Treated Canola Meal Research Articles

Production efficiency, milk yield, and milk composition and fatty acids profile of lactating goats feeding formaldehyde-treated canola meal in two levels of dietary crude protein

The effectiveness of formaldehyde treated canola meal (FTCM) in two levels of dietary crude protein (CP) were evaluated in an experiment. Eight multiparous lactating Raini goats (early lactation, 32 ± 2 kg BW) were used in a 4 × 4 Latin square design with four treatments. Experimental diets were: (1) diet with 14.5 % CP containing untreated canola meal (UCM) (CON), (2) diet with 14.5 % CP containing FTCM (0.8 g/100 g CP) (FT1), (3) diet with 14.5 % CP containing FTCM (1.2 g/100 g CP) (FT2), and (4) diet with 12.5 % CP containing FTCM (1.2 g/100 g CP) (LPFT2). Dry matter intake (DMI) of the goats was significantly increased by substitution of FTCM in the diet (P < 0.001). Feeding FT2 and LPFT2 diets significantly increased production of milk, fat-corrected milk (FCM), energy-corrected milk (ECM), total-solids-corrected milk (TSCM) (P < 0.001), and yields of fat, protein, lactose, total solids, and non-fat solids (P < 0.01). However, dietary treatments did not affect milk composition of the goats. Production efficiency for milk and FCM were highest (P < 0.001) in goats fed the LPFT2 diet. Moreover, the FT1 diet decreased C4:0, C6:0, C8:0, C10:0, C12:0, C15:0, C17:0, t-C18:3, and total short-chain and long-chain fatty acids (FA) of the milk (P ≤ 0.01), but C16:0 and total medium-chain FA were increased (P ≤ 0.01) as compared to CON and FT2. Although formaldehyde treating did not affect ruminal pH, the concentrations of ruminal ammonia-N (NH3-N), and blood urea-N (BUN) decreased by feeding FT2 and LPFT2 diets (P < 0.001). Also, LPFT2 diet increased concentration of total ruminal VFA (TVFA) and showed lower acetate/propionate ratio when fed to the goats (P < 0.05). In general, substitution of 1.2 % FTCM had improved feed intake and productive performance of lactating goats; it is therefore concluded that formaldehyde treating of canola meal can be used as an economical choice for increasing dietary bypass protein, by which the level of diet crude protein can be reduced.

Potential of Phytase and Citric Acid Treated Canola Meal Based Diet to Enhance the Minerals Digestibility in Labeo rohita Fingerlings

Potential of Phytase and Citric Acid Treated Canola Meal Based Diet to Enhance the Minerals Digestibility in Labeo rohita Fingerlings

Effects of replacing soybean meal with canola meal or treated canola meal on ruminal digestion, omasal nutrient flow, and performance in lactating dairy cows

Extrusion treated canola meal (TCM) was produced in an attempt to increase the rumen-undegraded protein fraction of canola meal (CM). The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of replacing soybean meal (SBM) with CM or TCM on ruminal digestion, omasal nutrient flow, and performance in lactating dairy cows. To assess performance, 30 multiparous Holstein cows averaging (mean ± SD) 119 ± 23 d in milk and 44 ± 7 kg of milk/d and 15 primiparous cows averaging 121 ± 19 d in milk and 34 ± 6 kg of milk/d were blocked in a randomized complete block design with a 2-wk covariate period and 12-wk experimental period (experiment 1). Dietary ingredients differed only in protein supplements, which were SBM, CM, or TCM. All diets were formulated to contain (dry matter basis) 30% alfalfa silage, 30% corn silage, 4% soy hulls, 2.4% mineral-vitamin premix, and 16% CP. The SBM diet contained 25% high-moisture shelled corn and 8.6% SBM; the canola diets contained 22% high-moisture shelled corn and either 11.2% CM or 11.4% TCM. To assess ruminal digestion and omasal nutrient flow, 6 rumen-cannulated cows were blocked into 2 squares of 3 cows and randomly assigned within blocks to the same 3 dietary treatments as in experiment 1 in a replicated 3 × 3 Latin square design (experiment 2). Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS (SAS Institute, Cary, NC). Orthogonal contrasts were used to compare effects of different protein supplements: SBM versus CM + TCM and CM versus TCM. In experiment 1, compared with SBM, apparent total-tract digestibilities of dry matter and nutrients were greater in cows fed both CM diets, and there was a tendency for nutrient digestibilities to be higher in cows fed CM compared with TCM. Diets did not affect milk yield and milk components; however, both canola diets decreased urinary urea N (% of total urinary N), fecal N (% of total N intake), and milk urea N concentration. In experiment 2, compared with SBM, both canola diets increased N intake and tended to increase rumen-degraded protein supply (kg/d) and N truly digested in the rumen (kg/d). Diets did not affect ruminal digestibility, efficiency of microbial protein synthesis, and rumen-undegraded protein flow among diets. Results from this experiment indicate that replacing SBM with CM or TCM in diets of lactating cows improved digestibility and may reduce environmental impact. Moreover, under the conditions of the present study, treating CM by extrusion did not improve CM utilization.

1584 Effects of replacing soybean meal with canola meal or treated canola meal on nitrogen metabolism and total tract digestibility in lactating dairy cows

1584 Effects of replacing soybean meal with canola meal or treated canola meal on nitrogen metabolism and total tract digestibility in lactating dairy cows

1404 Effects of replacing soybean meal with canola meal or treated canola meal on ruminal digestion, and omasal nutrient flow in lactating dairy cows

1404 Effects of replacing soybean meal with canola meal or treated canola meal on ruminal digestion, and omasal nutrient flow in lactating dairy cows

Impact of Canolol‐Enriched Extract from Heat‐Treated Canola Meal to Enhance Oil Quality Parameters in Deep‐Frying: a Comparison with Rosemary Extract and TBHQ‐Fortified Oil Systems

AbstractCanolol‐enriched extracts obtained from the extraction of fluidized bed treated canola meal with supercritical carbon dioxide were added to high‐oleic canola oil in different concentrations (200, 500 and 750 mg/kg). After 30 h of deep‐fat frying, oils fortified with canolol‐enriched extracts showed a two to three times better frying performance in comparison to the commonly used antioxidants (TBHQ, 200 mg/kg; rosemary extract, 40 and 200 mg/kg) and a control without antioxidants with regards to the formation of di‐ and polymer triacylglycerols, total polar compounds, secondary degradation products (anisidine value) and the iodine value. The canolol‐enriched extracts were also able to slow down the degradation of α‐ and γ‐tocopherol during frying resulting in significant amounts of tocopherols after 30 h of frying in comparison to the other oils. The influence of the canolol‐enriched extracts indicated strongly concentration‐dependent performance. With increasing concentration of the extract, the thermal stability of the fortified oil was improved. The only disadvantage of the addition of the extracts was an increase in the initial acid value, but within the frying time, only oil fortified with 750 mg canolol‐enriched extract/kg reached the limit given in different countries.

Treating canola meal changes in situ degradation, nutrient apparent digestibility, and protein fractions in sheep

The present study was conducted to evaluate the effects of three different treatment methods of canola meal (CM) on ruminal degradability of crude protein (CP) and dry matter (DM) in situ and apparent digestibility of nutrients in sheep. The fractionation of protein for treated CM was measured as well. Treatments were: T0=CM with no treatment (control); T1=treatment with formaldehyde; T2=treatment with acetic acid; and T3=heating treatment. The ruminal degradability of CP and DM was measured using four rumen fistulated Mehraban sheep. For digestibility trial twelve intact Mehraban sheep were used. The results showed that neutral detergent insoluble nitrogen (NDIN) contents were 5.28%, 5.29%, 6.25% and 5.16% and acid detergent insoluble nitrogen (ADIN) contents were 4.46%, 4.59%, 4.44% and 4.50% for T0, T1, T2 and T3, respectively (P>0.05). Considering nitrogen fractions, A+B1 and B2 showed differences among treatments (P<0.05) with B3 and C being similar among treatments. The degradability kinetic parameters for DM (a, b and c) differed among treatments (P<0.05). The lowest effective degradability of DM was for control treatment. The parameters a, b and c for CP degradability also were affected by treatments (P<0.05). Ruminal degradation rates of DM and CP were decreased and the highest degradability for both DM and CP was observed in untreated CM. The digestibility of DM and OM showed no difference among treatments; however, CP digestibility was different among treatments (P<0.05). Regardless of CM treatment method, treated CM had greater B2 and lower A+B1 fractions compared with untreated CM and solubility of protein in CM decreased with different treatments. The results of the present study suggest that untreated CM has the greatest degradation rate in rumen and treating CM considerably decreased the solubility of protein and ruminal degradation rate. In conclusion the results suggest the treatment CM with formaldehyde to increase apparent digestibility of protein and the treatment CM with acetic acid to decrease ruminal degradation rate of protein.

Effects of body condition score at calving and feeding various types of concentrate supplements to grazing dairy cows on early lactation performance

The objective of the experiment reported here was to establish the effect of canola meal supplements of different protein degradability on the performance of grazing dairy cows with different body condition scores (BCS) in early lactation, and to compare this with feeding a cereal grain supplement instead. The experiment included a total of 72 cows in six treatments in a 2 * 3 factorial design, incorporating two BCS at calving (4.1 and 5.6 units on an 8-point scale), and three early lactation pelleted supplements. The three pelleted supplements were 100% wheat (wheat supplement), 50% wheat and 50% untreated mechanically extracted canola meal (a rumen degradable protein supplement), and 50% wheat and 50% canola meal that had been subjected to additional heat and pressure (a rumen undegradable protein supplement). It was hypothesised that fat cows would perform best with the treated canola meal supplement, which provided most rumen undegradable protein, whereas the type of protein would not be important for thin cows, and neither would the type of supplemental energy. Cows grazed pasture after calving at a daily pasture allowance of 35–40 kg DM/cow and were offered 6 kg concentrates each day. Cows were fed these diets for 92 days on average, from calving until three weeks into the mating period. Both canola meal-based supplements resulted in higher ( P < 0.05) daily milk production than the wheat supplement (33.3 and 34.0 v. 30.5 kg/cow) in both thin and fat cows. Body condition score at calving positively ( P < 0.05) affected average milk yield (31.6 v. 33.7 kg/cow), however, there was a time × BCS × supplement interaction whereby the fatter cows benefited from the use of either of the canola meal supplements for a longer period than did the thin cows. Average milk fat concentrations were greater ( P < 0.05) where the canola meal supplements were fed (39.3 and 39.6 v. 35.6 g/kg), and in fat cows relative to thin cows (40.0 v. 36.3 g/kg). Serum urea concentrations were significantly ( P < 0.05) lower in cows fed wheat than in those fed either of the canola meal supplements (3.1 v. 4.3 and 4.2 mmol/L). Serum β-hydroxybutyrate concentrations were lowest ( P < 0.05) where wheat pellets were fed, and highest ( P < 0.05) where treated canola meal pellets were fed, and plasma glucose concentrations were highest with wheat and lowest with the treated canola meal pellets. Thus, the hypothesis was not supported by the results of this experiment.

Milk production and protein concentration are enhanced by replacing mechanically extracted canola meal with commercially treated canola meal in dairy diets

By-Pro canola meal (Australian Patent 748 131) prepared from mechanically extracted canola meal was used in an experiment near Geelong, Victoria, in which it replaced (wt/wt on a DM basis) untreated mechanically extracted canola meal in the compound feed offered to high producing dairy cows. Herd testing began after all cows had calved and continued for the next 106 days. Protein (CP), fat and milk production were measured and a dollar return for production calculated (Fat*$2.0 + Protein*$5.0 - 2.8c/L). The dollar return over the last 75 days of the experiment was significantly greater for the test cows (P=0.03) and similarly, cumulative protein production was significantly greater for the test cows (P=0.05). Fat production followed a similar pattern. The dollar return per cow for the entire experiment was $71.8 greater for the test cows and, if the same pattern had continued for the next 100 days, it would have been $190 per cow. By-Pro canola meal had a rumen undegradable protein (RUP) content of 70% compared with only 10.1% for untreated canola meal. The By-Pro process is capable of processing various protein feed materials to produce products with enhanced RUP contents.

Lignosulfonate-treated canola meal for nursing beef calves

A study was conducted to determine the effects of lignosulfonate and heat treatment of canola meal on protein degradability, and to evaluate whether feeding treated canola meal to nursing beef calves enhances preweaning growth. Four supplements were formulated to contain 31% crude protein (CP) using either: (1) untreated canola meal (UTC), (2) heat-treated canola meal (HTC; 100 °C for 1 h), (3) lignosulfonate-treated canola meal (LTC; 5% calcium lignosulfonate and 100 °C for 1 h), or (4) corn distillers' dried grains (DDG). Degradability of canola meal CP was reduced significantly from 55.1% (measured in sacco) to 43.2% by heat, and to 26.7% by lignosulfonate treatment. One hundred and three nursing crossbred calves were given access to either no supplement (control) or one of the four supplements. Weight gain (kg d−1) increased (P &lt; 0.05) from 0.90 for the control to 1.05 for calves fed DDG, and further increased (P &lt; 0.05) to 1.16, 1.16 and 1.18 for calves fed UTC, HTC, and LTC, respectively. Consequently, calves fed canola meal gained 30.8 kg more (P &lt; 0.05) than those fed control, and 12.8 kg more (P &lt; 0.05) than those fed DDG. The performance of suckling calves during the grazing season and body condition of their dams were enhanced by offering canola-based creep feeds. Although degradability of canola meal CP was substantially lowered by lignosulfonate treatment, calf performance was not further enhanced by feeding treated canola meal. Key words: Beef cattle, creep feeding, canola meal, lignosulfonate, heat-treatment, distillers' dried grains, protein degradability

Forestomach and Whole Tract Digestion in Lactating Dairy Cows Fed Canola Meal Treated with Variable Levels of Acetic Acid

Five Holstein cows in midlactation were fed four isonitrogenous (mean 2.76% N) mixed diets containing untreated canola meal or replaced with canola meal treated with 0, 33, 67, or 100% of acetic acid in a 12-wk 4 × 4 Latin square experiment. Diets were 50% barley-based concentrate, 12% canola meal, 30% whole crop oat silage, and 8% alfalfa silage (DM basis). Forestomach and whole tract apparent digestibilities of DM, OM, and its components, including fiber and CP, did not differ as proportions of treated canola meal increased. Rumen pool sizes of OM, NDF, and bacterial OM, as well as total NAN and bacterial N, were not influenced by treatment, although bacterial N pool size tended to decline as treated canola meal replaced untreated. This result was consistent with a trend for reduced flow of bacterial N at the duodenum. Duodenal flow of AA protein, and its profile, was not influenced by treatment. Results suggest that low level replacement of untreated canola meal with canola meal treated with acetic acid stimulated microbial growth by providing more sustained delivery of slowly degraded true protein. However, at higher substitution, the rumen microbial pool was reduced progressively, perhaps because of a shortage of readily fermentable N. This hypothesis, although not consistent with all data, seems to be the most plausible explanation for all observations, although it is clear that differences in both digestion and duodenal flow, particularly for protein, attributable to replacement of untreated canola meal by that treated with acetic acid were moderate.

Effects of Canola Meal Treated with Acetic Acid on Rumen Degradation and Intestinal Digestibility in Lactating Dairy Cows

Five midlactation lactating Holstein cows (628±42kg) fitted with large rumen cannulas and T-type cannulas in the proximal duodenum were used in a 4 × 4 Latin square experiment to determine the effects of acetic acid treatment of canola meal on rumen degradation of its protein, rumen fermentation, and postruminal digestion. Canola meal was mixed with 3% (vol/wt) acetic acid in a mixer, followed by drying at 105°C. Acetic acid treatment of canola meal reduced its in situ rumen DM and CP degradability by up to 17.0 or 28.6 percentage units, respectively, dependent upon the assumed rumen turnover rate. Cows were fed TMR twice daily containing 60% concentrate, 8% alfalfa silage, and 32% whole crop oat silage on a DM basis. Treated canola meal replaced untreated canola meal in the concentrate at 0, 33, 67, and 100%. Each experimental period was 21 d. Average concentration of rumen acetate and isobutyrate increased linearly, but rumen pH, NH3 N, lactic acid, and VFA concentrations, other than acetate and isobutyrate, were not affected by inclusion of treated canola meal. Treatment of canola meal with acetic acid was effective in increasing escape from the rumen of postruminally digestible canola meal protein.