Treated Effluent Irrigation Research Articles

Evaluation of Yield and Quality Attributes of Grafted Brinjal under Treated Paperboard Mill Effluent Irrigation and Sludge Application

Field experiment was conducted to assess the impact of paperboard mill sludge compost and treated paperboard mill effluent irrigation on growth and yield of grafted brinjal. Among the different treatment combinations, application of phosphorus enriched ETP sludge compost at 5 t ha-1 along with treated effluent through drip irrigation and recommended level of NPK (200:150:100 kg NPK ha-1) resulted the highest brinjal yield of 42.7 t ha-1. There were no adverse effects on soil properties due to sludge compost application and treated effluent irrigation. Quality attributes of the fruits which include anthocyanin content, total phenol content, ascorbic acid content, titrable acidity and protein content were not affected due to the composted sludge application along with treated effluent irrigation. Thus, the treated effluent and the composted sludge which complies with the state pollution control board norms can be used as a viable alternative source of irrigation and nutrients for grafted brinjal cultivation without adversely affecting on crop quality.

Impact of treated papermill effluent on yield and quality of Bhendi

An attempt has been made to use the treated paperboard mill effluent and well water with STCR recommended NPK, MLSS (Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids) and pressmud compost as nutrient source for cultivating Bhendi crop to assess their impact on yield and fruit quality. Application of MLSS, Pressmud compost had increased the available nutrients (N, P, K) and organic carbon content in the soil. The treatment combination of 50% STCR recommended NPK + 50% MLSS (Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids) + effluent irrigation performed better compared to other treatments. The experimental results revealed that yield of Bhendi under treated effluent irrigation was higher than well water irrigation. The yield increase was recorded as 31.20 percent over the control (100% STCR NPK + well water). The quality parameters viz., crude fibre and total protein were higher under effluent irrigation.

Effect of Treated Effluent Irrigation on Yield and Biominerals of Banana

Effect of Treated Effluent Irrigation on Yield and Biominerals of Banana

Secondary treated effluent irrigation did not impact chemical composition, and enzyme inhibition activities of essential oils from Origanum syriacum var. syriacum

Environmental conditions, including irrigation water quality, are known to affect secondary metabolite production in plants and hence the composition and activity of essential oils of aromatic plants. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of irrigation with secondary-treated effluent, as compared with potable water irrigation, on the composition, biological activities and yield of essential oil (EO) from Origanum syriacum L. var. syriacum (OSS). The EO from OSS cultivated in Palestine under secondary treated municipal effluent compared with potable water irrigation were analyzed seasonally over a two-year period for oil quantity and composition, antioxidant activities 1,1- diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2 azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazloine-6-sulfonic acid) radical cation (ABTS), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), antimicrobial and inhibitory properties against acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), and porcine pancreatic lipase (PPL). The quality of the irrigation water did not affect the essential oil yield quantity and quality demonstrating the potential of this marginal water source for agri-industrial production of OSS. Under both irrigation water qualities, the EO contained 35 constituents, of which thymol (40.4–46.7%), and carvacrol (35.1–41.8%) were the most abundant. EOs from plants of both irrigation water qualities exhibited a strong free radical scavenging ability and reducing power activity, and high AChE, BChE, and PPL inhibitory activities. The EOs also showed a moderate antibacterial activity against most test bacterial strains, with high antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus with 117 percent inhibition compared with chloramphenicol (30μg/disc). The high inhibitory activity of the EOs on AChE, BChE, and PPL, and its high antioxidant and antibacterial activities may be due to high concentrations of monoterpenes, especially thymol and carvacrol. The data demonstrate that secondary-treated municipal effluents can be successfully utilized for irrigation of industrial crop production setups for essential oil production from OSS (as a source of natural antioxidants, anticholinesterase, antiobesity and antistaphylococcal agents) without compromising yield quantity and bioactivities compared with potable water irrigation.

Biochemical Properties of Vertisols and Performance of Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecumL.) with Treated Industrial Effluent Irrigation

Use of treated industrial effluent for irrigating agricultural crops has great significance to crop yield, soil fertility and soil biological activity. A field experiment was conducted on a Vertisol with fenugreek as test crop to compare treated industrial effluent from NCPL, Bharuch, Gujarat with best available tubewell water (BAW) as irrigation water. Plant height increased by 22.9 per cent with treated effluent irrigation as compared to only BAW. Highest fenugreek seed and straw yields were 42.8 and 74.0 g m−2, respectively in 50% diluted effluent with BAW, and differed significantly from other options. Total N, P and K uptake by the plant parts was also improved when irrigated with treated effluent. The soil properties after harvest were influenced when treated effluent with or without dilution was used for irrigation. Soil organic carbon content increased due to irrigation with treated effluent as compared to BAW alone. Similarly, build-up of native N and P was observed in plots receiving treated effluent for irrigating the crop.

Applicability of phosphorus site indices to wastewater effluent-irrigated cropland

Phosphorus (P) indices, originally developed to assess the risk of P export to aquatic systems from agricultural fields receiving inorganic fertilizers and livestock manures, are being used for other P sources with different characteristics and methods of application. This study determined Pennsylvania P index scores for eleven crop fields of Penn State University9s Living Filter system receiving 130 kg P2O5 ha−1 (115 lb P2O5 ac−1) in 2008 via sprinkler irrigation of municipal wastewater effluent. A baseline assessment of P index treated effluent irrigation as surface application of completely soluble P source material with maximum potential of runoff P loss. Three fields located ≤22 m (200 ft) from streams ranked high and very high in P loss rating under baseline assessment. Modified assessments involved changing the application method multiplier and P source coefficient to more accurately reflect the year-round intermittent application of P via sprinkler irrigation. All fields were ranked as having low risk of P export using the modified parameters. Site monitoring data from nearly 50 years of effluent irrigation show no evidence of excess P transport to groundwater or off-site surface water, suggesting that baseline assessment might be overestimating P loss rating of some fields. Results underscore the need to tailor P indexing tools to address the differential risk of P loss for specific P sources and application methods.

TREATED EFFLUENT AND SALINE WATER IRRIGATION INFLUENCES SOIL PROPERTIES, YIELD, WATER PRODUCTIVITY AND SODIUM CONTENT OF SNOW PEAS AND CELERY

To determine the effects of irrigation water quality, plants were irrigated with normal potable water [0.25 dS m−1 electrical conductivity (EC), 25 mg L−1 sodium (Na), 55 mg L−1 chloride (Cl)], treated effluent (0.94 dS m−1 EC, 122 mg L−1 Na, 143 mg L−1 Cl) and saline water with low salinity (1.24 dS m−1 EC, 144 mg L−1 Na and 358 mg L−1 Cl) and high salinity (2.19 dS m−1 EC, 264 mg L −1Na and 662 mg L−1 Cl) for snow peas, and high salinity (3.07 dS m−1 EC, 383 mg L−1 Na and 965 mg L−1 Cl) and very high salinity (5.83 dS m−1 EC, 741 mg L−1 Na and 1876 mg L−1 Cl) for celery. The greater salts build up in the soil and ion toxicity (Cl and Na) with saline water irrigation contributed to significantly greater reduction in root and shoot biomass, water use, yield and water productivity (yield kg kL−1 of water used) of snow peas and celery compared with treated effluent and potable water irrigation. There was 8%, 56% and 74% reduction in celery yield respectively with treated effluent, high salinity and very high salinity saline water irrigation compared with potable water irrigation. The Na concentration in snow peas shoots increased by 54%, 234% and 501% with treated effluent, low and high salinity saline water irrigation. Similarly, the increases in Na concentration in celery shoots were 19%, 35% and 82%. The treated effluent irrigation also resulted in a significant increase in soil EC, nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) content compared with potable water irrigation. The heavy metals besides salts build up appears to have contributed to yield reductions with treated effluent irrigation. The study reveals strong implications for the use of saline water and treated effluent for irrigation of snow peas and celery. The salt build up within the root zone and soil environment would be critical in the long-run with the use of saline water and treated effluent for irrigation of crops. To minimize the salinity level in rhizosphere, an alternate irrigation of potable water with treated effluent or low salinity level water may be better option.

Impact of Paper Board Mill Solid Sludge Biocompost and Treated Effluent Irrigation on Growth and Yield Attributes of Vegetable Cowpea

Field experiment was conducted in Alfisol (red sandy loam) at Balalpur Industrial Packaging Company Limited (BIPCO) model farm, Mettupalayam, Tamil Nadu, to assess the impact of paper board mill sludge biocompost and treated paper board mill effluent irrigation on growth and yield of vegetable cowpea, (CO 2). Application of sludge biocompost by mixing sludge, fly ash, coir pith @ 2:1:1 ratio along with recommended level of NPK (20:20:60 kg NPK ha) under treated effluent irrigation produced the highest vegetable cowpea yield of 6500 kg ha¹ as against 5325 kg ha¹ in FYM+ 100% NPK. There were no adverse effect on soil physical and biochemical properties due to sludge biocompost application. The quality of the vegetable cowpea viz. protein and fibre content were not- affected due to sludge biocompost application along with effluent irrigation. The treated effluent which complics the state pollution control board norms can be used for raising vegetable cowpea along with sludge biocompost @ 6 t ha with out any adverse effect on soil and crop quality.

Coupled effects of treated effluent irrigation and wetting-drying cycles on transport of triazines through unsaturated soil columns.

The physical and chemical parameters controlling the movement of atrazine (6-chloro-N2-ethyl-N4-isopropyl-l,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine; 98.8%) and prometryn [N,N'-bis(1-methylethyl)-6-(methylthio)-l,3,5triazine-2,4-diamine; 99.5%] were investigated in columns infiltrated with treated effluent under unsaturated transient conditions and subjected to drying events at 22 or 60 degrees C followed by rewetting. Three soils varying in soil pH and texture and three solutions were used. The infiltrating solutions consisted of either a CaCl2 matrix (CC), a swine waste-derived lagoon effluent (SW), or a simulated buffer solution (SB) representative of the element composition and pH of the SW but with no dissolved organic matter. Several parameters were monitored including leachate triazine concentrations, pH, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), inorganic carbon, and flow rates. Compared with CC, application of SW and SB increased column leachate pH, enhanced dissolution of organic carbon and particle dispersion, and decreased average flow rates, which allowed for increased desorption time. The coupled effect of these processes enhanced movement of triazines in some cases, with SW generally having the greatest effect. The individual effect of increased pH was more pronounced for prometryn (pKa=4.05) versus atrazine (pKa=1.66), and most dramatic for the soil with the lowest initial pH. High-temperature drying, which simulated intensive evaporation, further enhanced the dissolution of soil organic matter and the reduction in leachate flow rates with SW and SB applications; however, the net effect under the experimental conditions employed varied with soil type. Relative to low-temperature drying, high-temperature drying in the silty clay loam-packed columns reduced pesticide migration.

Some environmental problems associated with the use of treated wastewater for irrigation in Jordan

Treated effluent was used for eggplant (aubergine) irrigation through a trickle system at As-Samra experimental site. The soil characteristics were determined prior to irrigation. Physical, chemical and biological characteristics of the effluent were determined during the growing season. Suitability of the effluent for irrigation was studied. The crop and soil were tested for pathogenic pollution. The accumulation of salts and heavy metals in the soil as well as concentration of the nutrients and heavy metal accumulation in the plant tissues were determined. Clogging of the irrigation system was evaluated and treated. Yield was determined. Results of the study showed that the effluent has a low heavy metal content. It showed moderate restriction for surface trickle irrigation. Regarding the microbiological quality of the treated wastewater, it was found that the faecal coliform ranged from 2.1 × 10 3 to 1.8 × 10 Most Probable Number (MPN) per 100 ml at the irrigated site, while it is free from nematode eggs. The soil surface under the effluent irrigation water was found to contain faecal coliform, but the count drastically decreased with depth. Except for a very low coliform count on fruit skins, no colifonn count was found on the crop leaves, whether they were free or in contact with the soil. The effluent showed a rather high concentration of chlorophyll a due to the presence of algae. Results of soil analysis after eggplant harvest showed a slight increase in heavy metals and salt accumulation at the periphery of the wet zone. Nutrients and heavy metal concentration in eggplant tissue under treated effluent irrigation was within the normal range in agricultural crops. Although filtration of the effluent was not practised, there was minimum clogging of the irrigation system. This clogging was successfully controlled with acid and chlorine. Eggplant yield under treated effluent was twice the average eggplant production under fresh water irrigation using conventional fertiliser application in Jordan.

Effect of treated effluent irrigation and nitrogen on yield and nitrogen use efficiency of wheat

Yield and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) of wheat was investigated under field conditions using two types of irrigation waters with and without nitrogen on a sandy-loam to loamy-sand soil during 1992–1993 and 1993–1994. Depending upon different nitrogen treatments, the mean crop yield ranges in 1992–1993 were: grain yield 6.19–6.87 Mg ha − and biomass 15.41–16.34 Mg ha −1 receiving treated effluent. The mean crop yield ranges in 1993–1994 were: grain yield 0.46–3.23 Mg ha −1 (well water) and 5.20–6.54 Mg ha −1 (treated effluent); and biomass 1.84–10.80 Mg ha −1 (well water), and 16.00–19.29 Mg ha −1 (treated effluent). The NUE for grain yield in 1992–1993 was between 16.70–50.23 kg kg −1 N (well water) and 20.65–91.56 kg kg −1 N (treated effluent). Whereas the NUE in 1993-94, varied between 10.49–32.13 kg grain kg −1 N (well water) and 21.30–72.93 kg grain kg −1 N (treated effluent). The NUE for total biomass in 1992–1993 varied between 46.54–130.32 kg kg −1 N (well water) and 53.66–158.77 kg kg −1 N (treated effluent). Similarly, the NUE in 1993–1994 varied between 35.99–102.1 kg biomass kg −1 N (well water) and 59.27–161.89 kg biomass kg −1 N (treated effluent). A significant decrease in NUE was observed with increasing nitrogen application both for grain and biomass production. In conclusion, a higher grain yield and NUE of wheat crop can be achieved with low application rates of nitrogen if the crop is irrigated with treated effluent containing nitrogen in the range of 20 mg L −1 and above.