Transverse Type Research Articles

Imaging Moveout in Acoustic Factorized Orthorhombic Media

Summary In velocity model building using full waveform inversion, diving waves are a source of the low-frequency information needed to update the low- to intermediate wavenumber components in the velocity model. Because full waveform inversion is a highly non-linear optimization problem attempting to fit the information from the whole wavefield, it is prone to get stuck in local minimums and experience cycle skipping if the initial model does not contain accurate enough information about the low-wavenumbers to constrain the kinematics. Such initial velocity models will typically be estimated using alternative inversion methods that only apply information from parts of the wavefield in the forward modelling and recorded data. In migration velocity analysis, the unfocusing of the image, caused by inconsistency in the kinematics of reflected waves, is measured and is used to update the velocity model by applying differential semblance optimization. The same concept is applicable when using information from diving waves. For diving waves, little is known about the focusing behaviour, also known as imaging moveout, especially in the presence of azimuthal anisotropy, such as orthorhombic anisotropy, which is a good approximation for volcanic plains and sedimentary basins. Obtaining more knowledge about the focusing behaviour of diving waves for this type of anisotropy may help when choosing parameters to invert during inversion that yield a low trade-off between the parameters. Here, we derive approximate series-based equations describing the imaging moveout of diving qP-waves in acoustic factorized orthorhombic anisotropic media. Due to the complexity of the analytical solutions for diving wave properties in such models, we find a vertical transverse isotropic type of simplification that manages to conserve the curvature and horizontal velocity of the diving qP-wave. The accuracy of the simplified expressions is compared to the exact form and found to yield small errors. To verify the validity of the derived equations for imaging moveout, we compare the generated surfaces with images containing the shape of the unfocusing obtained using reverse time migration, showing a good fit. Of the anisotropic parameters defining the acoustic factorized orthorhombic model, the ε1 and ε2 parameters have the largest influence on the shape of the surface. The anelliptical parameters are shown only to induce minimal changes. Our method to obtain the series expressions describing the imaging moveout in the acoustic factorized orthorhombic model is also applicable to higher symmetry special cases of orthorhombic anisotropy by setting appropriate conditions. Here, this is demonstrated by additionally finding an approximate series expression describing the imaging moveout in acoustic factorized vertical transversely isotropic media, yielding a good match with the image obtained from reverse time migration.

Design Modification and Finite Element Analysis of Stainless Steel 316L Locking Compression Plates for Mid-Transverse Fractures

Bone fracture is the most common orthopedics problem. To achieve stability in the internal fixation of bone fragments, apply a Locking Compression Plate (LCP), which consists of a set of plates and screws. Common materials used for the bone fixation plate are stainless steel, titanium, and other metal alloys. Those materials are stiffer than cortical bone, causing a stress shielding effect. The stress shielding phenomenon takes place during bone remodelling, which affects the growth of bone and bone loss upon the healing process. The purpose of this study is to design the best LCP to minimize or eliminate the stress shielding issue for tibia shaft fracture. A reverse engineering process is used to obtain the solid part using 3D scanning, and data clean-up is done in CATIA V5, which is then used to be imported into the finite element software ANSYS 23R2. The fracture simulation is on transverse type fractures with the creation of a gap of 1 mm around the mid-tibial shaft region. Several boundary conditions will be parametrized, such as material properties, contact definitions, meshing, and loading conditions in preprocessing. This paper examines and simulates the behaviour of LCP under a load via finite element analysis (FEA). Design 2 was selected due to its superior stress distribution,resulting in the LCP bearing only 177.98 MPa with a total deformation of 0.57 mm

Influence of diagonal reinforcement in grouted vertical joints between precast concrete wall panels, part I: Experimental investigation

AbstractMulti‐storeyed buildings are constructed using precast concrete large panels. Although the resistance to lateral loads during an earthquake can be provided by the walls, the vertical joints between the panels remain the weak links. Conventionally, a grouted vertical joint between precast panels is achieved using minimum number of overlapping transverse horizontal U‐bars or looped wire ropes from the adjacent panels, with a holder bar at the overlap, and subsequent grouting of the gap. It was observed that under in‐plane lateral loads, the shear behavior of such joints, especially those with looped wire ropes, is brittle. This paper presents a study to improve the behavior of conventional joints by introducing diagonal reinforcement (DR). Toward this, 13 specimens were tested under monotonic loading and 2 specimens were tested under quasi‐static cyclic loading. The parameters investigated were the types of transverse joint reinforcement, types and strengths of diagonal reinforcement. The compressive strengths of panel concrete and joint grout were kept similar to industry practice. The specimens with DR showed substantial increase of the shear strength and load retention beyond the peak. The presence of conventional transverse joint reinforcement in addition to DR, increases the retention capacity of the joint. Thus, the behavior of a joint with DR was found to be stronger and more ductile.

The Transverse Sigmoid Notch Morphology Unravelled.

Background: Several studies have described pathology in relation to transverse sigmoid notch morphology, using the Tolat transverse sigmoid notch classification. It is believed that the entire shape of a sigmoid notch can be described using Tolat sigmoid types. We hypothesised that the determination of the sigmoid notch shape (SNS) depends on the level of the transverse CT plane on the axial axis of the distal radius. The aim of this study was to determine and compare the transverse SNS on different axial CT levels in the same wrist. Methods: The transverse SNS of 53 participants were independently qualitatively classified by two researchers in accordance with the four morphologies described by Tolat et al. The SNS was determined at two levels on the axial axis of the distal radius; at the level of the most prominent part of Lister tubercle, determined on the sagittal plane and at the level of the 'smallest distance between the ulnar head and sigmoid notch' (SDUS). Results: Forty-seven percent of the wrists demonstrated different SNS types according to Tolat classification, depending on the axial level of the CT scan. Interobserver agreement on the transverse sigmoid shape was 87% at Lister tubercle and 85% at SDUS, which can both be interpreted as 'excellent'. Conclusions: Despite an excellent interobserver agreement, 47% of the study population had different transverse sigmoid notch types within the same wrist. We, therefore, conclude that Tolat transverse sigmoid classification may not be useful for the description of potential pathology in relation to the sigmoid notch morphology.

Characterizing the unseen: Clinical and radiographic perspectives on unilateral condylar hyperplasia

ObjectivesUnilateral condylar hyperplasia (UCH), marked by progressive condylar growth, occurs between ages 11–30 with unclear etiology. This retrospective study aims to clarify the clinical, radiographic, and demographic features of UCH to improve its diagnosis and treatment. Material and methodsData for all patients included in this study were retrieved from the archive. Inclusion criteria were the diagnosis of UCH supported by a positive bone scan above 10% of condylar uptake in SPECT/CT, the patient's history of progressive facial asymmetry, symptoms confirmed by the orthodontist during follow-up, and clinical and radiological evaluation. Demographic characteristics, along with volumetric and linear measurements, were statistically evaluated. ResultsForty-one patients were included in this study with 70.73% female predominance. Patients were classified as transverse and vertical type condylar hyperplasia (CH) according to their prominent asymmetry characteristics. Eighteen patients were classified as vertical type CH and 23 patients were classified as transverse type CH. Twenty had left-side condylar overgrowth, and 21 had right-side overgrowth. Condylar volume difference was significantly higher in vertical type CH patients compared to transverse type CH (p = 0.004). No correlation was found between growth rate (bone scan uptake ratio) and condylar volume difference in patients with vertical type and transverse type CH patients (p = 0.205). ConclusionParticularly in cases that exhibit a pronounced vertical growth tendency, volumetric and linear measurements can guide the timing and treatment planning process.

Semi-automated finite element analyses of surgically treated acetabular fractures to investigate the biomechanical behaviour of patient-specific compared to conventional implants

BackgroundIn acetabular fracture surgery, understanding the biomechanical behaviour of fractures and implants is beneficial for clinical decision-making about implant selection and postoperative (early) weightbearing protocols. This study outlines a novel approach for creating finite element models (FEA) from actual clinical cases. Our objectives were to (1) create a detailed semi-automatic three-dimensional FEA of a patient with a transverse posterior wall acetabular fracture and (2) biomechanically compare patient-specific implants with manually bent off-the-shelf implants.MethodsA computational study was performed in which we developed three finite element models. The models were derived from clinical imaging data of a 20-year-old male with a transverse posterior wall acetabular fracture treated with a patient-specific implant. This implant was designed to fit the patient's anatomy and fracture configuration, allowing for optimal placement and predetermined screw trajectories. The three FEA models included an intact hemipelvis for baseline comparison, one with a fracture fixated with a patient-specific implant, and another with a conventional implant. Two loading conditions were investigated: standing up and peak walking forces. Von Mises stress and displacement patterns in bone, implants and screws were analysed to assess the biomechanical behaviour of fracture fixation with either a patient-specific versus a conventional implant.ResultsThe finite element models demonstrated that for a transverse posterior wall type fracture, a patient-specific implant resulted in lower peak stresses in the bone (30 MPa and 56 MPa) in standing-up and peak walking scenario, respectively, compared to the conventional implant model (46 MPa and 90 MPa). The results suggested that patient-specific implant could safely withstand standing-up and walking after surgery, with maximum von Mises stresses in the implant of 156 MPa and 371 MPa, respectively. The results from the conventional implant indicate a likelihood of implant failure, with von Mises stresses in the implant (499 MPa and 1000 MPa) exceeding the yield stress of stainless steel.ConclusionThis study presents a workflow for conducting finite element analysis of real clinical cases in acetabular fracture surgery. This concept of personalized biomechanical fracture and implant assessment can eventually be applied in clinical settings to guide implant selection, compare conventional implants with innovative patient-specific ones, optimizing implant designs (including shape, size, materials, screw positions), and determine whether immediate full weight-bearing can be safely permitted.

Improving shear behavior of rubberized concrete beams through sustainable integration of waste tire steel fibers and treated rubber

This study investigates the innovative and sustainable use of crumb rubber (CR) and waste tire steel fibers (WTSF) in reinforced concrete beams. By addressing the concern of reduced shear capacity in rubberized reinforced concrete (RC) beams, the paper presents a sustainable approach that integrates WTSF and a hybrid treatment of CR involving temperature and fly ash. Six different concrete mixtures were developed, incorporating 15 % and 25 % CR as a replacement for natural fine aggregates, both with and without treatment, along with the addition of WTSF. The experimental program assessed the workability, mechanical properties, including compressive and split-tensile strength, and conducted four-point loaded flexural tests on rubberized RC beams designed to fail in shear, in order to investigate their shear behavior.A numerical study further analyzed this hybrid treatment approach across various parameters, including concrete mixture compositions, types of tensile reinforcement (conventional steel or Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer, GFRP), transverse reinforcement types (conventional steel or GFRP), longitudinal reinforcement ratios, and the combined effects of treated rubber and WTSF. Key findings include a 10 % higher compressive strength in the 25 % treated rubberized concrete mixture (TRC25) compared to the 15 % untreated rubberized concrete (URC15). Tensile strengths were significantly enhanced, with treated rubberized concrete beams containing WTSF at 15 % and 25 % showing tensile strengths 195 % and 180 % higher than normal concrete (NC), respectively. The inclusion of treated rubber and WTSF significantly improved shear capacities, with both 15 % and 25 % rubber content mixtures demonstrating substantially higher shear capacities than normal concrete. Toughness measurements indicated that treated rubberized concrete beams with WTSF at 15 % and 25 % rubber content showed toughness levels 15 to 18 times higher than NC. Beams reinforced with GFRP showed up to a 31 % higher load capacity and greater deflection before failure compared to those with conventional steel reinforcement. The study highlights a beneficial shift from shear to flexural failure modes due to the combined effects of treated rubberized concrete and WTSF incorporation.

Evasión tributaria y cumplimiento de obligaciones tributarias en el Parque Industrial de Huaycán de Ate Vitarte

The objective of the investigation was to determine the relationship between tax evasion and compliance with tax obligations in the Huaycán de Ate Vitarte Industrial Park. For this, a basic quantitative methodology was used, of a non-experimental and transversal type, using the survey technique through two questionnaires administered to 30 members of the industrial park association. The results revealed that the two-sided significance values were 0.000, below the threshold of 0.05. This indicates a significant and high relationship between tax evasion and compliance with tax obligations in the Huaycán Industrial Park, with a Rho correlation coefficient of 0.728. In conclusion, it was evident that there is a significant relationship between tax evasion and compliance with tax obligations in the Huaycán Industrial Park in Ate Vitarte. This suggests that partners who evade taxes have a tendency to be less compliant with their tax obligations, indicating a lack of tax ethics and a perception of impunity in compliance with tax laws.

Characterisation and Application of Bio-Inspired Hybrid Composite Sensors for Detecting Barely Visible Damage under Out-of-Plane Loadings.

Traditional inspection methods often fall short in detecting defects or damage in fibre-reinforced polymer (FRP) composite structures, which can compromise their performance and safety over time. A prime example is barely visible impact damage (BVID) caused by out-of-plane loadings such as indentation and low-velocity impact that can considerably reduce the residual strength. Therefore, developing advanced visual inspection techniques is essential for early detection of defects, enabling proactive maintenance and extending the lifespan of composite structures. This study explores the viability of using novel bio-inspired hybrid composite sensors for detecting BVID in laminated FRP composite structures. Drawing inspiration from the colour-changing mechanisms found in nature, hybrid composite sensors composed of thin-ply glass and carbon layers are designed and attached to the surface of laminated FRP composites exposed to transverse loading. A comprehensive experimental characterisation, including quasi-static indentation and low-velocity impact tests alongside non-destructive evaluations such as ultrasonic C-scan and visual inspection, is conducted to assess the sensors' efficacy in detecting BVID. Moreover, a comparison between the two transverse loading types, static indentation and low-velocity impact, is presented. The results suggest that integrating sensors into composite structures has a minimal effect on mechanical properties such as structural stiffness and energy absorption, while substantially improving damage visibility. Additionally, the influence of fibre orientation of the sensing layer on sensor performance is evaluated, and correlations between internal and surface damage are demonstrated.

Comparison of Outcomes of V-Y Atasoy vs Pentagonal Advancement Flap in the Management of Fingertip Injuries Allen Type II and III in a Tertiary Hospital

Background: Fingertip injuries are the most common traumatic conditions of the hand, affecting productivity and livelihood due to a decrease in manual labor capabilities. The V-Y Atasoy advancement flap is typically effective in managing dorsal or transverse fingertip Allen type II and III injuries but may result in complications like dog ears, flap necrosis, paresthesia, and hook nail deformities. Objective: This paper aimed to describe the assessment, operative technique, and outcomes in patients with fingertip injury Allen type II and type III treated with the V-Y Atasoy advancement flap versus the pentagonal flap. We also aimed to compare the outcomes and complications associated with each technique. Methodology: A randomized controlled trial was done among patients with fingertip injury Allen type II and III who were admitted to a tertiary hospital. Results: There were no significant differences in the rates of immediate complications (flap necrosis, infection, dog ear deformity) or short-term outcomes (two-point discrimination, Semmes-Weinstein monofilament test) between the two groups. Most patients had excellent satisfaction and were able to return to work. Conclusion: Patients of the two groups had good to excellent outcomes and had minimal complications, with no significant differences between the groups. The pentagonal flap can be an alternative to the V-Y Atasoy flap in managing fingertip injuries, especially those with a larger surface area of injury.

Social isolation, social networks between the elderly and COVID-19

The present work seeks to answer the following question: "How did the Covid-19 union impact the social networks of the elderly in the Federal District?". The theoretical methodological proposal to be adopted in this study is a mixed approach, of the transversal type and with data analysis of the concomitant triangulation type. Among the 19 elderly people studied, there was a lot of suffering regarding the loss of the routine of contact with these networks during the Covid-19 union, especially when it comes to family networks.

Performance prediction of roadheaders used in coal mines from the needle penetration index and the schmidt hammer value

Coal mine galleries and construction tunnels are commonly excavated using roadheaders. Estimating the performance of roadheaders is crucial for planning and cost estimation when planning tunnel or tunnel projects. The aim of this study is to derive generalized performance prediction models including Schmidt hammer value, needle penetration index, and volumetric joint count for roadheaders used in coal mines. The performance measurements of axial and transverse type roadheaders were carried out in six different coal mines. Schmidt hammer tests, needle penetration index tests, and of volumetric joint count measurements were also performed at the locations where the performance measurements were conducted. The extensive data were evaluated using multiple linear and nonlinear regression analysis. The developed formulas were evaluated using statistical tests. The Equations that include the Schmidt hammer value or needle penetration index value in addition to cutter head power have been shown to be unreliable. However, the equations that include Schmidt hammer value or needle penetration index value in addition to cutterhead power and volumetric joint count have been shown to be reliable. This study concludes that the developed reliable equations can be used for the performance assessment of roadheaders used in coal mines.

Nurses’ attitudes to care of the elderly

According to the United Nations most recent figures (2020), the percentage of the people over the age of 65 accounts for 9.31% of the total global population in 2020. This phenomena is expected to have a direct impact on health care services, raising demand and influencing health care workers' attitudes and services for elderly individuals. The purpose of this study is to analyze nurses' attitudes toward senior care and to identify the associated factors that influence their opinions. The study is of the transverse (cross-sectional) type. Between January and March 2022, 299 nurses were surveyed at four public institutions: the University Clinical Centre, the General Hospital "Dr. Sami Haxhibeqiri" in Mitrovica, the Main Centre of Family Medicine "Dr. Hafir Shala" in Drenas, and the Family Medicine Centre in Komoran. The sample was chosen at random. The majority of the nurses in the survey (86.3%) agree with the statement that they have favorable attitudes toward aged care and that health services are provided qualitatively in the health institutions where the research was performed (76% of respondents). The amount of education of nurses had the greatest impact on the emergence of compliance with positive attitudes, with results showing that nurses with a higher level of education tend to have compliance with more favorable attitudes toward care for elderly individuals. The majority of the nurses who took part in the study believe that they have generally positive views toward aged care and that the provision of nursing care services in their healthcare institutions is of high quality.

Performance Analysis of Thermal and Surface Roughness Effect of Slider Bearings with Unsteady Fluid Film Lubricant Using Finite Element Method

The streamline upwind Petrov‐Galerkin (SUPG) finite element method was used in this study to investigate the thermal and surface roughness effects on an inclined slider bearing with an unsteady fluid film. One‐dimensional transverse and longitudinal surface roughness models were considered with the supposition that roughness is stochastic and has a Gaussian random distribution. For simplicity of numerical computation, the irregularity caused by the texture of the surface is transformed into a regular domain. The bearing performance of the combined effect is lower than the thermal and surface roughness effects of the one‐dimensional longitudinal surface roughness for all modified Reynolds numbers of nonparallel slider bearings; this means that for nonparallel (w = 0.4) between the surface roughness effect and the combined effect condition, there is a decrease of 13% in load‐carrying capacity performance and a minimal change in friction force, respectively. However, in the case of nonparallel one‐dimensional transverse type slider bearings, the bearing performance of the thermal effect is lower than the combined and surface roughness effects for all modified Reynolds numbers, where between the combined effect and the thermal effect condition, there is a reduction of 19% in load‐carrying capacity performance and 2% in friction force practically for all changed Reynolds values, respectively. Furthermore, the combined effects at various temperatures have been investigated. As a result, in both longitudinal and transverse models, in the case of the pad temperature being lower than the slider, the load‐carrying capacity performance is higher than in other cases for nonparallel slider bearings, whereas when the slider temperature is lower than the pad temperature, the drag frictional force is the leading one in both models. In general, considering surface texture and inertial effects will increase the performance of a slider. The results obtained are displayed using figures and tables.

On the evaluation of lateral-torsional buckling of web-tapered cantilevers with doubly symmetric I-section

Recently, structural engineers have tended to design stronger and lighter structures due to economic reasons, technical developments in computer-aided design, and improvements in manufacturing. The demand for designing stronger and lighter structures has led to the compulsory considering structural efficiency and stability loss at the design level. Lateral-torsional buckling (LTB) is a major stability loss for web-tapered cantilevers with doubly symmetric I-section, which are aesthetic and structurally efficient. The elastic LTB loads of these cantilevers should be calculated at the design level since the LTB may happen before bending stress reaches yield. Studies related to the LTB of cantilevers are rare and require numerical solutions since the LTB mode shape of cantilevers is complex compared to simply supported beams. The present study introduces an analytical procedure based on the energy method for calculating elastic LTB of web-tapered cantilevers with doubly-symmetric I-section in two different forms. The analytical model considers different transverse load types, positions of loads, and web tapering degrees. The analytical solutions were validated with one-dimensional finite element analysis using a beam element. Excellent accordance between results was demonstrated. The general LTB behavior of web-tapered cantilevers with doubly symmetric I-section was clarified with detailed comments based on results obtained from the presented analytical model.

Outcome of Open Reduction and Internal Fixation with Interlocking Intra-Medullary Nail in the Treatment of Fracture of Shaft of Femur without Fluoroscopy

Introduction: Femoral shaft fractures are among the common fractures generally managed by close reduction and internal fixation (CRIF) with interlocking intramedullary nailing (ILIMN) as the nail provides the rotational as well as longitudinal stability along with good clinical and functional outcomes but requiring fluoroscopy guidance. Also, in delayed cases, the close reduction might not be possible intimidating the need of open reduction.
 Objective: To assess the clinical outcome of the treatment from Open Reduction and Internal Fixation (ORIF) technique as well as placement tricks of locking screws in the absence of a traction table and fluoroscopy.
 Methodology: Fourteen cases of close femur fractures with transverse and oblique type in the middle 1/3 shaft coming to Koshi Hospital, Nepal, from June 2019 to December 2021 were included in this study. All patients were treated with ORIF with ILIMN technique without the use of a traction table and fluoroscopy. Data collection included demography, mechanism of injury, mobilization time, union rate, infection, and complication. The study was also designed to evaluate the method of our technique which could be helpful in case of dysfunction of fluoroscopy during intra-operative of CRIF in a resource-limited setting.
 Results: The average age of patients was 39.86±14.93, the average hospital stay duration was 12 ± 8.60 days, full weight-bearing walking was around 11.64 ± 3.15 weeks and the average union time was observed to be 14.54 ± 3.36 weeks.
 Conclusion: This technique was successful with an efficient duration of the surgery and satisfactory results in early mobilization and fracture union time. Thus, concluding it to be a safe procedure in situations like old fracture (more than 3 weeks), pelvic injury with urethral injury, lack of traction table, and dysfunction of fluoroscopy.

Pairing Hamiltonians of Nearest-Neighbor Interacting Superconducting Qubits on an IBM Quantum Computer

A quantum simulation experiment pairing Hamiltonians of nearest-neighbor interacting superconducting qubits was performed with a complete set of algorithms on an IBM Quantum Computer-IBMq Lima. The experiment revealed that the fidelity is a function of iteration using Suzuki–Trotter decomposition for four different types of nearest-neighbor Heisenberg, XY, transverse, and longitudinal Ising superconducting qubit couplings of Hamiltonians. The experiment displayed the models of how the experimental density matrices shift from the theoretical density matrices and how their behavior changes with different numbers of iterations. It also demonstrated the reconstruction of quantum states and how the states change as a function of iteration with the IBM Quantum Computer-IBMq Lima. The time evolutions of the states for different models were also shown to predict the dominance of each state.

Clinico-Epidemiological Study of Fatal Head Injuries in an Autopsy

Introduction: Head injury is a significant public health problem worldwide. Traumatic head injury is a leading cause of death and disability in children and adults in their most productive years. The morbidity and mortality due to head injury is on the rise and is one of the prime importance in today’s medical practice. Objective: To assess the clinico-epidemiological study of fatal head injuries in an autopsy. Methods: The present study was conducted of the Department of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology, Dhaka Medical College Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh from January to June 2022. Total 250 patients included in this present study. We selected only fatal head injury cases due to mechanical violence. However, we included severe facial injury cases too as these cases were associated with head injury. But, the present study doesn’t involve crushed head injury or survived cases, referred or LAMA cases brought in the hospital. Results: Maximum cases were seen in the age range of 21-30yrs, 57 cases (22.8%). Maximum cases were seen amongst males, 196 cases, 78.4%. The commonest causes of fatal head injuries are Road Traffic Accident (RTA) cases. Other important causes of fatal head injuries are fall from height, assault & railway accidents. External head injuries were mainly seen on frontal and parietal regions. Amongst the scalp injuries lacerations were very common seen in 114 cases, 36.19%. Skull bone fractures were frequently seen in fatal head injury cases. Presence of skull bone fractures are associated more frequently with fatal complications. Though linear fractures are common in general we observed the comminuted fractures as the commonest type of skull fractures in fatal head injury cases, seen in 73 cases, (58.4%). Depressed fractures were less common in fatal cases. Involvement of cranial fssa was seen in 108 cases. Linear type of fractures both transverse and horizontal type was more common seen in 66 coases amongst the 108 cases of cranial fossa involvement i.e. 61.11%. Involvement of middle cranial fossa was high seen in 45 cases of the 108 cases i.e. (41.66%). Presence of comminuted skull bone fractures is associated with higher rate of mortality. Conclusion: Most of the cases were due to road traffic c accidents and males are more prone to get Head injury. Other important causes of fatal head injuries are fall from height, railway accidents and assaults in descending order. To reduce the morbidity and mortality it’s high time for the concerned authority to take appropriate actions.

Tensile Mechanical Properties of Dry Cortical Bone Extracellular Matrix: A Comparison Among Two Osteogenesis Imperfecta and One Healthy Control Iliac Crest Biopsies.

Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) is a genetic, collagen-related bone disease that increases the incidence of bone fractures. Still, the origin of this brittle mechanical behavior remains unclear. The extracellular matrix (ECM) of OI bone exhibits a higher degree of bone mineralization (DBM), whereas compressive mechanical properties at the ECM level do not appear to be inferior to healthy bone. However, it is unknown if collagen defects alter ECM tensile properties. This study aims to quantify the tensile properties of healthy and OI bone ECM. In three transiliac biopsies (healthy n = 1, OI type I n = 1, OI type III n = 1), 23 microtensile specimens (gauge dimensions 10 × 5 × 2 μm3) were manufactured and loaded quasi-statically under tension in vacuum condition. The resulting loading modulus and ultimate strength were extracted. Interestingly, tensile properties in OI bone ECM were not inferior compared to controls. All specimens revealed a brittle failure behavior. Fracture surfaces were graded according to their mineralized collagen fibers (MCF) orientation into axial, mixed, and transversal fracture surface types (FST). Furthermore, tissue mineral density (TMD) of the biopsy cortices was extracted from micro-computed tomogra[hy (μCT) images. Both FST and TMD are significant factors to predict loading modulus and ultimate strength with an adjusted R 2 of 0.556 (p = 2.65e-05) and 0.46 (p = 2.2e-04), respectively. The influence of MCF orientation and DBM on the mechanical properties of the neighboring ECM was further verified with quantitative polarized Raman spectroscopy (qPRS) and site-matched nanoindentation. MCF orientation and DBM were extracted from the qPRS spectrum, and a second mechanical model was developed to predict the indentation modulus with MCF orientation and DBM (R 2 = 67.4%, p = 7.73e-07). The tensile mechanical properties of the cortical bone ECM of two OI iliac crest biopsies are not lower than the one from a healthy and are primarily dependent on MCF orientation and DBM. © 2023 The Authors. JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.

The flexural and shear behavior of SIFCON concrete beams with steel and GFRP bars

The SIFCON concrete reinforced with glass-fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) bars can provide a construction system with high durability and strength. Slurry infiltrated fibrous concrete (SIFCON) is a new type of conventional fiber reinforced concrete. The aim of this paper is to evaluate the flexural and shear behavior of the SIFCON concrete beams reinforced with GFRP bars were evaluated under four-point bending and three-point shear tests. The parameters investigated were material type of longitudinal reinforcement (steel and GFRP), transverse reinforcement type (steel and mesh) and mesh reinforcement spacing (25 mm and 12 mm). For this purpose, a total of twelve SIFCON concrete beams with steel and GFRP bar as longitudinal reinforcement measuring 150x150x800 mm were cast. Moreover, stirrup and mesh reinforcement as transverse reinforcement are another main parameter of this study. The test results showed that the effects of longitudinal and transverse reinforcement type and mesh spacing on the strength, crack propagation, and energy dissipation capacity of RC beams under bending and shear were experimentally investigated. The use of steel longitudinal reinforcement in both four-point and three-point tests increased the bending moment and shear strength compared to beams with GFRP. Moreover, although the use of mesh reinforcement in reinforced concrete beams under four-point bending reduced the strength, it increased the strength in beams with GFRP. In the samples under the shear force, the use of mesh reinforcement in the steel reinforced group increases the shear strength, but the use of mesh reinforcement in the GFRP group decreases the shear strength.