Treat Diabetes Research Articles

Importance of Treatment Status in Links Between Type 2 Diabetes and Alzheimer's Disease.

To investigate relationships among type 2 diabetes treatment, Alzheimer's disease(AD) biomarkers, and risk for dementia. Participants were from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (N = 1,289) and were dementia-free at baseline and underwent health assessment, cognitive testing, and MRI. A subset (n = 900) obtained a lumbar puncture to determine cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) phosphorylated tau (p-tau), total tau (t-tau), and β-amyloid 1-42 (Aβ1-42). Participants were grouped by fasting blood glucose and medication history: euglycemia (EU), prediabetes (PD), untreated diabetes (UD), and treated diabetes (TD). Relationships were investigated between treatment status and CSF biomarkers and risk for dementia. The UD group displayed greater p-tau, t-tau, and p-tau/Aβ1-42 levels than the EU, PD, and TD groups (P values <0.05) and higher t-tau/Aβ1-42 than the EU and PD groups (P values <0.05). The UD group progressed to dementia at higher rates than the EU group (hazard ratio 1.602 [95% CI 1.057-2.429]; P = 0.026). Treatment status may alter the relationship between type 2 diabetes and both AD biomarker profile and risk for dementia. UD is associated with elevated tau pathology and risk for dementia, whereas TD is not. Although this study is observational and therefore causality cannot be inferred, findings support the potential importance of treatment status in AD risk associated with type 2 diabetes.

Effects of the diabetes in the metabolism of the catecholamines in rat mesangial cells in culture

Diabetes Mellitus (DM) cause a great amount of complications in several organs, developing chronic diseases as diabetic retinopathy, diabetic nephropathy and cardiovascular diseases. This study analyzed the catecholamines (CAs) profile in renal tissue and primary mesangial cells (MC), from normal and diabetic animals. DM was induced in Wistar–Hannover by streptozotocin single tail injection (50mg/kg). The groups - Control (CT), Hyperglycemic (HG) and Insuline Treated Diabetic (TD), were evaluated during 60 days. CAs concentrations were determined by HPLC-ED. The analysis of CAs in primary MC demonstrated statistically significant increased in the CA levels in HG compared to TD and CT. The CAs renal levels, showed that Norepinephrine is significantly diminished in HG. On the other hand, the other CAs did not present significant difference between the groups. Overall, we can suggest that MC behave in a different manner from global renal tissue and this difference suggests an important role in the production of these hormones that could have a local activity regulating the glomerular filtration. Concluding that in DM we may find a disturb CAs metabolism, besides the renal damage induced directly by high blood glucose levels and these alterations could contribute to the diabetic nephropathy development. Supported by FAPESP, 09/50738-0.

Prevalence of treated diabetes: Geographical variations at the small-area level and their association with area-level characteristics. A multilevel analysis in Southeastern France

Aim This study estimated geographical variations in the prevalence of treated diabetes (TD) at the small-area level in Southeastern France to determine whether or not the characteristics of these areas (in particular, socioeconomic status or “SES”) are associated with TD independent of person-level factors. Methods The study used drug reimbursement data for 2008 from the General Health Insurance Scheme in Southeastern France for beneficiaries aged 18 years or over. TD patients were defined as those to whom oral antidiabetic drugs or insulin had been dispensed at least three times within the year. Area (canton) characteristics associated with the prevalence of TD were studied using multilevel Poisson regression. Results In 2008, the crude prevalence of TD in adults in Southeastern France was 5.14%. In addition, TD prevalence was significantly higher in the more deprived and population-dense cantons independent of person-level factors (age, gender, low SES). Conclusion This study found a positive association between area deprivation and TD, and adds further evidence to the scanty data so far available on this topic. This finding should contribute to pinpointing priority action areas for programmes of diabetes prevention. However, more research is needed to further elucidate the mechanism(s) linking area deprivation and diabetes.

Oxidative stress is not associated with vascular dysfunction in a model of alloxan-induced diabetic rats

To verify if an experimental model of alloxan-diabetic rats promotes oxidative stress, reduces nitric oxide bioavailability and causes vascular dysfunction, and to evaluate the effect of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) on these parameters. Alloxan-diabetic rats were treated or not with NAC for four weeks. Plasmatic levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitrite/nitrate (NOx), the endothelial and inducible nitric oxide synthase (eNOS and iNOS) immunostaining and the vascular reactivity of aorta were compared among diabetic (D), treated diabetic (TD) and control (C) rats. MDA levels increased in D and TD. NOx levels did not differ among groups. Endothelial eNOS immunostaining reduced and adventitial iNOS increased in D and TD. The responsiveness of rings to acetylcholine, sodium nitroprusside, and phenylephrine did not differ among groups. NAC had no effect on the evaluated parameters and this experimental model did not promote vascular dysfunction despite the development of oxidative stress.

Sodium Tungstate on Some Biochemical Parameters of the Parotid Salivary Gland of Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats: A Short-Term Study

Several studies have shown the antidiabetic properties of sodium tungstate. In this study, we evaluated some biochemical parameters of the parotid salivary gland of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats treated with sodium tungstate solution (2 mg/ml). The studied groups were: untreated control (UC), treated control (TC), untreated diabetic (UD), and treated diabetic (TD). After 2 and 6 weeks of treatment, parotid gland was removed and total protein and sialic acid (free and total) concentration and amylase and peroxidase activities were determined. Data were compared by variance analysis and Tukey test (p < 0.05). The sodium tungstate treatment modestly decreased the glycemia of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. At week 2 of the study, parotid gland of diabetic rats presented a reduction of total protein concentration (55%) and an increase of amylase (120%) and peroxidase (160%) activities, free (150%) and total (170%) sialic acid concentration. No alteration in the evaluated parameters at week 6 of the study was observed. Sodium tungstate presented no significant effect in parotid gland. Our results suggest that diabetes causes initial modification in biochemical composition of parotid. However, this gland showed a recovery capacity after 6 week of the experimental time. Sodium tungstate has no effect in peripheral tissues, such as salivary glands.

Alterações histológicas e imunoistoquímicas em pâncreas de ratos normais e diabéticos tratados com Syzygium cumini

Avaliou-se o efeito da administração oral do extrato da casca de Syzygium cumini sobre o pâncreas de ratos normais e diabéticos. Os animais foram divididos em grupo controle (C), controle tratado (CT), diabético controle (DC) e diabético tratado (DT). Os tratados receberam dose diária de 1g kg-1 de peso vivo, durante 30 dias. Os animais foram submetidos à eutanásia e o pâncreas retirado para análise histológica e imunoistoquímica para insulina. Neste estudo observou-se uma diminuição (P&lt;0,001) no número e tamanho das ilhotas pancreáticas, alteração na sua citoarquitetura e diminuição (P&lt;0,0001) do número de células com marcação positiva para insulina nos animais diabéticos em relação aos não diabéticos. Não foi observada diferença entre os animais dos grupos DC e DT e entre os dos grupos C e CT. Estes resultados indicam que o extrato da casca de Syzygium cumini não afeta o número, o tamanho e a citoarquitetura das ilhotas pancreáticas e não promove um aumento no número de células beta em animais tratados com a planta.

Syzygium cumini and the regeneration of insulin positive cells from the pancreatic duct

Syzygium cumini is a plant that has been used in popular medicine for the treatment of insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (DMID). This study verified the effect of Syzygium cumini upon the regeneration of insulin producing cells in the pancreatic duct wall. The animals were divided into four groups, control (C), treated control (TC), diabetic control (DC) and treated diabetic (TD). An aqueous extract from Syzygium cumini bark was given by gavage in a daily dose of 1g/kg of body weight. After a thirty day period the animals were euthanized and the pancreas taken to immunohistochemical analysis. In this study, it was observed the positive staining for insulin on cells of the pancreatic duct and connective tissue in the pancreas of TD and TC animals. These results indicate that Syzygium cumini bark extract stimulates development of insulin positive cells from the pancreatic duct epithelial cells.