Treadmill Training Group Research Articles

Effects of DLPFC tDCS Followed by Treadmill Training on Dual-Task Gait and Cortical Excitability in Parkinson’s Disease: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Background Gait disturbances are exacerbated in people with Parkinson’s disease (PD) during dual-task walking (DTW). Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) has been shown to exert beneficial effects on gait performance and cortical excitability in PD; however, its combined effects with treadmill training (TT) remain undetermined. Objective To investigate the effects of tDCS followed by TT on DTW performance and cortical excitability in individuals with PD. Methods Thirty-four PD participants were randomized to dorsal lateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) tDCS and TT group (DLPFC tDCS + TT group) or sham tDCS and TT group (sham tDCS + TT group) for 50 minutes per session (20 minutes tDCS followed by 30 minutes TT), 12 sessions within 5 weeks (2-3 sessions each week). Outcome measures included cognitive dual-task walking (CDTW), motor dual-task walking (MDTW), usual walking performance, cortical excitability, functional mobility, cognitive function, and quality of life. Results The DLPFC tDCS + TT group exerted significantly greater improvement in CDTW velocity (P = .046), cadence (P = .043), and stride time (P = .041) compared to sham tDCS + TT group. In addition, DLPFC tDCS + TT group demonstrated a significant increase in resting motor threshold of stimulated hemisphere compared with sham tDCS + TT group (P = .026). However, no significant differences between groups were found in MDTW performance and other outcomes. Conclusion Twelve-session DLPFC tDCS followed by TT significantly improved CDTW performance and decreased cortical excitability more than TT alone in individuals with PD. Applying DLPFC tDCS prior to TT could be suggested for gait rehabilitation in individuals with PD. Clinical trial registration number: Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry ACTRN12622000101785

A treadmill training program in a gamified virtual reality environment combined with transcranial direct current stimulation in Parkinson's Disease: Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial.

Parkinson's Disease (PD) affects movement and cognition, and physiotherapy, particularly treadmill gait training, has potential in addressing movement dysfunctions in PD. However, treadmill training falls short in addressing cognitive aspects and adherence. Virtual reality (VR) and gamification can enhance motor and cognitive retraining and improve adherence. People with Parkinson's Disease (PWPD) have decreased motor skill learning efficiency, but tDCS can improve motor and cognitive learning. 78 participants with PD will be randomly allocated in a 1:1:1 ratio to one of three groups: (1) treadmill + Gamified Virtual Reality Environment (GVRE) + tDCS training group; (2) treadmill + GVRE training group or (3) treadmill training group. Participants will follow a 6-week, 12-session treadmill gait training plan, gradually increasing session duration from 20 to 45 minutes. Participants in (1) and (2) will undergo a GVRE training protocol, with (1) also receiving tDCS for the first 20 minutes of each session. Assessments will occur at baseline, post-intervention, and at a 6-week follow-up. The primary outcome measure will be gait speed during single and dual-task performance. Secondary measures will include additional gait parameters, executive tests for cognitive performance, and clinical outcomes for disease stage, cognitive status, and physical condition. This randomized clinical trial presents an innovative neurorehabilitation protocol that aims to improve gait and cognition in PWPD. The study also examines how tDCS can enhance motor and cognitive training. Results could contribute to enhancing the motor and cognitive state of PWPD through a GVRE and tDCS-based neurorehabilitation protocol. NCT05243394. 28/02/2024 -v3.2.

Treadmill training improves neural function recovery in rats with spinal cord injury via JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway and attenuating apoptosis.

To investigate the role of JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway in neural function recovery in rats with spinal cord injury (SCI) after treadmill training. Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups: (a) sham group; (b) SCI group; (c) SCI+treadmill training group (SCI/TT); and (d) SCI/TT+AG490 group (a JAK2 inhibitor) ( n = 12). The 12 Sprague-Dawley rats in each group were randomly assigned into 1 st , 3 rd , 7 th , and 14 th day subgroups. The Basso-Beattie-Bresnahan (BBB) locomotor rating scale was used to assess the spinal cord function, and JAK2, STAT3, and IL-6 protein expressions in the rat spinal cord were evaluated by western blot. The level of cell apoptosis and expressions of apoptotic proteins were evaluated by TUNEL assay and immunohistochemistry, respectively. Rats in the SCI+TT group showed a significantly higher BBB score after SCI compared with the SCI group and the SCI/TT+AG490 group. Mechanistically, the JAK2/STAT3 signal pathway was immediately activated after SCI compared with sham group, and JAK2 and STAT3 were obviously upregulated when treadmill training was performed ( P < 0.05). Results of TUNEL assay showed that the apoptotic rate in SCI/TT was significantly lower than that in the SCI group and SCI/TT+AG490 group ( P < 0.05). Besides, the IL-6 expression in the SCI/TT group was significantly attenuated compared with the SCI group ( P < 0.05). Our results showed that physical treadmill training can enhance activation of JAK2/STAT3 signal pathway and attenuate apoptosis in the injured spinal cord, resulting in better functional recovery. These results underline the importance of synergistic treatment strategies for SCI.

Improving walking via real-time visual feedback after stroke in treadmill training (RE-VISIT): a protocol for randomized controlled trial

BACKGROUND: After a stroke, most patients often suffer reduced walking ability and balance. Restoring walking ability and improving balance are major goals of stroke rehabilitation. Treadmills are often used in clinical setups to achieve these goals. Adding dimensions to the visual feedback in addition to the mirror for real-time frontal view is proven to enhance the gait. It is, therefore, important to design additional real-time visual feedback in treadmill training, in particular for the sagittal view involved side. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study is to test if the real-time sagittal visual feedback during treadmill training is superior to the conventional mirror feedback treadmill training program of equivalent intensity in improving walking speed and balance after stroke. METHODS/DESIGN: The RE-VISIT trial (Real-time Visual feedback after Stroke in Treadmill training) is registered in the Clinical Trial Registry of India (CTRI/2023/10/058299). In this two-arm randomized control trial, which will be a single-blinded study, 42 eligible stroke survivors undergoing rehabilitation will be randomly allocated (1:1 ratio) to either real-time visual sagittal feedback along with front mirror (experimental) group or only front mirror treadmill training (control) group, all the participants will receive 15 sessions of treadmill training for up to 15 min at a safe self-selected speed over 5-6 weeks. The RE-VISIT (experimental) group will receive real-time, visual sagittal view feedback of the involved lower limb trajectory along with the routine front mirror view during treadmill training and will be asked to modify their gait pattern. The control group will receive treadmill walking training only with the routine front mirror view feedback. Clinical and gait assessments will be conducted at the baseline, immediately following the final session of training, and at the 9th week during follow-up. The outcome measures of interest are walking speed (primary) and balance (secondary), which will be measured prior to baseline, post 15 sessions of training, and at the 9th week following training. DISCUSSION: This REVISIT trial will provide insight and contribute to the existing innovation and modifications of incorporating real-time visual feedback during treadmill training in post-stroke gait rehabilitation. The findings will help the better designing of a gait rehabilitation program with a treadmill for post-stroke subjects to improve walking speed, and balance for those who have greater difficulties in community ambulation. We anticipate that those in the REVISIT training will demonstrate improved walking ability.

Effects of Treadmill Training on Gross Motor Function, Spasticity and Gait Speed in Ambulatory Children with Spastic Cerebral Palsy

Background: Cerebral palsy is described as a permanent, non-progressive disorder related to neurodevelopmental abnormalities in an underdeveloped brain which leads to additional brain lesions resulting in secondary motor disturbances and postural abnormalities Objective: To determine the effectiveness of treadmill training on gross motor function, spasticity and gait speed in ambulatory children with spastic cerebral palsy. Methodology: It was a Randomized clinical trial, which was done in Bahria International Hospital, Lahore by convenient sampling technique. A sample size of 50 patients were divided into two groups. Patients in Group A underwent conventional physiotherapy, whereas those in Group B received a specialized treadmill training program tailored for children with spastic cerebral palsy, alongside their standard physical therapy sessions. Result: Our data is normally distributed so wo applied Independent sample t test for between group analysis which shows that mean of group A at baseline is 5.40±0.49 and group B is 5.20±0.76, at 6th weeks group A is 4.80±0.48 and group B is 4.33±.0.88and at 12th weeks group A is 3.93±0.58 and group B is 2.13±0.68.p-value shows that there is no significant difference between two groups at baseline and at 6th weeks but at 12th weeks there is a significant differences as p-value is less than 0.00.Repeated measure ANOVA shows both groups shows significant results but mean difference of treadmill training group were more in all outcome. Conclusion: - Our study concludes that treadmill training, along with physiotherapy, is beneficial for children with spastic cerebral palsy in improving gross motor function, spasticity, and gait speed.

Ostarine blunts the effect of endurance training on submaximal endurance in rats

The purpose of this study is to study the effects of ostarine alone and in combination with endurance training in sexually mature, male Wistar rats. The rats were divided into a treadmill-trained group and a sedentary group. Half of each group received either ostarine or vehicle for 8 weeks (n = 10 each, in total n = 40). We examined some functional, hormonal, and anthropometric parameters and the myogenic gene expression of myostatin, insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), and vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A) in m. gastrocnemius. Ostarine decreased submaximal endurance and increased myogenic gene expression of myostatin but had no effect on maximal time to exhaustion and grip strength. Training increased submaximal endurance, maximal time to exhaustion, and grip strength. Our results indicate that both exercise and ostarine treatment had no significant effects on serum levels of luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, and testosterone, or on the myogenic gene expression of IGF-1 and VEGF-A. Neither ostarine nor the training had a significant effect on the testis, liver, and heart weights. In conclusion, ostarine had no effect on anthropometric and hormonal parameters but increased the myostatin gene expression in muscle. The SARM treatment decreased submaximal endurance without affecting maximal time to exhaustion, and training increased both metrics.

Effects of Ostarine and Endurance Training on Some Functional, Hematological, and Biochemical Parameters in Male Rats

Background: Non-steroidal Selective Androgen Receptor Modulators (SARMs) are currently a group of drug candidates with anabolic effects, tissue selectivity, and the potential to improve the therapeutic process in a number of socially significant diseases. There is insufficient data on their effects during exercise and on their adverse side effects. Objectives: Our objective was to examine the role of selective androgen receptor modulators for the physical working capacity of the body, hematological and biochemical parameters, and to evaluate any side effects of SARMs. We studied the effects of ostarine (S-22, MK-2866, GTx-024, Enobosarm) alone or in combination with submaximal training in sexually mature male Wistar rats. Methods: The rats used were divided into a treadmill-trained group and a sedentary group. Half of each group received either ostarine or vehicle for 8 weeks (n = 10 each). We performed functional tests and blood analysis at the end of the experiment to analyze clinical chemistry and hematological indicators. Results: Ostarine did not affect maximal sprint speed, VO2max, and running economy, while submaximal training increased these parameters. Ostarine increased total plasma cholesterol and energy expenditure and decreased plasma glucose concentration. Neither treatment changed the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood, the respiratory quotient, the concentration of triglycerides and LDL-cholesterol, or creatine kinase. Combined treatment neutralized the negative effect of ostarine on plasma total cholesterol levels. Conclusions: Ostarine did not affect the examined hematological and physical working capacity parameters, but it changed some clinical chemistry indicators. Training improved the physical working capacity but did not affect the clinical chemistry and hematological parameters. Further research is needed to clarify other aspects of the influence of non-steroidal SARMs on the physical working capacity and possible side effects during long-term use, as their administration, along with physical activity, is becoming popular among healthy adult bodybuilders in gyms.

Comparing the Effects of Eight Weeks of Running on a Treadmill and on the Ground on Electrical Muscle Activity of Young Men With Genu Varum

Background and Aims Weakness in the knee muscles and other components of the knee joint can cause various complications, including the genu varum. This study aims to investigate the effects of eight weeks of running on a treadmill and on the ground on muscle activities in individuals with genu varum. Methods This is a quasi-experimental and laboratory study. Forty-five young men with genu varus were randomly divided into three groups: control, ground-based training, and treadmill training. Running exercises were performed for eight weeks in the training groups. The electrical activity of selected muscles was recorded by an electromyography system. For statistical analysis, repeated measures analysis of variance was used. The significant level was set at 0.05. Results In the treadmill training group, the electrical activity of the biceps femoris and gastrocnemius medialis muscles increased significantly after training during the heel contact phase. In the ground-based training group, the electrical activity of the biceps femoris and vastus latralis muscles significantly increased after training. In the swing phase of running, the electrical activity of the tibialis anterior, gluteus medius, and semitendinosus muscles was also significantly increased after training in the ground-based training group Conclusion It seems that running on a treadmill may have been effective in improving muscle activity and preventing the progression of the knee genu varum.

Does early post-operative exercise influence bone healing kinetics? Preclinical evaluation of non-critical sized femur defect healing.

Physical exercise is a well-known modality for maintaining healthy locomotor mechanism. A detailed preclinical research on physical exercise effect on bone healing kinetics could help to improve the rehabilitation process after fracture treatment and bone remodeling. Our aim was to evaluate the effect of early post-operative exercise effect on bone microstructural changes in a rat model. Twenty Sprague Dawley male rats underwent bi-cortical 1.6mm hole drilling in both femur diaphysis, after which (n=10) underwent continuous treadmill training (TR) over two weeks, while the other group of rats (n=10) was assigned to non-training (NT) control group. New bone formation labeling was performed by subcutaneous fluorochrome injections at day 5, 14 and 31. In vivo micro-computed tomography (μCT) scans were performed once a week during the 6-week post-operative period. Ten animals (five from each group) were euthanized at 3rd week while remaining animals were euthanized at 6th week. Femur samples were extracted and underwent ex vivo μCT and histological evaluation, while serum was used for evaluating alkaline phosphatase (ALP). μCT data demonstrated increased volume and surface of newly formed bone in defect area of TR group. Bone volume/Tissue volume (BV/TV) ratio and number of osteocytes showed an increase in TR group after 3-week period. Fluorochrome distances were increased between day 5 and 14 within the training group. Serum ALP level increased in both groups over 3- and 6-weeks. Post-operative exercise increases the bone healing kinetics and stimulates the new bone formation during and after the training protocol has ended.

Effect of mechanical stimulation on tissue heterotopic ossification: an in vivo experimental study.

Background: Heterotopic ossification of tendons and ligaments (HOTL) is a common clinical condition characterized by the absence of discernible features and a lack of effective treatment. In vitro experiments have demonstrated that mechanical stimulation can induce cell differentiation toward osteogenesis, thereby promoting heterotopic ossification. Currently, there are few experimental designs aimed at inducing ligament stretching in mice, and the mechanism of heterotopic ossification may not entirely mirror that observed in clinical cases. Therefore, there is an urgent imperative to develop a novel and feasible animal model. Methods: In this study, all the Enpp1 gene deficiency mice (a mouse model with heterotopic ossification of multiple ligaments) were divided into three groups: the control group, the spinal brake group, and the hyperactive group (treadmill training group). An external spinal fixation device was designed to restrict mice's spinal flexion and extension at 6weeks of age. The brace was adjusted weekly according to the changes in the size of the mice. Additionally, treadmill training was used to increase activity in the spinal ligaments and Achilles tendons of the mice. Micro-CT scanning and HE staining were performed at 12, 20, and 28W to evaluate the degree of ossification in the spinal ligament and Achilles tendon. What's more, As one of the mechanical stimulation transduction signals, YAP plays a crucial role in promoting osteogenic differentiation of cells. Immunofluorescence was utilized to assess YAP expression levels for the purpose of determining the extent of mechanical stimulation in tissues. Results: Our findings showed that a few ossification lesions were detected behind the vertebral space of mice at 8weeks of age. Spinal immobilization effectively restricts the flexion and extension of cervical and thoracic vertebrae in mice, delaying spinal ligament ossification and reducing chronic secondary spinal cord injury. Running exercises not only enhance the ossification area of the posterior longitudinal ligament (PLL) and Achilles tendons but also exacerbate secondary spinal cord injury. Further immunofluorescence results revealed a notable increase in YAP expression levels in tissues with severe ossification, suggesting that these tissues may be subjected to higher mechanical stimulation. Conclusion: Mechanical stimulation plays a pivotal role in the process of heterotopic ossification in tissues. Our study provided valid animal models to further explore the pathological mechanism of mechanical stimulation in HOTL development.

Effect of anti-gravity treadmill (Alter G) training on gait characteristics and postural stability in adult with healed burns: A single blinded randomized controlled trial

BackgroundBurns constitute one of the foremost contributors to premature mortality and morbidity, and the recovery process from burn injuries is characterized by its intricate and protracted nature. ObjectiveThe principal aim of this study was to assess the influence of an anti-gravity treadmill (Alter G) training program on both gait characteristics and postural stability indices (PSI) in adult individuals who have recovered from burns. DesignThis study followed a single-blind, randomized, controlled design. MethodsA total of 45 adults, aged 18–35 years, with healed lower extremity burns that were circumferential and encompassed 35–50% of their total body surface area (TBSA) were randomly allocated to either the anti-gravity treadmill (Alter G) Training group (n = 22) or the traditional physical therapy program (TPTP) group (n=23). The TPTP group received conventional physical therapy, while the anti-gravity treadmill (Alter G) training group engaged in anti-gravity treadmill exercises alongside the traditional physical therapy program. The primary outcome measures, evaluated at both baseline and the conclusion of the 12-week intervention, included gait characteristics assessed using the GAITRite system and PSI measured by the Biodex Balance System (BBS). ResultsThe anti-gravity treadmill (Alter G) training group exhibited significantly greater enhancements than the TPTP group in terms of mean values and percentage changes in gait characteristics and PSI. Specifically, the percentage changes for the Alter G group were as follows: stride length (20.57%), step time (22.58%), step length (20.47%), velocity (15.67%), cadence (23.28%), and double support time (29.03%). In contrast, the TPTP group’s percentage changes were: 6.73%, 8.19%, 7.65%, 7.75%, 8.89%, and 9.37%, respectively. Concerning PSI, the Alter G group exhibited percentage changes of 55.17% for the medio-lateral stability index (MLI), 48.21% for antero-posterior stability index (API), and 48.48% for the overall stability index (OSI). The TPTP group’s corresponding percentage changes were 20%, 14.03%, and 16.41%. ConclusionsThe amalgamation of anti-gravity treadmill training with the traditional physical therapy program yields greater efficacy than TPTP in isolation. Consequently, the findings underscore the efficiency of anti-gravity treadmill (Alter G) Training as a valuable tool for rehabilitating patients with burn injuries.

Effects of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Followed by Treadmill Training on Dual-Task Walking and Cortical Activity in Chronic Stroke: A Double-Blinded Randomized Controlled Trial

To explore the effects of transcranial direct current stimulation followed by treadmill training on dual-task gait performance and contralesional cortical activity in chronic stroke patients. Forty-five chronic stroke participants were randomized into 3 groups: a bilateral transcranial direct current stimulation and treadmill training group; a cathodal transcranial direct current stimulation and treadmill training group; and a sham transcranial direct current stimulation and treadmill training group for 50 min per session (20 min transcranial direct current stimulation followed by 30 min treadmill training), 3 sessions per week for 4 weeks. Outcome measures included cognitive dual-task walking, motor dual-task walking, walking performance, contralesional cortical activity, and lower-extremity motor control. The cathodal transcranial direct current stimulation + treadmill training group showed significantly greater improvements in cognitive dual-task walking speed than the other groups (p cathodal vs sham = 0.006, p cathodal vs bilateral = 0.016). In the cathodal transcranial direct current stimulation + treadmill training group the silent period duration increased significantly more than in the other groups (p < 0.05). Changes in motor evoked potentials in the cathodal transcranial direct current stimulation + treadmill training group were greater than those in the sham transcranial direct current stimulation + treadmill training group (p < 0.05). No significant changes were observed in the bilateral transcranial direct current stimulation + treadmill training group. Cathodal transcranial direct current stimulation followed by treadmill training is an effective intervention for improving cognitive dual-task walking and modulating contralesional cortical activity in chronic stroke. No beneficial effects were observed after bilateral transcranial direct current stimulation and treadmill training.

Comparison of Integrated Task Oriented Bodyweight Supported Overground Training with Body-Weight Supported Treadmill Training to Improve Functional Mobility in Children with Spastic Diplegic Cerebral Palsy - A Single Blinded Randomized Control Trial

Functional gait training in cerebral palsy can involve over ground gait training or treadmill-based gait training which incorporates partial body weight support (PBWS) system. Insufficient clinical evidence prevails to recommend the superiority over the other intervention. ICF model has created a paradigm shift in understanding motor learning mechanisms, with the use of repetitive, task-specific movements beneficial to restructuring motor pathways. The primary aim of the study was to compare the effect of integrated task oriented Body Weight Supported overground Training (BWSOGT) against the Body Weight Supported Treadmill Training (BWSTT) and the conventional gait training protocols to improve the functional mobility in Cerebral Palsy. Methods: A Single-blinded, randomised control design. Sixty-children with GMFCS Level of III, IV were recruited in the study with an age ranges between 4 to 14 years (mean age = 9). Participants were randomly assigned into three groups using simple randomisation method with 20 subjects in each group for 8 weeks. The training programme consists of Group A with 40% of body weight supported walker with overhead pulley system which allows multiple degrees of freedom. Body weight- supported treadmill training (Group B) in a closed environment and conventional gait protocol using standard walkers (Group C). Outcome measures: Gross Motor Function Measure dimension-88 (GMFM-88) score. Gait kinematics (Stride length, Step length, Cadence) and 10 meter walk test. Tukey’s Post Hoc for group and time interactions, Krushkal Wallis test for overall significance and Mann Whitney’s U test to compare the significance between the groups. BWSOGT group showed significance over the BWSTT and Control group in GMFM score with p = 0.000 p = 0.002, respectively. Step length of gait parameter remained unchanged in all the three groups. Integrated task oriented BWSOGT might be an effective intervention to improve functional ambulation in children with spastic cerebral palsy due to the usage of a context specific environment and the training protocol.

Response to Endurance Training Using Critical Speed: Influence of Genetic Background and Exercise Intensity

Exercise is used as a therapeutic option to improve an individual's quality of life or as a method to attenuate the severity of cardiovascular, respiratory, or metabolic‐related diseases. However, changes in cardiorespiratory fitness in response to endurance training are often heterogenous with individuals being more or less responsive to a similar exercise protocol. Heterogeneity in responses to exercise training is observed in humans and rodents. Low responses to training might be mitigated by modifying the standard exercise training protocol by altering the frequency, intensity, or duration of training. Threshold‐based exercise training prescription, e.g., critical speed, has also been proposed as a means to reduce the variability of training responses. The aim of this study was to identify the effect of different exercise training intensities on changes in exercise capacity in two inbred strains of mice, NZW/LacJ (NZW) and FVB/NJ (FVB). NZW mice were selected because they respond poorly to moderate intensity endurance exercise whereas, FVB mice respond well to endurance training. We hypothesized that increasing the intensity of the training would reduce the number of low or non‐responding NZW mice. To test this hypothesis, female mice from each strain were assigned to one of three treadmill training groups based on critical speed (CS): 80% of their critical speed (CS80%), 90% of their critical speed (CS90%), or sedentary controls (SED). Exercise groups within each strain were volume matched and thus ran the same distance over the 6‐week training period. Pre‐training exercise capacity differed between NZW (30.5 ± 3.5 min) and FVB (36.1 ± 2.8 min) mice (P &lt; 0.001). Critical speeds also differed between strains (NZW: 25.1 ± 2.4 m/min; FVB: 32.9 ± 1.6 m/min, P &lt; 0.001). After training, both FVB exercise groups, CS80% (10.0 ± 4.9 min, P = 0.004) and CS90% (14.0 ± 7.7 min, P = 0.007), improved their endurance capacity. In contrast, NZW CS80% did not significantly improve after training (0.4 ± 4.6 min), but NZW CS90% improved significantly (3.6 ± 2.7 min, P = 0.02). Collectively, these data indicate that the high‐responder FVB strain can adapt to moderate‐intensity and high‐intensity endurance training. The low‐responder NZW strain only showed significant improvement after sufficient homeostatic stress was induced through high‐intensity endurance training. These data suggest that increasing exercise intensity can improve responses to exercise training in low‐ or non‐responding mice.

Effects of methylprednisolone and treadmill training on spinal cord injury in experimental rats.

Methylprednisolone (MP) is widely used to treat clinical spinal cord injury (SCI). Treadmill training is also considered an important treatment after SCI to improve motor function in patients, resulting in an evident improvement. Therefore, the present study was designed to evaluate and contrast the effects of MP and treadmill training administered in combination or alone after SCI in adult rats. A rat spinal cord T10 contusion model was induced in Sprague-Dawley rats using an impact device. A total of 40 rats were divided into four groups (n=10 rats/group): the MP, MP + treadmill training, SCI and sham group. At 30 min after injury, MP sodium succinate was injected into the rats of the MP and MP + treadmill training groups. Treadmill training began on the second week post-trauma and was performed for 8 weeks. The results showed that MP therapy combined with treadmill training significantly ameliorated several parameters of hind limb function compared with those by MP treatment alone (all P<0.05). A significantly reduced immunopositive area of Nogo receptor and chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans and reduced relative expression of these mRNAs were found in the MP + treadmill training group (P<0.05) compared with the findings in the MP group. In conclusion, the present study indicated that combined MP and treadmill training treatment improved the recovery of hind limb function in rats with SCI, thus potentially representing a promising strategy to cure SCI.

Effects of Treadmill Training and Stationary Cycling Training to Improve Ambulatory Function and Cardiovascular Fitness

Background: Stroke is a universal health care disease, the important cause of long time disability in world. Stroke leads to an inactive living, physical restrictions, and not good physical levels, which are related with common post-stroke participation limits. Aerobic capability and walking ability are decreased in old chronic patients of stroke. Aim: To determine the effects of treadmill training and stationary cycling training to improve ambulatory function and cardiovascular fitness in hemiparetic stroke patients Methods: 54 chronic stroke patients were allocated to treadmill training group(n=27) or stationary cycle exercise group (n=27). All participants received conventional physical therapy along with treadmill or stationary cycle training. The 10MWT was conducted to measure gait function and 6 min walk test was used to measure cardiovascular health. Results: The mean of treadmill group for 10 meter walk test is 10.01 + 15.48. The mean of stationary cycle group for 10 meter walk test is 9.80 + 6.77. The mean of treadmill group for 6 min walk test is 22.04+ 17.45. The mean of stationary cycle group for 6 min walk test is 23.20+ 22.92. The p value of 0.000 shows significant difference. This significant difference reflects that both interventions show equal improvement in participants. There is significant difference between pre and post treatment values of both interventions. Both intervention groups displayed significant effect in ambulatory functions and cardiovascular fitness. The results between groups were non significant, it means both interventions showed equal effect but results with in groups were significant. Conclusion: The study showed that treadmill training and stationary cycling training equally enhanced the gait ability and cardiovascular health of chronic stroke patients. Therefore, these exercises could be used to enhance walking and cardiovascular health in management of stroke. Keywords: treadmill training, stationary cycle training, ambulatory function, cardiovascular fitness, stroke

경사도에 따른 트레드밀 훈련이 발달지연 아동의 보행 및 운동 기능에 미치는 영향

The purpose of this study was to investigate effects of inclination treadmill training on gait and gross motor function in children with developmental delay. In this study, a total of 12 developmental delay children was randomly assigned to: the 10° inclination treadmill training group, the 0° inclination treadmill training group. GMFM and K-PBS were used to evaluate the subject’s to gross motor function. In order to evaluate the subject’s walking ability, a walking analysis was conducted via GAITRite system. The intervention was performed 3 times a week for 3 weeks. Each session lasted 20 minutes. The experimental group conducted 10° inclination treadmill training, and the control group conducted 0° inclination treadmill training. The results of this study confirmed that 10° inclination treadmill training was effective in improving gait and gross motor function in developmental delay children. Therefore, 10° inclination treadmill training can be used as an effective interventional method in physical therapy developmental delay to improve gait and gross motor function in children with developmental delay.

Comparison of Irisin Serum Healthy Untrained Males on Treadmill Exercises by Increasing Gradually Speed Vs Inclination

Aerobic exercise can improve cardiorespiratory fitness in young people. Irises released into the bloodstream function to execute regulation of energy metabolism, triggering browning white adipose, which is useful in mitochondrial biogenesis. The American College of Sport Medicine (ACSM) recommends moderate intensity cardiorespiratory fitness training with a frequency of 3-5 times a week, duration of 20-60 minutes, using a treadmill. Study subjects (n = 20) were divided randomly into 2 groups, namely the moderate intensity Treadmill training group with gradual speed improvement and gradual inclination increase. Serum slices are measured on the first and last day of exercise. There was an increasing of irisin serum in the moderate intensity Treadmill training group by increasing gradually speed after 2 weeks of exercise, both 30 minutes pre-exercise (p = 0.02) and 1 hour post exercise (p = 0.01). Medium intensity Treadmill training with 2 weeks gradual speed increase with frequency 3 times a week can increase serum slice in men, healthy untrained young men.

The Effects of Balance and Gait on the Treadmill Training in Patients with Hemiplegia Applying Kinesio-Taping and Lumbosacral Orthosis

Objective: This study was conducted to investigate the effect of balance and gait on the treadmill training in patients with hemiplegia applying kinesio-taping and lumbosacral orthosis. Method: Thirty patients with hemiplegia were randomly selected and divided into three groups.: treadmill training group, treadmill training applying kinesio-taping group, and treadmill training applying lumbosacral orthosis group and they were 30 minute and 6 week trainings. Results from the study are described as follows. Results: Treadmill group shows significant difference in the length of 10 m gait test, gait speed, gait cadence, and stride(p<.05). Treadmill Applying kinesio-taping group shows significant difference in the length of 10 m gait test, gait speed, gait cadence, and length of stride(p<.05). Treadmill applying lumbosacral orthosis group shows significant difference in BBS, TUG, 10 m gait test, gait speed, gait cadence, stride, and stance phase and swing phase of the affected side(p<.05). In the comparison with interventions, there was a significant difference in BBS, TUG, 10 m gait test, gait speed, gait and stance phase and swing phase of the affected side(p<.05). Conclusion: These findings demonstrate that there was a difference in the effect of kinesio-taping and lumbosacral orthosis on trunk stability of patients with hemiplegia during treadmill training and application of lumbosacral orthosis leads to a more effective result in balance and gait changes during treadmill training for patients with hemiplegia.

Effect of 4 Weeks of Anti-Gravity Treadmill Training on Isokinetic Muscle Strength and Muscle Activity in Adults Patients with a Femoral Fracture: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

This study aimed to identify the effect of anti-gravity treadmill training on isokinetic lower-limb muscle strength and muscle activities in patients surgically treated for a hip fracture. A total of 34 participants were randomly assigned into two groups: anti-gravity treadmill training group (n = 17) and control group (n = 17). The isokinetic muscle strength and endurance of hip flexor and extensor and the activities of the vastus lateralis (VL), vastus medialis (VM), gluteus maximus (GM), and gluteus medialis (Gm) muscles were measured before and after 4 weeks of the interventions. Significant improvements were observed in isokinetic muscle strength and endurance of hip flexors and extensors in both groups (p < 0.05); however, no significant differences were observed between the groups (p > 0.05) except for muscle strength of the hip extensor (d = 0.78, p = 0029). Statistically significant increases in the muscle activity of VL, VM, GM, and Gm were found before and after the intervention (p < 0.05), and significant differences in muscle activities of GM (d = 2.64, p < 0.001) and Gm (d = 2.59, p < 0.001) were observed between the groups. Our results indicate that both groups showed improvement in muscle strength, endurance, and activities after the intervention. Additionally, anti-gravity treadmill training improved significantly more muscle strength at 60°/s of the hip extensor and gluteus muscle activities than conventional therapy, which may be appropriate for patients with hip fracture surgery.