Liquid Trap Research Articles

Site-Specific Stability Evaluation of Antibody-Drug Conjugate in Serum Using a Validated Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Method.

Antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) consists of engineered antibodies and cytotoxic drugs linked via a chemical linker, and the stability of ADC plays a crucial role in ensuring its safety and efficacy. The stability of ADC is closely related to the conjugation site; however, no method has been developed to assess the stability of different conjugation sites due to the low response of conjugated peptides. In this study, an integrated strategy was developed and validated to assess the stability of different conjugation sites on ADC in serum. Initial identification of the conjugated peptides of the model drug ado-trastuzumab emtansine (T-DM1) was achieved by the proteomic method. Subsequently, a semiquantitative method for conjugated peptides was established in liquid chromatography-hybrid linear ion trap triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (LC-QTRAP-MS/MS) based on the qualitative information. The pretreatment method of the serum sample was optimized to reduce matrix interference. The method was then validated and applied to evaluate the stability of the conjugation sites on T-DM1. The results highlighted differences in stability among the different conjugation sites on T-DM1. This is the first study to assess the stability of different conjugation sites on the ADC in serum, which will be helpful for the design and screening of ADCs in the early stages of development.

Characterization and comparison of metabolites in colostrum from yaks, buffaloes, and cows based on UPLC-QTRAP-MS metabolomics

Colostrum from yaks and buffaloes possesses substantial nutritional value, yet the complete array of metabolites within remains insufficiently elucidated. This study scrutinizes the metabolite profiles of yak, buffalo, and cow colostrum utilizing targeted metabolomics paired with ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem triple quadrupole linear ion trap mass spectrometry (UPLC-QTRAP-MS). The analysis detected 362 metabolites across all samples. Furthermore, 63, 77, and 46 differential metabolites were selected between yak and buffalo colostrum, yak and cow colostrum, and buffalo and cow colostrum, respectively. Yak colostrum notably contained higher concentrations of inositol, glycine, and carnitine, whereas buffalo colostrum was distinguished by a substantial presence of primary bile acids, which facilitate fat digestion. These findings offer profound insights into yak and buffalo colostrum, providing critical data to propel advancements in the dairy industry.

3D-Printed Latticed Microneedle Array Patches for Tunable and Versatile Intradermal Delivery.

Using high-resolution 3D printing, a novel class of microneedle array patches (MAPs) is introduced, called latticed MAPs (L-MAPs). Unlike most MAPs which are composed of either solid structures or hollow needles, L-MAPs incorporate tapered struts that form hollow cells capable of trapping liquid droplets. The latticestructures can also be coated with traditional viscous coating formulations, enabling both liquid- and solid-state cargo delivery, on a single patch. Here, a library of 43 L-MAP designs is generated and in-silico modeling is used to down-select optimal geometries for further characterization. Compared to traditionally molded and solid-coated MAPs, L-MAPs can load more cargo with fewer needles per patch, enhancing cargo loading and drug delivery capabilities. Further, L-MAP cargo release kinetics into the skin can be tuned based on formulation and needle geometry. In this work, the utility of L-MAPs as a platform is demonstrated for the delivery of small molecules, mRNA lipid nanoparticles, and solid-state ovalbumin protein. In addition, the production of programmable L-MAPs is demonstrated with tunablecargo release profiles, enabled by combining needle geometries on a single patch.

Disposition Kinetics of Cathinone and its Metabolites after Oral Administration in Rats.

Cathinone is a natural stimulant found in the Catha edulis plant. Its derivatives make up the largest group of new psychoactive substances. In order to better understand its effects, it is imperative to investigate its distribution, pharmacokinetics, and metabolic profile. However, the existing literature on cathinone remains limited. This study aimed to investigate the disposition kinetics and metabolic profile of cathinone and its metabolite cathine through a single oral dose of cathinone administration in rats. Cathinone and cathine concentrations were identified and quantified using ion trap liquid chromatography- mass spectrometry (LC-IT/MS). The metabolic profile in the serum, brain, lung, liver, kidney, and heart was analyzed at specific time points (0, 0.5, 2.5, 6, 12, 24, 48, and 72 hours) using the ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-QTOF/MS) method. The highest concentration of cathinone was found in the kidney (1438.6 μg/L, which gradually decreased to 1.97 within 48 h and disappeared after 72 h. Cathinone levels in the lungs, liver, and heart were 859, 798.9, and 385.8 μg/L, respectively, within half an hour. However, within 2.5 hours, these levels decreased to 608.1, 429.3, and 309.1 μg/L and became undetectable after 24 h. In the rat brain, cathinone levels dropped quickly and were undetectable within six hours, decreasing from 712.7 μg/L after 30 min. In the brain and serum, cathine reached its highest levels at 2.5 hours, while in other organs, it peaked at 0.5 hours, indicating slower conversion of cathinone to cathine in the brain and serum. This study revealed a dynamic interplay between cathinone disposition kinetics and its impact on organ-specific metabolic profiles in rats. These results have significant implications for drug development, pharmacovigilance, and clinical practices involving cathinone. Investigating the correlation between the changes in biomarkers found in the brain and the levels of cathinone and cathine is essential for informed decision- making in medical practices and further research into the pharmacological properties of cathinone.

Mushroom poisoning of Panaeolus subbalteatus from Ningxia, northwest China, with species identification and tryptamine detection

Mushroom poisoning is a significant contributor to foodborne disease outbreaks in China. This study focuses on two Panaeolus subbalteatus poisoning incidents accompanied by epidemiological investigations, species identification, and toxin detection in Ningxia, northwest China. In these two poisoning incidents, some patients exhibited gastrointestinal or neurological symptoms approximately 0.5 h after ingestion of a large amount of wild mushroom. Specifically, in Case 1, one of the three patients experienced nausea, vomiting, and numbness in the throat and limbs; in Case 2, one patient reported dizziness and an abnormal sense of direction. Through morphological and phylogenetic analyses, mushroom specimens were identified as P. subbalteatus. Psilocybin and psilocin were detected in mushroom samples, and only psilocin was detected in biological samples by liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole-linear ion trap mass spectrometry screening. The average psilocybin and psilocin contents in mushroom samples were 1532.2–1760.7 and 114.5–136.0 mg/kg (n = 3), respectively. Moreover, only psilocin was detected in blood and urine samples, with average concentrations 0.5–1.2 ng/mL (n = 3) and 2.5–3.1 ng/mL (n = 3), respectively. These findings provide technical support for managing similar incidents in the future.

Exploration of New Lipid Nutrients and Their Characterization in Herbal Teas Using Non-Targeted Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry.

Herbal teas are blends of leaves, seeds, fruits, and flowers from various plants that provide relaxation, anti-inflammatory benefits, and immune system support for conditions such as diabetes and asthma. Despite their health benefits, comprehensive lipidomic data on herbal teas are limited in the literature. We used non-targeted liquid chromatography-linear ion trap orbitrap mass spectrometry to identify and correlate the lipid species in the following six herbal tea samples: fennel, ginger, juniper, lemon peel, orange peel, and rosehip. A total of 204 lipid molecular species were identified, and multivariate analysis revealed a significant difference between lipid species in herbal teas. Saturated fatty acids (SFAs) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are significantly abundant in juniper, including ω-3 and ω-6 fatty acids, followed by fennel. Cluster correlations showed that ginger contained mainly sphingolipids and lysophospholipids, whereas fennel was rich in phospholipids. No significant variations in the content of triacylglycerols were observed in any of the herbal teas analyzed. The ratio of PUFAs to SFAs in herbal teas showed that orange peel had the highest ratio, followed by lemon peel and fennel, indicating their potential health benefits. In addition, using high-resolution mass spectrometry, various lipids such as fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids and N-acyl-lysophosphatidylethanolamines were identified and characterized in these herbal teas. This study provides a comprehensive lipid analysis and detailed characterization of lipids in six herbal teas, highlighting their plausible applications in the field of nutrition and various food industries for the development of functional foods.

Mathematical modelling of impurity deposition during evaporation of dirty liquid in a porous material

When a contaminated liquid evaporates from within a porous material, the impurities or dirt accumulate and deposit within the pore space. This occurs during the cleaning of filters and fouling of textiles, and is related to the ‘coffee-ring’ problem. To investigate how and where dirt is deposited in the pore space, we present a model for the motion of an evaporation front through a porous material, and the related accumulation, transport, and deposition of dirt, assuming that the liquid remains stationary. For physically relevant parameters, vapour transport out of the porous material is quasi-steady and we derive a single ordinary differential equation describing the motion of the evaporation front in time. Model solutions exhibit spatially non-uniform profiles of the deposited dirt-layer thickness through the porous material. The dirt accumulation and evaporation problems are coupled: deposited dirt hinders vapour transport through the porous material, slowing the evaporation. We identify two scenarios in which the porous material becomes clogged with dirt. Accumulation of suspended dirt at the evaporating interface along with slow dirt diffusion results in the deposited dirt layers clogging the pores at the evaporating interface, halting the drying and trapping liquid in the porous material. Alternatively, slow dirt deposition results in the suspended dirt being pushed far into the porous material by the evaporation, eventually leaving only dirt (with no liquid) in the pore space. We investigate the dynamics of both clogging scenarios, characterising the parameter regimes for which each occurs. Both clogging scenarios must be avoided in practice since they may be detrimental to future filter efficacy or textile breathability.

Discrimination between the Triglyceride Form and the Ethyl Ester Form of Fish Oil Using Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry.

Although the triglyceride form is the natural form of fish oil found in fish, the ethyl ester form of fish oil, which is used during processing to save costs, is also present on the market. In this study, fatty acids and lipids were determined using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and liquid chromatography-linear ion trap mass spectrometry (LC-LIT/MS), respectively, according to developed methods. The identification of fatty acids was based on the mass spectral characteristics and equivalent chain lengths. However, the fatty acid contents of both forms of fish oils are quite similar. The application of the LC-LIT/MS method for the structural characterization of triacylglycerols (TAGs) and the mechanism of LIT/MS fragmentation are also discussed. Neutral losses of CH2=CH2 (m/z 28) and CH3CH2OH (m/z 46), which are LIT/MS characteristics of ethyl ester from fish oil, were found for the first time. The triglyceride form of fish oils was easily and accurately identified using fingerprint chromatography. In conclusion, lipid analysis combined with LC-LIT/MS showed an improved capability to distinguish between types of fish oil.

Platinum-Group Element Geochemistry of Igneous Rocks in the Chongjiang Cu–Mo–Au Deposit, Southern Tibet: Implications for the Formation of Post-Collisional Porphyry Cu Deposits

Abstract The timing and extent of sulfide saturation have been suggested as controlling factors in the formation of economically significant porphyry Cu deposits in subduction zone settings. However, details on the sulfide saturation history in post-collisional porphyry systems remain ambiguous. Accordingly, we have characterized the whole-rock geochemistry, including platinum-group elements (PGE), of igneous intrusions in the post-collisional Chongjiang porphyry Cu–Mo–Au deposit (southern Tibet) and utilize this data in conjunction with zircon U–Pb geochronological results and sulfide chemistry to assess the timing of sulfide saturation, the nature and amount of magmatic sulfide produced. The Chongjiang intrusions (monzogranite, biotite monzogranite porphyry, granodiorite, dacite porphyry, and quartz diorite porphyry) and mafic microgranular enclaves (MMEs) have zircon U–Pb ages of 14.2 to 12.8 Ma. Covariations in whole-rock major and trace elements among the Chongjiang intrusions and MMEs, together with similarities in their Sr–Nd and zircon Hf isotope compositions, indicate that they are co-magmatic and crystallized from a juvenile lower crustal melt that mixed with mafic melt derived from the lithospheric mantle; this hybrid melt subsequently evolved via fractional crystallization. Trace-element ratios in zircon and temperature − ∆FMQ estimates of the different intrusions suggest that they all crystallized from oxidized (average ∆FMQ = 1.9–2.6) and water-rich magmas. Palladium contents and Pd/Pt ratios in the Chongjiang igneous intrusions increase with decreasing MgO up to 3.9 wt % MgO, after which they abruptly decrease. The initial increase in Pd/Pt ratios likely results from the fractionation of a Pt-rich mineral (e.g. Pt–Fe alloy). The decrease in Pd contents and Pd/Pt ratios at 3.9 wt % MgO likely results from sulfide saturation during magma evolution, but prior to volatile exsolution, which occurred at approximately 1.4 to 2.4 wt % MgO. The presence of magmatic sulfide inclusions in amphibole and magnetite in samples with 3.9 wt % MgO, and the geochemical compositions of sulfide inclusions suggest that they represented trapped sulfide liquid and intermediate solid solution. Results of Monte Carlo simulations demonstrate that 0.003 to 0.009 wt % magmatic sulfide is required to have fractionated from the magma to explain the decrease in Pd contents at 3.9 wt % MgO. Highly chalcophile elements, such as Pd, will be sequestered by the magmatic sulfide that saturates at depth, decreasing their concentrations in the residual silicate melt, whereas concentrations of the less chalcophile elements, such as Cu, Mo, and even Au, will not be as significantly affected. Consequently, sufficient concentrations of Cu–Mo–Au will remain in the residual melt and, upon reaching volatile saturation, can be transported by the vapor phase to form porphyry Cu–Mo–Au deposits. In the case of the Chongjiang deposit, sulfide saturation was likely triggered by the high pressures and/or depletion of FeO caused by the thick (~70 km) crust beneath the Gangdese belt. This contribution presents evidence of sulfide saturation in post-collisional magmatic systems, and demonstrates that the amount of magmatic sulfide produced is a critical factor in controlling the formation of post-collisional porphyry Cu deposits.

A fatal case of aspiration due to consumption of the hallucinogenic tryptamine derivative dipropyltryptamine (DPT)

Background and aimThis case involves a 20-year-old man with prior hallucinogen-use experience, who sniffed an unknown amount of dipropyltryptamine in an apartment. Dipropyltryptamine, a hallucinogenic compound belonging to the tryptamine class is recognized for inducing effects similar to dimethyltryptamine (DMT) but with a longer duration. Ten to fifteen minutes later he experienced visual hallucinations, followed by increasing apathy. Two hours post consumption he developed abdominal pain, leading to collapse, seizure, and vomiting. Despite emergency medical resuscitation on site, transport to hospital 2.5 hours post consumption and extracorporeal life support he died 21 hours later. Relevant toxicological and morphological findings are presented. MethodsA serum sample was collected four hours post consumption. Autopsy was performed six days after death. Antemortem serum, as well as postmortem cardiac blood and urine were analyzed for alcohol and psychoactive drugs by systematic toxicological analyses employing gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (Maurer/Pfleger/Weber library among others), liquid chromatography-ion trap mass spectrometry (LC-MSn, Toxtyper™), and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Dipropyltryptamine was quantified by LC-MS/MS after solid-phase extraction. ResultsAutopsy revealed a state after deep aspiration of gastric contents with consecutive brain edema due to oxygen deprivation. Dipropyltryptamine concentrations were approximately 210 ng/ml, 110 ng/ml and 180 ng/ml in antemortem serum, postmortem cardiac blood and urine, respectively. To the best of our knowledge, these are the first reported concentrations of dipropyltryptamine in a fatal case. ConclusionUnlike typical tryptamine overdose reports, this case did not present with agitation, hyperthermia, or tachycardia. Despite the individual's prior experience with tryptamines and the generally low toxicity associated with this class of hallucinogens, death in this case was an indirect consequence of the nasal consumption of a high dose of dipropyltryptamine.

Analysis of metabolites in simulated gastric fluid of Saposhnikoviae Radix polysaccharides

To fully understand whether Saposhnikoviae Radix polysaccharides(SP) can be metabolized in gastric fluid and the meta-bolic behavior, this study systematically analyzed the metabolites in simulated gastric fluid of SP by high-performance liquid chromatography-ion trap time-of-flight mass spectrometry(HPLC-IT-TOF-MS) technology in combination with zebrafish immune activity evaluation. Based on the obtained accurate relative molecular mass, chromatographic retention behavior, MS fragmentation patterns, refe-rence standards, and relevant literature reports, 19 metabolites were analyzed and identified. Among them, five monosaccharides and 14 oligosaccharides were generated as metabolites. Several reducing sugars, including mannose, glucose, rhamnose, and xylose, were accurately identified in the gastric fluid metabolites. Zebrafish pharmacological evaluation results indicated that SP maintained good immune activity after gastric fluid metabolism, with the most significant increase in immune cell density observed at W3(simulated gastric fluid metabolism for 2 hours). Among the gastric fluid metabolites, M1 and M3(Hex-Hex-Man) may be most closely related to pharmacological activity and could be further studied as potential active fragments.

Diversity of horsefly fauna (Diptera: Tabanidae) of Bansko Hill

From 2018 to 2022, at 10 localities on Bansko Hill, 3,639 horseflies were sampled. Most specimens (3,404) were sampled in 2022 in the period from mid-May to mid-September. The horseflies sampled are classified into two subfamilies, six genera and 19 species. The species Hybomitra ukrainica (Olsufjev, 1952), Tabanus miki Brauer in Brauer and Bergenstamm, 1880, Haematopota grandis Meigen, 1820 and Haematopota pandazisi (Kröber, 1936) are new finds of horsefly species for the studied area. The species Tabanus tergestinus Egger, 1859 is the most abundant species and makes up 71.11% of the horseflies sampled. The species Tabanus bromius L., 1758 followed with 10.16% of the abundance, Tabanus sudeticus Zeller, 1842 with 8.82% and Atylotus loewianus (Villeneuve, 1920) with 5.74% of the horseflies sampled, while 15 other species of horseflies were represented by the remaining 4.17%. In the collected sample, male horseflies accounted for 51.71% of the sample; all of them were sampled with an oil liquid trap. The largest number of horseflies (84.14%) were sampled in localities on the northeastern side of Bansko Hill, covered with forest vegetation of secondary origin. Three species, T. bromius, T. tergestinus and Heptatoma pellucens, (Fabricius, 1776) have the longest flight period, from mid-May to mid-September. The highest peaks of abundance for T. tergestinus, T. bromius, and T. sudeticus were recorded in July, for H. pellucens in June and for A. loewianus in August. The greatest similarity in horsefly fauna (85.71%) was recorded in the localities Popovac and Karanac. 90.98% of horseflies were collected by liquid oil traps, followed by sticky traps (5.22%) and canopy traps (3.79%). Data from earlier studies from 2011 and data from the current studies in the area of Bansko Hill have yielded records of 22 species of horsefly.

Untargeted metabolite profiling: A comprehensive study using data analysis workflow in Salvia L. species (Lamiaceae)

The genus Salvia L., a member of the Lamiaceae family, possesses remarkable medicinal properties for treating various disorders due to its rich natural product resources. Despite the genus's significance, there is a dearth of reports on complete metabolite characterization at intraspecific levels within Salvia. This study endeavors to bridge this gap by conducting a comprehensive investigation encompassing mass spectral library matching, biomarker assessment, chemotype specification, metabolite enrichment detection, and computational metabolite annotation. Dried aerial parts from three distinct Salvia species served as the primary material for untargeted quadrupole linear/ion trap (QTRAP) liquid chromatography (LC)- mass spectrometry (MS/MS)-based metabolite analysis. The metabolite datasets underwent rigorous processing, utilizing multivariate analysis methods through MetaboAnalyst 5.0 and the Global Natural Products Social Molecular Networking (GNPS) Web Platform. Our investigation identified 160 metabolites through library matching, and an additional 57 annotated nodes were obtained through automated spectral matching. Employing annotation tools such as DEREPLICATOR+ and substructure discovery tools like MS2LDA (a Bayesian Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) model) led to the discovery of four metabolites and three Mass2Motifs. Furthermore, 48 metabolites were explored for the first time using GNPS libraries. The investigation unveiled specific chemotypes and identified 98 potential biomarkers. Using library and GNPS spectral matching proved to be high-throughput supplementary strategies for annotating and identifying various metabolites. Moreover, integrating QTRAP LC-MS/MS with a multivariate statistical method grounded in biomarker and functional analysis provided differential features at specific and intraspecific levels. This comprehensive overview of metabolites in Salvia species offers valuable insights for quality profiling.

The crucial role of nMOFs in H2S absorption process using ionic liquid solution based nanofluid systems

Ionic liquid solutions based of polyamines were synthesized and used for H2S removal. The results of simulation calculation and characterization showed that ionic liquid trap H2S by forming hydrogen bonds. Five nanometer-sized MOFs (nMOFs) were synthesized and added into ionic liquid solutions to build nanofluid systems. The effects of types, particle size, concentration, and regeneration gas of nanoparticles on the desulfurization performance of different nanofluids were explored. The addition of nMOFs with appropriate types and concentrations showed significant enhancement effect on the H2S absorption of liquid. Among five nMOFs, the systems of HKUST-1 and MIL-101(Fe) had high enhancement as well as regeneration performance at low concentrations (0.05 %). Based on sweep effect, gas–liquid mass transfer was enhanced by nMOFs due to the quickly capture and release of H2S. Furthermore, in this work, an “enrichment effect” has been proposed, in which H2S molecular enrichment zones were formed around nanoparticles, promoting gas–liquid reactions. The nanoparticles at different stages were characterized using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope, transmission electron microscope and energy dispersive spectrum, and the results confirmed that nMOFs have the ability to enrich H2S, which play a catalyst-like and accelerator-like role in H2S absorption process.

Trapping liquids may bias the results of beetle diversity assessment

Several different techniques and methods are used to capture and study beetles (Coleoptera). One option is the use of window traps with various trapping liquids. However, these liquids used in comparative studies may have a biasing effect on the results. The effectiveness of the frequently used liquid baits, involving beer, wine, vinegar, and water as the reference liquid, was compared in this study. Twenty-four traps were assigned to two habitat categories (sunny and shady) and four kinds of bait: beer, wine, vinegar, and water. During the study from June to July 2021, a total of 29,944 invertebrates were captured; of these, 3,931 individuals belonged to Coleoptera. A total of 3,825 beetles were identified, belonging to 120 species and 36 families. The most abundant family was Nitidulidae, with 3,297 adults (86% of the total). The number of arthropods differed only in the trapping liquid, and the captures were similar between beer and wine and between vinegar and water. The trapping liquid had a more significant effect on beetle abundance and species richness. In contrast, exposure had a significant effect only on the number of beetle species and a higher ratio of beetles was found in the shade. Beer and wine were very attractive and collected similar beetle communities. However, the diversity (Shannon’s index) was low due to the high abundance of several species. Traps with vinegar and water collected a similar composition and species richness. After removing sap beetles (Nitidulidae) from all traps, a significant difference was still recorded between trapping liquids in the number of individuals and species, and their communities were much more similar. Thus, at high abundances of sap beetles, it is possible to exclude them from analyses and obtain more accurate data when assessing environmental variables. The results showed that the type of trapping liquids used can have substantial effects on abundance and species composition captured beetles in traps especially for beer and wine. The beer and wine in traps can significantly influence the subsequent biodiversity assessment. We recommend the use of trapping liquids without the baiting effect to correctly assess the effect of environmental variables on beetle richness and abundance.

Integration of LC-LTQ-Orbitrap-MS and Network Pharmacology to Analyze the Active Components of Sijunzi Decoction and their Mechanism of Action Against Cytotoxicity-associated Premature Ovarian Insufficiency.

Sijunzi Decoction (SJZD) is a classical prescription in traditional Chinese medicine that enhances neuroimmune endocrine function to alleviate inflammatory aging, a key pathogenic mechanism underlying premature ovarian insufficiency (POI). However, the mechanism through which SJZD alleviates POI remains unknown. Hence, we aimed to identify the active components of SJZD and its mechanism of therapeutic action against POI. We identified compounds in SJZD using liquid chromatography-linear trap quadrupole-Orbitrap-mass spectrometry (LC-LTQ-Orbitrap-MS) and the TCMSP, HERB, Swiss, SEA, and STRING databases. We analyzed Gene Ontology (GO) terms and enriched Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways using RStudio and constructed a visual network using Cytoscape. We identified 98 compounds using LC-LTQ-Orbitrap-MS, among which 29 were bioactive and screened using the databases. The screen yielded 151 predicted targets of these compounds that were associated with POI. The results of the GO and KEGG analyses showed that these compounds play key roles in cell growth, division, migration, and survival signaling pathways. Therefore, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) pathways might be closely associated with the pharmacological effects of SJZD on the pathological processes of POI. Our findings provide a scientific basis for rapidly analyzing bioactive compounds in SJZD and their pharmacological mechanisms.

Research and Application of Digital Emergency Decontamination System

With the development of nuclear energy, tritium is extensively used in fusion reactors, nuclear power plants, and tritium-related systems. A digital Emergency Detritiation System (EDS) was developed by combining an ionization chamber, a dew point meter, a circulating pump, a drying bed, a liquid nitrogen condenser, etc. to monitor the system and the tritium gas in the industrial exhaust in real time as well as recover and remove the tritium gas in the exhaust. In the work of a factory, the online monitoring of tritium-containing gas in industrial tail gas was realized. A large amount of tritium gas in industrial tail gas was treated by catalytic oxidation of precious metal oxidation bed to form HTO, and finally, HTO was recovered by a liquid nitrogen cold trap. The complex process flow is visualized and automated by the system integration software to improve the efficiency of scientific research. The results demonstrate that the system can monitor the amount of tritium in tail gas instantaneously and accurately. The removal efficiency of tritium from the industrial exhaust can be up to 99%. After repeated regeneration and activation, the working efficiency of the molecular sieve can still reach 99%, ensuring that the composite emission standards of tritiation-related sites or fusion reactors and other plants are met.

Targeted Analysis of Veterinary Drugs in Food Samples by Developing a High-Resolution Tandem Mass Spectral Library.

Veterinary drug residues present in foods can pose severe health threats to the population. The present study aims to develop a high-resolution mass spectral library of 158 veterinary drugs of 16 different classes for their rapid identification in food samples through liquid chromatography-high-resolution electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-HR-ESI-MS/MS). Standard drugs were pooled according to their log P values and exact masses before analysis. Spectra were collected at system automated collision energy, i.e., of 25-60 eV and four predetermined collision energies (10, 20, 30, and 40 eV) for each compound using a schedule precursor list of [M + H]+, [M + Na]+, and [M + NH4]+ ions. The utility of the developed database was checked by analyzing food samples. A total of 17 veterinary drugs based on the reference standard retention times (RTs), HR-MS spectra, and MS/MS spectra were identified in the analyzed samples. Moreover, five veterinary drugs were selected for quantitative analysis, including doxycycline hyclate, lincomycin, sulfasalazine, moxifloxacin, and diphenoxylate, using liquid chromatography-ion trap mass-spectrometry (LC-IT-MS). Concentrations of the drug were obtained to vary from 0.0805 to 0.9731 mg/kg in food samples and were found to be exceeded in most of the cases as per the maximum residue levels described by Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)/World Health Organization (WHO). The MS data were submitted to the MetaboLights online database (MTBLS2914). This study will help in the high-throughput screening of multiclass veterinary drugs in foodstuffs.

Direct Air Carbon Capture and Recovery Utilizing Alkaline Solution Circulation

Direct air capture (DAC) represents a promising technology for mitigating climate change by extracting CO2 from the atmosphere. This study introduces a novel application for effective CO2 capture from dispersed emission sources, integrated with a liquid electrolysis system to improve capture cycle efficiency. By focusing on distributed sources, the DAC application overcomes the constraints of traditional stationary CO2 capture methods. It employs a thin-layer moving bed spray and air convection to capture CO2 in lean liquid, which converts into rich trap liquid when the carbonate concentration exceeds a certain threshold. Electrolysis is then used to recover the lean liquid. This design allows for quick, energy-efficient CO2 absorption even under low partial pressure conditions (462 ppm). The technology is designed to facilitate significant CO2 capture while concurrently generating high-purity hydrogen and collecting carbon dioxide. By reusing the capture liquid, an integrated capture and desorption process is realized. In a test with 1 M KOH as a lean trap solution and a wind speed of 9 m/s, a rich trap solution was obtained after 13 h, lowering the CO2 concentration at the outlet by 97 ppm compared to the input air, demonstrating the device’s effectiveness.

Pore doublet micromodel experiments of evaporation influence on pre-event water entrapment and pre-event and event water interaction

The stable isotopic signature of xylem water differs from those of rainfall and river water. Without considering the water exchange through the vapor phase, this phenomenon implies that when the event water (new water) infiltrates the soil, a part of the pre-event water (old water) is isolated. The isolation and immobilization of old water are suspected because of the low matrix potential. Because evaporation is the main process that can reduce the matrix potential after quick gravitational drainage, we conjectured that after evaporation, the old water hides in small pores and increases the likelihood of air entrapment, which separates the new and old water. To examine and visualize the potential effect of evaporation on the interactions between old and new water, we performed a series of wetting–drainage–evaporation–wetting experiments within pore doublet micromodels (PDMs). The experimental results showed that air bubbles are trapped when the menisci of the residual liquid are sufficiently far from the inlet and outlet of the PDM. Evaporation can increase these distances, resulting in the formation of larger air bubbles. The air bubble trapped upstream prevents the invading liquid from quickly flushing the original residual liquid out of the PDM. Nevertheless, the invading wetting liquid is still able to bypass the trapped air bubbles and mix with the residual wetting phase via corner flow. In addition, the remobilization of the upstream bubble enhances the process of removing the old trapped liquid.