therapy is now favoured ahead of oesophagectomy for most patients with HGD. Focal intramucosal (T1a) carcinomas can be managed effectively using endoscopic and surgical therapy, however surgery should be considered the first line therapy where there is submucosal invasion (T1b). Treatment of low grade dysplasia is not supported at present due to widespread over-reporting of the disease. The role of surveillance endoscopy in non-dysplastic Barrett's remains controversial.

Is Endoscopic Mucosal Resection a Sufficient Treatment for Low-Grade Gastric Epithelial Dysplasia?

Background/AimsThe rate of diagnosis of gastric adenoma has increased because esophagogastroduodenoscopy is being performed at an increasingly greater frequency. However, there are no treatment guidelines for low-grade dysplasia (LGD). To determine the appropriate treatment for LGD, we evaluated the risk factors associated with the categorical upgrade from LGD to high grade dysplasia (HGD)/early gastric cancer (EGC) and the risk factors for recurrence after endoscopic treatment.MethodsWe compared the complication rates, recurrence rates, and remnant lesions in 196 and 56 patients treated with endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) and endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR), respectively, by histologically confi rming low-grade gastric epithelial dysplasia.ResultsThe en bloc resection rate was significantly lower in the EMR group (31.1%) compared with the ESD group (75.0%) (p<0.001). However, no significant difference was observed in the prevalence of remnant lesions or recurrence rate (p=0.911) of gastric adenoma. The progression of LGD to HGD or EGC caused an increase in the incidence of tumor lesions >1 cm with surface redness and depressions.ConclusionsFor the treatment of LGD, EMR resulted in a higher incidence of uncertain resection margins and a lower en bloc resection rate than ESD. However, there was no signifi cant difference in recurrence rate.

Mo1250 Is Endoscopic Mucosal Resection a Sufficient Treatment for Low-Grade Gastric Epithelial Dysplasia?

Gastric adenoma with high-grade dysplasia (HGD) is an obvious precancerous lesion and needs aggressive treatment, such as surgery or endoscopic submucosal dissection(ESD). However, the natural history of low-grade dysplasia (LGD)varies, and there is no treatment guideline for LGD. This study was performed to evaluate the risk factors for the progression of LGD to HGD or early gastric cancer (EGC) after endoscopic treatment. To determine the appropriate treatment for LGD,we compared the rates of complication, recurrence, and remnant lesions between ESD and endoscopic mucosal resection(EMR).

The Diagnostic Accuracy of Endoscopic Biopsy for Gastric Dysplasia

PurposeThere is controversy over the treatment for low grade dysplasia, while resection is recommended for high grade dysplasia. But the concordance of the grade of dysplasia between pre- and post-resection is low because of sampling errors with endoscopic biopsy. We attempted to establish a clearer direction for the treatment of dysplasia by clarifying the discrepancy between the pre- and post-resection diagnoses.Materials and MethodsWe performed a retrospective review of 126 patients who had undergone resection with the diagnosis of dysplasia on biopsy at Bundang CHA Hospital from 1999 to 2009.ResultsSeventy patients were diagnosed with low grade dysplasia and 56 patients were diagnosed with high grade dysplasia. Among the 33 patients who received gastrectomy with lymph node dissection, 30 patients were revealed to have invasive cancers and 4 patients showed lymph node metastasis. Discordance between the diagnoses from biopsy and resection occurred in 55 patients (44%). There was no correlation on the comparative analysis between the size, location or gross type of lesion and the grade of dysplasia.ConclusionsThe rate of discordance between the diagnoses of endoscopic biopsy and the post resection pathologic report was as high as 44%. Endoscopic mucosal resection was not sufficient for some patients who were diagnosed with dysplasia on biopsy due to the presence of lymph node metastasis. It is necessary to be prudent when determining the follow-up and treatment based solely on the result of the biopsy.

Management of dysplasia in Barrett’s esophagus

Barrett’s esophagus (BE) is a well-established premalignant condition for the development of esophageal adenocarcinoma, a highly lethal cancer with a dismal 5-year overall survival rate. Histologic classification of dysplasia on endoscopic biopsies is the single most predictive biomarker for progression to cancer. Aggressive therapies for the treatment of low-grade dysplasia cannot be recommended, given its low risk of cancer progression and transient nature. Strategies proposed for the management of high-grade dysplasia include esophagectomy, intensive surveillance, and endoscopic therapies. Endoscopic mucosal resection is being used increasingly as a diagnostic and staging tool and as a treatment option in patients with high-grade dysplasia or mucosal adenocarcinoma. Of the ablative therapies, photodynamic therapy has the most extensive reported experience. Preliminary results of new ablative therapies such as radiofrequency ablation and cryoablation are promising. Future research should focus on long-term follow-up after endoscopic treatment and on the identification of high-risk groups using biomarkers and novel endoscopic tools.