Treatment Of Different Stages Research Articles

Effectiveness of treatment for different stages of diabetic retinopathy in type 2 diabetes

Effectiveness of treatment for different stages of diabetic retinopathy in type 2 diabetes

New substituted benzoxazine derivatives as potent inducers of membrane permeability and cell death

The search for new agents targeting different forms of cell death is an important research focus for developing new and potent antitumor therapies. As a contribution to this endeavor, we have designed and synthesized a series of new substituted 3,4-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzoxazine derivatives. These compounds have been evaluated for their efficacy against MCF-7 breast cancer and HCT-116 colon cancer cell lines. Overall, substituting this heterocycle led to improved antiproliferative activity compared to the unsubstituted derivative 1. The most active compounds, 2b and 4b, showed IC50 values of 2.27 and 3.26 μM against MCF-7 cells and 4.44 and 7.63 μM against HCT-116 cells, respectively. To investigate the mechanism of action of the target compounds, the inhibition profile of 8 kinases involved in cell signaling was studied highlighting residual activity on HER2 and JNK1 kinases. 2b and 4b showed a consistent binding mode to both receptor kinases, establishing significant interactions with known and catalytically important domains and residues. Compounds 2b and 4b exhibit potent cytotoxic activity by disrupting cell membrane permeability, likely triggering both inflammatory and non-inflammatory cell death mechanisms. This dual capability increases their versatility in the treatment of different stages or types of tumors, providing greater flexibility in clinical applications.

Relationship Between Serum HBV-RNA Levels, Sero-biochemical Indices, and Clinicopathological Parameters in Patients with Hepatitis B Virus

Background: Studies have indicated that HBV RNA exhibits a distinct profile, and the plasma amino acid profile significantly correlates with the different stages of HBV infection. Objectives: This study investigates the relationship between HBV RNA and the plasma amino acid profile and the levels of HBeAg, HBsAg, HBV DNA levels, and other clinical indexes in diagnosing chronic HBV infection diseases. Methods: In this observational study, a total of 155 patients were included. They were categorized as Hepatitis B virus carriers, chronic Hepatitis B (CHB), Hepatitis B-related cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma patients. Following routine laboratory techniques, the DNA, RNA, serological indexes (HBsAg, HBsAb, HBeAg, HBeAb, and HBcAb), biochemical indexes (ALT, AST), and the concentration of amino acids were determined from the serum. Results: Any relationship between different parameters considered was determined with the chi-square test, correlation, and multivariate logistic regression analysis. We observed that the HBV DNA and RNA levels were significantly higher in patients with chronic Hepatitis B compared to other groups (P < 0.01). The HBV RNA levels significantly correlated with methionine levels (P < 0.05) and not with other amino acids considered in this study. Further, the HBV DNA levels emerged as an independent risk factor for HBV RNA levels, and the area under the ROC curve was 0.840 (P < 0.01) when the levels of HBV RNA, HBV DNA, and methionine were combined to diagnose chronic Hepatitis B. Conclusions: Our study shows that the levels of HBV RNA are correlated with methionine metabolism levels, and this relationship can be used to diagnose and predict the efficacy of treatment for different stages of HepatitisHepatitis B virus infectious diseases.

Research progress in surgical treatment of avascular necrosis of talus

To summarize the surgical treatment methods for avascular necrosis of the talus. The recent domestic and international literature related to avascular necrosis of the talus was extensively conducted. The pathogenesis, surgical treatment methods, and prognosis were summarized. The clinical symptoms of avascular necrosis of the talus at early stage are not obvious, and most patients have progressed to Ficat-Arlet stages Ⅲ-Ⅳ and require surgical treatment. Currently, surgical treatments for this disease include core decompression, vascularized bone flap transplantation, arthroplasty, and arthrodesis, etc. Early avascular necrosis of the talus can be treated conservatively, and if treatment fails, core decompression can be considered. Arthrodesis is a remedial surgery for patients with end-stage arthritis and collapse, and in cases of severe bone loss, tibiotalocalcaneal arthrodesis and bone grafting are required. Vascularized bone flap transplantation is effective and plays a role in all stages of avascular necrosis of the talus, but the appropriate donor area for the flap still needs further to be studied. The surgical treatment and the system of treatment for different stages of avascular necrosis of the talus still need to be refined.

Biomarkers of Immunotherapy Response in Patients with Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer: Microbiota Composition, Short-Chain Fatty Acids, and Intestinal Permeability.

Immune checkpoint inhibitors have been proposed as the standard treatment for different stages of non-small-cell lung cancer in multiple indications. Not all patients benefit from these treatments, however, and certain patients develop immune-related adverse events. Although the search for predictors of response to these drugs is a major field of research, these issues have yet to be resolved. It has been postulated that microbiota could play a relevant role in conditioning the response to cancer treatments; however, the human factor of intestinal permeability also needs to be considered as it is closely related to the regulation of host-microbiota interaction. In this article, we analyzed the possible relationship between the response to immune checkpoint inhibitors and the onset of immune-related adverse events, gut microbiota status, and intestinal membrane permeability. In a pioneering step, we also measured short-chain fatty acid content in feces. Although the correlation analyses failed to identify predictive biomarkers, even when all variables were integrated, our patients' microbial gut ecosystems were rich and diverse, and the intestinal barrier's integrity was preserved. These results add new knowledge on the composition of microbiota and its correlation with barrier permeability and short-chain fatty acids and suggest that more studies are required before these potential biomarkers can be incorporated into the clinical management of patients via immune checkpoint inhibitor treatment.

A Prospective Randomised Trial to Determine the Effect of a Reduced Versus Standard Dose of Enzalutamide on Side Effects in Frail Patients with Prostate Cancer

Background and objectiveEnzalutamide is a potent antiandrogen inhibitor, effectively used for the treatment of different stages of prostate cancer. Side effects occur frequently at the registered dose, whilst a lower dose might be equally effective. Therefore, the aim of this study is to determine the effect of a reduced dose of enzalutamide on side effects in frail patients with prostate cancer. MethodsThis multicentre randomised trial compared the standard enzalutamide dose of 160 mg once daily (OD) with a reduced dose of 120 mg OD in frail patients with prostate cancer. Fatigue, cognitive side effects, and depressive symptoms were measured by the Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy—Fatigue (FACIT-Fatigue) questionnaire, Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy—Cognitive Function (FACT-Cog) questionnaire, and Geriatric Depression Scale—15 (GDS-15). Linear mixed-effect models were used to study differences in side effects over time between both groups. Key findings and limitationsIn total, 52 patients were included in the analysis (25 reduced dose and 27 standard dose). Patients treated with the reduced dose had significantly lower fatigue after 24 wk than those with the standard dose (difference FACIT-Fatigue 6.2; 95% confidence interval 1.4–11.0; p = 0.01). Patients treated with the reduced dose showed stable fatigue, cognitive side effects, and depressive symptoms over time, whilst patients with the standard dose showed significantly worse side effects after 24 wk than at baseline. Conclusions and clinical implicationsA reduced dose of enzalutamide results in less fatigue, cognitive side effects, and depressive symptoms in frail patients with prostate cancer than the standard dose, without any indication of interference with efficacy endpoints. Patient summaryIn this report, we looked at the side effects of enzalutamide at two dose levels. We found that, in frail patients, three tablets a day result in less fatigue than four tablets a day. Patients treated with four tablets a day showed an increase in fatigue, cognitive side effects, and depression. We conclude that a lower dose of three tablets can be used to alleviate side effects without indications for less efficacy.

Evaluation of BMP-2 as a differentiating and radiosensitizing agent for colorectal cancer stem cells.

Despite effective clinical responses, a large proportion of patients undergo resistance to radiotherapy. The low response rate to current treatments in different stages of colorectal cancer depends on the prominent role of stem cells in cancer. In the present study, the role of BMP-2 as an ionizing radiation-sensitive factor in colorectal cancer cells was investigated. A sphere formation assay was used for the enrichment of HCT-116 cancer stem cells (CSCs). The effects of combination therapy (BMP-2+ radiation) on DNA damage response (DDR), proliferation, and apoptosis were evaluated in HCT-116 and CSCs. Gene expressions of CSCs and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers were also evaluated. We found that the sphere formation assay showed a significant increase in the percentage of CSCs. Moreover, expression of CSCs markers, EMT-related genes, and DNA repair proteins significantly decreased in HCT-116 cells compared to the CSCs group after radiation. In addition, BMP-2 promoted the radiosensitivity of HCT-116 cells by decreasing the survival rate of the treated cells at 2, 4, and 6 Gy compared to the control group in HCT-116 cells. Our findings indicated that BMP-2 could affect numerous signaling pathways involved in radioresistance. Therefore, BMP-2 ‎ can be considered an appealing therapeutic target for the treatment of radioresistant human colorectal cancer.

ROS-triggered drug release of puerarin from boronic ester modified nanoparticles to reduce oxidative damage in HUVECs

Endothelial dysfunction accompanied with oxidative stress and inflammation is an early event in the progression of atherosclerosis. Puerarin (PUE) is a water-insoluble isoflavone and Chinese herbal compound for treatment of cardiovascular diseases. In the study, dextran modified with boronic ester groups (PHB-DEX) nanoparticles (NPs) with reactive oxygen species (ROS)-responsive properties were prepared for PUE delivery that might improve the bioavailability of PUE and provide the selective treatment in different stages of atherosclerosis. The characteristic functional groups and thermal properties of PHB-DEX were analyzed. The hydrodynamic size of PHB-DEX NPs containing PUE (PUE-NPs) was ∼218.7 nm with negative charge (−12.2 mV) and sphere-like structure. The encapsulation efficiency of PUE in PHB- DEX NPs was ∼20.8%. The hydrolysis of developed NPs could be triggered by H2O2-induced oxidative stress. The cell viability of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) incubated with PUE-NPs (<50 μM) was significantly increased. Post-treatment of PUE-NPs (12.5, 25 and 50 μM) on H2O2-damaged HUVECs could reduce the inflammation (TNF, IL-1α, IL-6, MMP-3 and MMP-9) and apoptosis level. The cell viability was increased to normal level when incubation the damaged HUVECs with 50 μM of PUE-NPs. These results suggest that ROS-responsive PUE-NPs may have be a promising therapeutic approach for atherosclerosis.

The role of non-coding RNAs in the diagnosis of different stages (HCC, CHB, OBI) of hepatitis B infection.

Despite the availability of an effective hepatitis B virus (HBV) vaccine and universal immunization schedules, HBV has remained a health problem in various stages such as occult hepatitis B infection (OBI), chronic hepatitis B (CHB), and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), which is considered one of the possible phases during chronic HBV infection. OBI is defined as the persistence of HBV genomes in hepatocytes of patients with a negative HBV surface antigen (HBsAg) test and detectable or undetectable HBV DNA in the blood. OBI is occasionally associated with infection caused by mutant viruses that produce a modified HBsAg that is undetected by diagnostic procedures or with replication-defective variations. Many aspects of HBV (OBI more than any other stage) including prevalence, pathobiology, and clinical implications has remained controversial. According to a growing body of research, non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and microRNAs (miRNAs) have been linked to the development and progression of a number of illnesses, including viral infectious disorders. Despite a shortage of knowledge regarding the expression and biological activities of lncRNAs and miRNAs in HBV infection, Hepatitis B remains a major global public health concern. This review summarizes the role of lncRNAs in the diagnosis and treatment of different stages of hepatitis B infection.

The effect of Mentha piperita oil in improving serotonin level, physiological factors, antioxidants and fertility markers in male rabbits on opioid oxycodone withdrawal

Introduction and Aim: Medicinal plants have shown to be effective in treatment of different stages of addiction with lower side effects, including reducing the severity of withdrawal symptoms that occur when an opioid-dependent patient stops using opioids. The current study aimed to evaluate the effective role of Mentha piperita oil on alleviating the symptoms of oxycodone withdrawal, and to elucidate the mechanisms by which it does so. Materials and Methods: Twenty-five healthy male rabbits divided into 5 groups (G1-G5) consisting of 5 rabbits each. The groups were divided as follows: G1-Control Group: G2-Oxycodone: G3-Oxycodone withdrawal: G4-Oxycodone withdrawal + M. piperita: G5-Oxycodone withdrawal +M. piperita. Blood was drawn from each animal and the serum obtained was analyzed for physiological (cortisol, serotonin, dopamine, CRP and T, LH levels), antioxidant parameters (LDH, SOD, GSH and MDA) and sperm activity. Results: This study found statistically significant changes in most variables. G2 rabbits had higher serotonin and dopamine levels, higher body weight, and lower cortisol and CRP levels than the healthy control group G1. Sperm activity, efficacy, testosterone, luteinizing hormone, superoxide dismutase, glutathione, and malondialdehyde did not alter across generations (G2 and G1). Group 3 showed that oxycodone withdrawal negatively affected dopamine, testosterone, LH, SOD, GSH, and sperm activity with weight, compared to Groups 1 and 2. Without therapy, rabbits in G3 with fast withdrawal had considerably higher cortisol, CRP, LDH, and MDA than G2 and G1. Serotonin level decreased in G3 compared with G1 and G2. An improvement in most of the studied variables, stress factors and antioxidants, as well as fertility indicators in the G4 and G5 improved gradually depending on period of treatment with M. piperita. Conclusion: M. piperita being rich in antioxidants can be adopted as one of the natural plant-based compound in patients undergoing oxycodone addiction withdrawal.

Comparing the Therapeutic Efficacies of Lung Cancer: Network Meta-Analysis Approaches.

In recent years, reduction of nuclear power generation and the use of coal-fired power for filling the power supply gap might have increased the risk of lung cancer. This study aims to explore the most effective treatment for different stages of lung cancer patients. We searched databases to investigate the treatment efficacy of lung cancer. The network meta-analysis was used to explore the top three effective therapeutic strategies among all collected treatment methodologies. A total of 124 studies were collected from 115 articles with 171,757 participants in total. The results of network meta-analyses showed that the best top three treatments: (1) in response rate, for advanced lung cancer were Targeted + Targeted, Chemo + Immuno, and Targeted + Other Therapy with cumulative probabilities 82.9, 80.8, and 69.3%, respectively; for non-advanced lung cancer were Chemoradio + Targeted, Chemoradi + Immuno, and Chemoradio + Other Therapy with cumulative probabilities 69.0, 67.8, and 60.7%, respectively; (2) in disease-free control rate, for advanced lung cancer were Targeted + Others, Chemo + Immuno, and Targeted + Targeted Therapy with cumulative probabilities 93.4, 91.5, and 59.4%, respectively; for non-advanced lung cancer were Chemo + Surgery, Chemoradio + Targeted, and Surgery Therapy with cumulative probabilities 80.1, 71.5, and 43.1%, respectively. The therapeutic strategies with the best effectiveness will be different depending on the stage of lung cancer patients.

Use of Wrist Denervation in the Treatment of SLAC and SNAC Wrist by ASSH Members.

Background Scapholunate advanced collapse (SLAC) and scaphoid nonunion advanced collapse (SNAC) are common patterns of wrist arthritis, and surgical treatment options include partial and total wrist arthrodesis and wrist denervation, which maintains the current anatomy while relieving pain. Introduction The purpose of this study is to elucidate current practices within the hand surgery community with respect to the use of anterior interosseous nerve/posterior interosseous nerve (AIN/PIN) denervation in the treatment of SLAC and SNAC wrists. Methods An anonymous survey was distributed to 3,915 orthopaedic surgeons via the American Society for Surgery of the Hand (ASSH) listserv. The survey collected information on conservative and operative management, indications, complications, diagnostic block, and coding of wrist denervation. Results In total, 298 answered the survey. 46.3% ( N = 138) of the respondents used denervation of AIN/PIN for every SNAC stage, and 47.7% ( N = 142) of the respondents used denervation of AIN/PIN for every SLAC wrist stage. AIN and PIN combined denervation was the most common standalone procedure ( N = 185, 62.1%). Surgeons were more likely to offer the procedure ( N = 133, 55.4%) if motion preservation had to be maximized ( N = 154, 64.4%). The majority of surgeons did not consider loss of proprioception ( N = 224, 84.2%) or diminished protective reflex ( N = 246, 92.1%) to be significant complications. 33.5%, 90 respondents reported never performing a diagnostic block prior to denervation. Conclusion Both SLAC and SNAC patterns of wrist arthritis can result in debilitating wrist pain. There is a wide range of treatment for different stages of disease. Further investigation is required to identify ideal candidates and evaluate long-term outcomes.

Association of glycosylated hemoglobin with urinary albuminuria for early detection and progression of renal damage in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

Background: Regular screening of levels of glycosylated hemoglobin and microalbuminuria (MA), diabetic nephropathy can be prevented.Recent studies found some of the sensitive and specific biomarker for early detection and progression of nephropathy in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients. Aim and Objectives: This study was carried out to correlation of glycosylated hemoglobin with urinary albuminuria for early detection and progression of nephropathy in patients with T2DM. Materials and Methods: This was a case–control study was conducted at tertiary care institute of India. A total 300 subjects included in the present study diagnosed with T2DM according to American diabetes association criteria and the cases are sub grouped based on albumin creatinine ration, the 100 patients T2DM with normoalbuminuria (NA) (ACR Ratio: &lt;30 mg/dL) and 100 patients T2DM with MA (ACR Ratio: 30–299 mg/dL) along with that 100 healthy subjects were included in the study.FBS, PPBS, Urea, Creatinine, Uric acid, HbA1C, and Urinary Albumin was analyzed using laboratory standard methods. Results: The plasma fasting blood sugar, post-prandial blood sugar, serum urea, creatinine, uric acid, Glycosylated hemoglobin, and urinary albumin levels were increased in two groups of T2DM Patients when compared to healthy controls. Significantly elevated levels of plasma fasting blood sugar, post-prandial blood sugar, serum urea, creatinine, uric acid, Glycosylated hemoglobin, and urinary albumin are observed in all the parameters elevated in between patients T2DM with MA when compared to patients T2DM NA. Conclusion: Elevated levels of Glycated hemoglobin as well as urinary albumin were useful for detection and progression of different stages of nephropathy in patients with T2DM and also this study suggest that continuous monitoring of these investigations were useful for treatment of different stages of T2DM.

Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate Delivery in Lipid-Based Nanoparticles: Potentiality and Perspectives for Future Applications in Cancer Chemoprevention and Therapy.

Chemoprevention is a strategy aimed to not only reduce the risk but also delay the development or recurrence of cancer. An ideal chemopreventive agent is not dangerous and ought not to result in side effects or damage to human health. In this context, epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) is considered a suitable chemopreventive agent, but its clinical use is limited by many factors, namely, the difference in source, administration, individual metabolism, absorption, and distribution. Genetic and dietary differences greatly cause this variability, which has limited the rational use of EGCG in chemoprevention and, particularly, the definition of a safe and efficient concentration. In the present mini review, the main limitations to a complete understanding of the use of EGCG as a chemopreventive agent will be briefly illustrated. This review also indicates the introduction and trialing of lipid-based nanoparticles (NPs) as a proper strategy to deliver EGCG at a well-defined concentration for better investigation of the chemopreventive activity. Finally, some examples of cancers that might benefit from EGCG treatment in different stages of the disease are proposed.

Discrete Event Simulation to Evaluate Different Treatments of Diabetic Retinopathy Disease

Modeling approach using discrete event simulation has been proven to work well in modeling in health care. The aim of our paper is to propose a simulation approach which shows realistic models presenting different possible treatments in different stages of diabetic retinopathy. We have presented three models in order to choose the best treatment for diabetic retinopathy patients. The first model describes the flow of a patient through stages without any medical treatments. It takes 13 years to reach blindness. The second model which includes the laser photocoagulation treatments leads to blindness after 46 years. Then, the third model illustrates the involvement of vitrectomy operation and delays blindness by 23 years. To construct the models, data were taken from experienced doctors and professors of the ophthalmology department in the University hospital Habib Bourguiba and the endocrinology department in the University hospital Hedi Chaker in Sfax, Tunisia. Our objective is to delay reaching the blindness stage as late as possible. Three models were developed, verified and validated through many iterative implementations with ARENA simulation software.

Madelung Deformity: Diagnosis and Treatment Options

AbstractMadelung deformity (MD) comprises an increased volar and ulnar tilt of the joint facet of the distal radius, secondary to an idiopathic physeal dysplasia. Such change causes radial shortening and consequent distal ulnar prominence, along with wrist pain and loss of motion. Surgery becomes an option in patients with severe deformity that do not respond to conservative treatment.The classic surgical techniques are problematic for adults, as they are specific for children and adolescents, whose radial physis is still open. Very few papers discuss the treatment of adult patients; furthermore, most are focused on the distal radioulnar joint, and thus do not approach the origin of the pathology.When analyzing computed tomography scans with tridimensional reconstruction, a feature of MD, growth arrest of the volar and ulnar portions of the distal radius, is noted, causing the typical distal radius deformity that leads to lack of coverage of the lunate bone. That leads to palmar subluxation of the lunate bone and consequent radiocarpal instability.We herein describe the possibilities of treatment in different stages of evolution, summarizing the authors' view on MD.

Polyherbal formulation Anoac‑H suppresses theexpression of RANTES and VEGF for themanagement of bleeding hemorrhoids and fistula.

Hemorrhoids and fistula are considered the most common anorectal conditions in the general population. These conditions affect the quality of a patient's life by causing pain and bleeding during defecation or even in the resting state. Lower grades of hemorrhoids may be controlled by traditional measures. However, surgery is an effective treatment option in recurrent-lower and higher-grade hemorrhoids. Surgical procedures are associated with various complications, including pain and delayed wound healing. Recurrence of hemorrhoids is also a major concern in the post-operative period. An anal fistula is the connection between the anus and the skin and causes severe pain, swelling, as well as blood and pus discharge. Fistula has serious social and economic consequences. Hence, it is important to understand the pathophysiology and molecular pathology of hemorrhoids and fistula, to identify the molecular targets and to develop pharmacological-interventions. In a previous study by our group, the polyherbal formulation Anoac-H was developed for the treatment of different stages of hemorrhoids and fistula, and it was demonstrated that Anoac-H is an effective formulation for treating hemorrhoids. However, the molecular mode of action of Anoac-H on hemorrhoids and fistula had remained elusive. In the present study, it was determined that this formulation reduces the migration of mesenchymal (fibroblasts) and immune (RAW 264.7) cells without affecting their viability. It was also observed that Anoac-H suppresses the expression of regulated upon activation, normal T cell expressed and presumably secreted (RANTES) and VEGF in fibroblasts and macrophages. Inflammation and elevated expression of RANTES and VEGF were observed in hemorrhoids and fistula. However, inflammation, as well as the expression of RANTES and VEGF, were significantly reduced in treated human hemorrhoid and fistula tissues as compared to untreated ones, confirming the in vitro results.

China experts' consensus on preventive and interceptive orthodontic treatments of malocclusions of children.

Malocclusion is one of the three most common oral diseases reported by World Health Organization(WHO). In China, its incidence rate is rising. Malocclusion seriously affects the dental and maxillofacial function, facial appearance and growth development of nearly 260 million children in China, and what is more, it affects their physical and mental health development. Malocclusion occurrence is related to genetic and environmental factors. Early treatment of malocclusion can create a good dental and maxillofacial development environment, correct abnormal growth and control the adverse effects of abnormal genetic factors. It can effectively reduce the prevalence of children's malocclusion and enhance their physical and mental health. This is an urgent need from the economic perspective of our society, so it has great practical and social significance. Experts from the project group "standard diagnose and treatment protocols for early orthodontic intervention of malocclusions of children" which initiated by China National Health Institute of Hospital Administration wrote the "China Experts' Consensus on Preventive and Interceptive Orthodontic Treatments of Malocclusions of Children", which aims to guide and popularize the clinical practice, improve the clinical theory and practice level, and accelerate the disciplinary development of early treatment of children's malocclusion in China. The consensus elaborates the harmfulness of malocclusion and the necessity of early treatment, and brings up the principles and fundamental contents. Based on the law of dental and maxillofacial development, this paper puts forward the guiding suggestions of preventive and interceptive treatments in different stages of dental development ranging from fetus to early permanent dentition. It is a systematic project to promote and standardize the early treatment of malocclusion. Through scientific and comprehensive stratified clinical practice and professional training, the clinical system of early treatment of malocclusion in China will eventually be perfected, so as to comprehensively care for children's dental and maxillofacial health, and improve their oral and physical health in China.

Abstract CT155: Role of Time intensity &amp; density curve for detecting early changes in pancreatic adenocarcinoma

Abstract Purpose: Pancreatic cancer has limited options for early detection and this study tried to tackle that issue using TIDC (Time Intensity Density Curve), 3D volumetric and perfusion imaging. Experimental Design: This quantitative study was done by analyzing multi-phase CT images of patients undergoing treatment of different stages of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Using advanced 3D imaging software we identified the perfusion and radiodensity of tumors at different stages. This analysis was done using 41 adult patients with unresectable treatment-naïve PDAC who were either enrolled in a clinical trial at HonorHealth Research Institute (Scottsdale, AZ) or treated at the City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center (Duarte, CA) as standard of care non study patients between 2015-2019. All patients were over the age of 18 and had been diagnosed with PDAC. We divided the participant sample into two groups, labeled Cohort 1 and Cohort 2. For image acquisition in both groups, we required to have multiphase CT images for the collection of images at both locations. Results: TIDC, 3D volumetric measurements and perfusion imaging proved useful in the quantification of tumor aggressiveness. Our results showed that perfusion in PDAC displayed delays in the venous phase which may be linked to vascular growth related activity and exhibits the active and viable part of the tumor. 3D volumetric analysis of the patient's multi-phase CT scan showed clear changes in arterial and venous perfusion and correlated with how rapidly patients progressed (e.g. tumor aggressiveness). Conclusion: TIDC and 3D volumetric analysis could play a significant role in defining the aggressiveness of the pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Citation Format: Syed Rahmanuddin, Derek Cridebring, Ron Korn, Jordyn Brase, Pejman Motarjem, Wenli Kai, Vincent Chung, Erkut Borazanci, Ajay Goel, Daniel Von Hoff. Role of Time intensity &amp; density curve for detecting early changes in pancreatic adenocarcinoma [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2021; 2021 Apr 10-15 and May 17-21. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2021;81(13_Suppl):Abstract nr CT155.

The Current Landscape of Immune Checkpoint Blockade in Metastatic Lung Squamous Cell Carcinoma.

In addition to surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and targeted therapy, immunotherapy has emerged as a standard pillar of cancer treatment. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) such as targeting programmed death-1/programmed death ligand 1 (PD-1/PD-L1) and cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4) have been integrated into standard-of-care regimens for patients with advanced lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC), who were previously limited by the lack of treatment options. Atezolizumab, durvalumab, nivolumab, and pembrolizumab are all currently used as part of standard-of-care treatment for different stages of lung cancer. Recent successes and failures of immune checkpoint blockade-based combination therapies have provided significant insights into implementing combination strategies in LUSC. Therefore, there is an urgent need to correctly select patients who are more likely to respond to immunotherapy and understand the mechanisms of primary or acquired resistance. In this review, we aim at summarizing the emerging clinical data on the promise and challenge of ICIs, discussing the unmet need of potential biomarkers for predicting response or resistance to immunotherapy, and providing an overview of the current immune landscape and future directions in advanced LUSC.