Transverse Stripe Research Articles

Conspicuity of staircase configuration: Effects of markings and contrast.

To be able to walk safely up or down a staircase, we must be able to judge the configuration and slope of the staircase and our viewing position. Adding markings to the stairs might help form correct perceptions of the staircase geometry. In this study, we examined how visual judgements about staircase configuration are affected by different marking patterns. Fifteen normally sighted young participants viewed computer-generated images of staircases as seen from the top landing of the stairs. Marking patterns included contrasting baseboard, transverse edge-stripes, longitudinal side-stripes, longitudinal stripes, diamond patterns, longitudinal stripes extended to landing and diamond patterns extended to landing. For comparison, we included the no-marking condition as a control. We tested several contrast levels of marking patterns (3.2%-50%), pitch lines of the staircases (shallow/medium/steep) and viewing positions (left/centre/right). The effect of the overall shape cue of the staircase on participants' performance was also evaluated. We measured participants' accuracies in judging whether the staircase was shallow, medium or steep, and whether the viewing position was located to the left, centre or right. Transverse edge-stripes markings yielded fewer underestimations of slope (9% [transverse] vs. 18% [others]) when compared with other markers. The presence of an overall shape cue helped both slope (67% [presence] vs. 51% [absence]) and viewing position judgements (79% [presence] vs. 62% [absence]). When the overall shape cue was present, only the transverse edge-stripes markings yielded a significant improvement in performance (compared with no-marking condition). When the cue was absent, performance was significantly better with markings with high and moderate contrasts. Adding marking patterns such as high-contrast transverse stripes to stairs may help enhance the visibility of the stairs and judgements of staircase geometry. This might be particularly useful for people with visual impairment or normally sighted individuals under compromised environmental conditions.

Seagrass ecosystems of Ritche’s Archipelago in the Andaman Sea harbor ‘Endangered’ Holothuria scabra Jaeger, 1833 and ‘Vulnerable’ Actinopyga mauritiana (Quoy & Gaimard, 1834) sea cucumber species (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea)

This study reports the presence of ‘Endangered’ sea cucumber Holothuria scabra for the first time from the mixed seagrasses of Havelock Island, and the ‘Vulnerable’ Actinopyga mauritiana from the monospecific Thalassia hemprichii meadows from Neil Island of Ritche’s Archipelago of Andaman & Nicobar Islands (ANI). Both species were found during field survey of intertidal seagrass ecosystems of Ritche’s Archipelago. Morphometric measurements were carried out in the field using a vernier caliper, and identification was confirmed using the identification guide for sea cucumbers of ANI provided by the Zoological Survey of India. The total body length of the H. scabra specimen was 15.7 cm, mouth width of 3.2 cm and body circumference of 5.7 cm. The specimen was a juvenile, grey in color with a total of 17 black and yellow transverse stripes along the body. The average body length of A. mauritiana specimens examined differed between those from seagrass meadows (20.4 cm) non-seagrass areas (15.7 cm) as did mouth width and total circumference. Mono and mixed seagrass meadows of ANI are critical habitats for sea cucumbers and require monitoring and protection for conservation of declining populations.

A new fossil species of Callipteris (Callipteridae) in the Early Permian from the Xishan Area in Beijing, North China

A new early Permian Medullosa (Pteridospermatophyta) is described based on a moderately well-preserved sample from Xishan Area in Beijing, North China. Callipteris seshufenensis Chen sp. nov. represents the first record of genus Callipteris in the early Permian period in Beijing region. Callipteris seshufenensis has a remarkable morphology characterized by a narrow midvein with distinct transverse stripes, small pinnules with 2–3 lateral branches directly connected with pinna-rachis except for the rounded-obtuse apex of pinnule and costule divided more than three times (sometimes more than five times). Together with coeval callipterid fossils recorded from the North China plate and the Siberian plate, the present discovery suggests that the migration route of callipterids in China extended from West China to Northeast China.

Novel CWF19L1 mutations in patients with spinocerebellar ataxia, autosomal recessive 17.

Spinocerebellar ataxia, autosomal recessive-17 (SCAR17) is a rare hereditary ataxia characterized by ataxic gait, cerebellar signs and occasionally accompanied by intellectual disability and seizures. Pathogenic mutations in the CWF19L1 gene that code for CWF19 like cell cycle control factor 1 cause SCAR17. We report here two unrelated families with the clinical characteristics of global developmental delay, cerebellar ataxia, pyramidal signs, and seizures. Cerebellar atrophy, and T2/FLAIR hypointense transverse pontine stripes were observed in brain imaging. Exome sequencing identified novel homozygous mutations including a splice acceptor site variant c.1375-2 A > G on intron 12 in a male patient and a single nucleotide variant c.452 T > G on exon 5 resulting in a missense variant p.Ile151Ser in the female patient from two unrelated families, respectively. Sanger sequencing confirmed the segregation of these variants in the family members with autosomal recessive inheritance. Transcript analysis of the splice site variant revealed activation of a novel cryptic splice acceptor site on exon 13 resulting in an alternative transcription with a loss of nine nucleotides on exon 13. Translation of this transcript predicted an in-frame deletion of three amino acids p.(459_461del). We also observed a novel exon 13 skipping which results in premature termination of the protein product. Our study expands the phenotype, radiological features, and genotypes known in SCAR17.

Numerical analysis of interaction between flow characteristics and dynamic response of interlocked concrete block mattress during sinking process

Revetment can provide effective protection against wave overtopping and fluvial erosion along coastlines, estuaries, and rivers. The cost-effectiveness and rapid implementation make Interlocked Concrete Block Mattress (ICB mat) a viable alternative to unit armors. However, the intense hydrodynamic conditions may compromise the structural integrity of ICB mat during sinking construction, posing significant threats to both personnel and engineering safety. This study aimed to investigate the flow characteristics around the flexible mattress and its dynamic response. Recently, the fluid-structure interaction (FSI) method has been extended to multi-physics analysis in engineering applications due to its superior performance. A two-way coupling was employed to simulate the conceptualized cases of sinking process of ICB mat using the k-ω SST turbulence model, the Arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian algorithm, and the partitioned method in this study. The results indicated that the upstream surface velocity of the mattress increased exponentially with the growing water depth; meanwhile, the maximum velocity near the head beam was 23.8–31.2% larger than the average velocity. Additionally, the stress distribution on the mattress manifested transverse stripes influenced by the layout of interlocked blocks, with the highest stress primarily observed in the vicinity of the rotating plate and head beam. Furthermore, an estimation formula was proposed for the dynamic response of ICB mat considering the hydrodynamic conditions as well as structural properties. The current study can provide theoretical guidance for the structural design of ICB mat and engineering risk assessment during sinking construction.

Effect of the Bionic Transverse Stripe on Wear Resistance and Crushing Performance of Cement Grinding Roller

To improve the wear resistance and mineral crushing performance of grinding rollers in cement, mining, and other engineering fields, a striped groove morphology was designed on the normal grinding roller surface in this study. The wear resistance of grinding rollers with different striped groove parameters and the crushing performance of quartz sand were tested with a purposely designed device. The depth and number of striped grooves were used as the structural parameters of the striped grooves, and the test protocol was designed with the experimental design method. The results showed that the wear resistance and crushing performance of the grinding roller with striped grooves were better than those of the smooth grinding roller for quartz sand. For example, the wear of the 3# bionic grinding roller was reduced by 53.58% compared with the average wear amount of a normal grinding roller, and the crushing effect of the quartz sand was also improved. The regression equation between the stripe depth, number of stripes, and wear amount of the grinding roller was constructed on the basis of the multiple orthogonal regression method. It was found that the influence of the striped groove depth on the wear amount of the grinding roller was greater than that of the distribution number of the striped grooves. According to the results and the analysis the striped grooves distributed on the grinding roller’s surface caused the friction state between the quartz sand and the grinding roller to be in a state of sliding friction, and the wear amount was reduced. Striped grooves on the grinding roller surface might also change the stress state of the quartz sand in the crushing process. Additionally, the performance of the bionic grinding roller in crushing quartz sand was improved, and the wear amount of the bionic grinding roller was also reduced compared with that of the normal grinding roller.

Effects of Boulder Arrangement on Flow Resistance Due to Macro-Scale Bed Roughness

Flow resistance in gravel-bed channels is not only affected by the shape and size of the roughness elements, but also by their arrangement on the channel bed surface (position to flow streamlines, spacing between elements, and their protrusion from the channel bed). Many investigations proved that open channel flow resistance can be obtained by integrating the power velocity profile. For a macro-scale roughness condition, this study aims to investigate the effect of different boulder arrangements on flow resistance. First, for each arrangement, the equation relating Γ function of the power velocity profile, the Froude number, and the channel slope was calibrated using available measurements performed in a flume covered by pebbles with “Random”, “Transversal stripe”, and “Longitudinal stripe” arrangements. For each arrangement, the experimental datasets were divided to consider the effects of boulder concentration Ch. Moreover, the relationship obtained for the “Random” arrangement and element concentration lower than 48% was tested using literature measurements performed in a flume covered by coarse elements randomly arranged. Finally, the effects of the different boulder arrangements on the flow resistance law were investigated by imposing a concentration threshold. The results demonstrated that (i) the Darcy–Weisbach friction factor can be accurately estimated by the proposed flow resistance equation, (ii) the flow resistance increases with Ch for low values (<48%) of concentration, while it does not depend on Ch for high concentrations (≥48%), and (iii) the effect of the boulder arrangement on flow resistance law is more evident for low element concentrations.

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE EXTERIOR OF THE POLESIE HORSE POPULATION OF DIFFERENT AGES

The article is devoted to the problem of studying the features of the development of the exterior of the horses of the Polesie population of Ukraine. A survey of the horses of the Polesie population of the Sherbaty Zugli farm, which are kept on the basis of the Ecological Research Station "Glyboki Balyky" of the Obukhovskyi district of the Kyivska region, was carried out. Today, the herd of Polesie horses has 22 heads. Measurements, assessment of the exterior, movements, temperament and performance of the studied herd of animals of different ages were carried out. Animals were evaluated according to the target standard of the main conformation traits of the Polesie horse population. According to the results of a comprehensive survey of horses of the Polesie population, it was found that young horses born in 2020–2021 are sufficiently developed for their age. Horses of 2.5 years of age are almost as large as adult animals. The difference is determined only by the girth of the chest (6.4 cm). There is also a rapid achievement of physiological maturity, which is characteristic of native breeds.
 It was noted that horses of the Polesie population, as well as typical representatives of local breeds, are characterized by: a rectangular shape of the body (92.0 ± 0.84), a large head (96.8 ± 1.31), a fairly pronounced right angle of the forearm (106.0 ± 1.07), small-sickle limbs (96.0 ± 1.69) and bone development proportional to body size (100.0 ± 0.84). A slight variability of the coefficient of variation (2.28–7.28%) was established.
 The studied herd fully complies with the requirements of the target color standard - the majority of horses are black or black-roan (56%). Also, most horses (75%) have signs of atavism characteristic of forest horses: transverse stripes on the legs, the so-called "zebroid", dark "plaque" on the shoulders and withers. Based on the research results, taking into account the experience of scientists from other countries, methodological recommendations have been developed for the assessment and selection of horses of the Polesie population with their subsequent introduction into production.
 Taking into account the difficult situation in the country and the small number of the studied horses, the issue of studying the features of the external development of horses in the Polesie population requires further research.

Бубенчики из гробницы 19/2020 на плато Эски-Кермен: состав материала и реконструкция процесса изготовления

The given article studies two small bells found in the tomb 19/2020 in the narthex of the single-nave church in block II at Eski-Kermen plateau. These bells have slightly flattened body with a slit and a small ball inside; they are decorated with corrugated transverse stripes. One of the bells is completely preserved, the other is fragmented. The aim of the work was to determine the composition of the metal and the manufacturing technology of the bells. The X-ray fluorescence analysis of the elemental composition of the metal of the bells showed that the items themselves and the ball inside one bell were made of tin-lead bronze. All currently known reconstructions of the manufacturing technology of such products are described, with the most possible one as the making of wax model of bells comprising of two halves and, later, lost wax casting; clay form was also lost.

An additive repression mechanism sets the anterior limits of anterior pair-rule stripes 1.

Segments are repeated anatomical units forming the body of insects. In Drosophila, the specification of the body takes place during the blastoderm through the segmentation cascade. Pair-rule genes such as hairy (h), even-skipped (eve), runt (run), and fushi-tarazu (ftz) are of the intermediate level of the cascade and each pair-rule gene is expressed in seven transversal stripes along the antero-posterior axis of the embryo. Stripes are formed by independent cis-regulatory modules (CRMs) under the regulation of transcription factors of maternal source and of gap proteins of the first level of the cascade. The initial blastoderm of Drosophila is a syncytium and it also coincides with the mid-blastula transition when thousands of zygotic genes are transcribed and their products are able to diffuse in the cytoplasm. Thus, we anticipated a complex regulation of the CRMs of the pair-rule stripes. The CRMs of h 1, eve 1, run 1, ftz 1 are able to be activated by bicoid (bcd) throughout the anterior blastoderm and several lines of evidence indicate that they are repressed by the anterior gap genes slp1 (sloppy-paired 1), tll (tailless) and hkb (huckebein). The modest activity of these repressors led to the premise of a combinatorial mechanism regulating the expression of the CRMs of h 1, eve 1, run 1, ftz 1 in more anterior regions of the embryo. We tested this possibility by progressively removing the repression activities of slp1, tll and hkb. In doing so, we were able to expose a mechanism of additive repression limiting the anterior borders of stripes 1. Stripes 1 respond depending on their distance from the anterior end and repressors operating at different levels.

Uniaxial pressure induced stripe order rotation in La1.88Sr0.12CuO4

Static stripe order is detrimental to superconductivity. Yet, it has been proposed that transverse stripe fluctuations may enhance the inter-stripe Josephson coupling and thus promote superconductivity. Direct experimental studies of stripe dynamics, however, remain difficult. From a strong-coupling perspective, transverse stripe fluctuations are realized in the form of dynamic “kinks”—sideways shifting stripe sections. Here, we show how modest uniaxial pressure tuning reorganizes directional kink alignment. Our starting point is La1.88Sr0.12CuO4 where transverse kink ordering results in a rotation of stripe order away from the crystal axis. Application of mild uniaxial pressure changes the ordering pattern and pins the stripe order to the crystal axis. This reordering occurs at a much weaker pressure than that to detwin the stripe domains and suggests a rather weak transverse stripe stiffness. Weak spatial stiffness and transverse quantum fluctuations are likely key prerequisites for stripes to coexist with superconductivity.

Effects of floor pattern on flight behaviour of the smaller tea tortrix, Adoxophyes honmai, during orientation flight in a sex pheromone plume

AbstractInsects control their flight toward a distant odour source by integrating multimodal sensory information, such as olfactory and visual information. Control of flight speed in orientation flight toward an odour source using visual patterning below has been observed in many species of moths. However, there are few reports about moth flight behaviour over solid‐coloured floors. To examine, which visual stimuli affect flight behaviour of moths, male smaller tea tortrix (Adoxophyes honmai) were released in a pheromone plume over two striped floors (longitudinal and transverse stripes) and two unpatterned floors (solid white and solid black). Flight behaviours were videotaped, and upwind flight speed, height (altitude) and the number of backward movements moths made as they approached the pheromone source were determined. Male moths significantly increased mean and maximum upwind flight speed over longitudinal stripes relative to their speed over transverse stripes. Their speed over a solid black floor was the fastest of all floor patterns tested. As males approached the pheromone source, their mean upwind speed decreased significantly over all floor patterns, except for the black floor. Fewer moths made backward movements over the black floor compared with the other three floors. In addition, male moths flew significantly higher over the white floor than over the other three floors, while 60–40 cm from the pheromone source. This is the first time that differences in moth flight behaviour over two patternless floors have been reported. These results suggest that orientation flight behaviour of male moths is affected not only by visual patterns, but also by the reflectance or reflected wavelength spectrum of the floor.

Electric control of dielectric droplets and films

We investigate the behavior of dielectric droplets and films placed onto a solid surface under the action of electric field of different configurations. The mesoscopic thermal multiphase lattice Boltzmann model [A. Kupershtokh, D. Medvedev, and I. Gribanov, “Thermal lattice Boltzmann method for multiphase flows,” Phys. Rev. E 98, 023308 (2018)] is used for simulation. Different configurations of electric field were produced by using dissected flat electrodes of various shapes. On a simple flat electrode, droplets elongate after the application of electric voltage. Quite different behavior was observed when the central round part of the electrode was made non-conductive. In this case, the droplet spreads under the action of a non-uniform electric field, and the breakup and the formation of an annular structure were observed. A film of dielectric liquid flowing along a solid surface made of conductive and non-conductive transversal stripes exhibits a variety of regimes. When the voltage is low, the action of electric field produces waves at the surface of liquid. At a high voltage, the liquid is pinned to the edges of stripes, and the flow may be stopped completely. The purpose of this article is precisely to attract experimenters to the study of this type of phenomena.

Two new species of Homidia (Collembola: Entomobryidae) from Eastern China.

Two new species of Homidia are described from Eastern China: H. hangzhouensis sp. nov. and H. wanensis sp. nov. The former is characterised by smooth chaetae e and l1 on labial base, two irregular transverse stripes on Abd. IV, absence of blue pigment on Ant. I-II and Abd. I-II and presence on Ant. III-IV, 7-9 macrochaetae on Abd. IV posteriorly and 24-34 smooth inner spines on dens. The latter can be identified by reduced blue body pigment, smooth chaeta e on labial base and having some posterior labial chaetae modified, appearing leaflike, 8-9 macrochaetae on Abd. IV posteriorly and 83 smooth inner spines on dens.

Giant Magnetoresistance and Magnetocaloric Effect in Highly Textured Ni45Mn36.5In13.5Co5 Alloys

Herein, the giant magnetoresistance (MR) and magnetocaloric effect (MCE) of highly textured Ni45Mn36.5In13.5Co5 alloys are investigated. The Ni45Mn36.5In13.5Co5 alloys are grown using the liquid‐metal‐cooling directional solidification technique. In the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) image, unique bamboo‐like transverse stripes perpendicular to the long axis of grains are observed, which may lead to the giant MR of the sample. For the magnetic field change of 10 kOe, the giant MR value at 268 K is ≈−64%, which is rather big among similar bulk alloys. The MCE is evaluated via the magnetic entropy change. In H⊥ and H∥ magnetic fields of 30 kOe, the maximum entropy change is 13.5 and 15.3 J kg−1 K−1, and the effective refrigeration capacity (RC) reaches ≈108 and ≈117 J kg−1. The detailed results indicate that the MCE properties of the studied alloys vary in different directions under a low magnetic field; however, the difference is not very significant under a high magnetic field.

Dynamics of moving contact line on a transversely patterned inclined surface

We study the dynamics of moving contact lines and film deposition on a chemically patterned plate withdrawn from a liquid bath obliquely. The plate is patterned with transverse stripes and characterized by alternating wettability. We assume that the inclination of the plate is small enough, so lubrication theory can be employed. The finite element method is used to solve the one-dimensional unsteady lubrication equation, and it is combined with the precursor film model and disjoining pressure to realize the moving contact line with finite contact angles. When the width of the strips is relatively large, four typical modes of contact line dynamics are observed as the withdrawal speed of the plate increases. In particular, if the withdrawal speed is smaller than the critical value of the wetting transition on the more wettable strip, the contact line would periodically move between the equilibrium positions of the more wettable and less wettable regions, which is known as a “stick-slip” motion. In accordance with the Cox–Voinov law, a quantitative analysis of the “stick-slip” motion is conducted, which predicts the critical condition of the “stick” process and the relaxation time of the “slip” process. When the stripe width is sufficiently small, the evolution of the contact line and liquid film is similar to that on an equivalent homogeneous substrate, whose contact angle can be predicted via Cassie theory.

A new species of the sharpshooter genus Dasmeusa (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Cicadellini) from Central Amazon

A new species of the genus Dasmeusa Melichar, 1926 is described and illustrated from specimens collected in the State of Amazonas, Northern Brazil. Dasmeusa imperialis sp. nov. can be distinguished from the five known species of the genus, as well as from those of closely related genera, by the following combination of features: dorsum yellow with orange, preapical transverse irregular stripe on forewing; male pygofer moderately produced posteriorly, with posterior margin broadly rounded; style without preapical lobe, narrow and truncate apically; aedeagus with robust apical process directed ventrally, ventral margin of this process dentate; paraphyses with pair of dorsal dentiform projections on stalk, rami slender and directed posterodorsally; posterior margin of female sternite VII with small quadrate lobe; first ovipositor valvula with dentiform apex; second ovipositor valvula with apical third directed ventrally. This paper includes the first detailed description and illustrations of the female terminalia of a Dasmeusa species. In addition, the known geographic distribution of the genus is presented; D. pauperata (Fabricius, 1803) is newly recorded from the Brazilian states of Roraima, Amazonas, Pará, Sergipe, and Bahia; the records from the last two states are interesting because they are from areas of Atlantic Forest. Previously, the genus was known only from the Amazon Forest.

The evolution of snow bedforms in the Colorado Front Range and the processes that shape them

Abstract. When wind blows over dry snow, the snow surface self-organizes into bedforms such as dunes, ripples, snow waves, and sastrugi. These bedforms govern the interaction between wind, heat, and the snowpack, but thus far they have attracted few scientific studies. We present the first time-lapse documentation of snow bedform movement and evolution, as part of a series of detailed observations of snow bedform movement in the Colorado Front Range. We show examples of the movement of snow ripples, snow waves, barchan dunes, snow steps, and sastrugi. We also introduce a previously undocumented bedform: the stealth dune. These observations show that (1) snow dunes accelerate minute-by-minute in response to gusts, (2) sastrugi and snow steps present steep edges to the wind and migrate downwind as those edges erode, (3) snow waves and dunes deposit layers of cohesive snow in their wake, and (4) bedforms evolve along complex cyclic trajectories. These observations provide the basis for new conceptual models of bedform evolution, based on the relative fluxes of snowfall, aeolian transport, erosion, and snow sintering across and into the surface. We find that many snow bedforms are generated by complex interactions between these processes. The prototypical example is the snow wave, in which deposition, sintering, and erosion occur in transverse stripes across the snowscape.

Preliminary investigation on electrothermal instabilities in early phases of cylindrical foil implosions on primary test stand facility**Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 11805019, 11775032, 11605013, and 11705013).

Recent experiments on the implosions of 15-mm long and 2- thick aluminum liners having a diameter of 12.8 mm have been performed on the primary test stand (PTS) facility. The stratified structures are observed as alternating dark and light transverse stripes in the laser shadowgraph images. These striations perpendicular to the current flow are formed early in the implosion, i.e., at the stage when the bulk of the material mass was almost at rest. A two-dimensional (2D) magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) code is employed to simulate the behavior of liner dynamics in the early phases. It is found that the striations may be produced by the electrothermal instability (ETI) that results from non-uniform Joule heating due to the characteristic relation between the resistivity and the temperature. In 2D simulations, the stratified structures can be seen obviously in both density and temperature contours as the liner expands rapidly. By analyzing instability spectrum, the dominant wavelengths of the perturbations are , which agree qualitatively with the theoretical predictions. It is also interesting to show that ETI provides a significant seed to the subsequent magneto Rayleigh–Taylor (MRT) instability.

Two new species of Aphelochaeta (Annelida: Polychaeta: Cirratulidae)from Korean waters.

Two new cirratulid polychaetes of the genus Aphelochaeta collected from Korean waters are reported here along with detailed descriptions and illustrations. Aphelochaeta petila n. sp. is readily distinguished from its congeners by the following characteristics: non-expanded anterior and posterior ends of the body; non-moniliform segments in the abdomen; peristomium with three annulations and an indistinct dorsal crest; both the dorsal tentacles and the first branchiae attached on the peristomium; presence of only a pair of branchiae on chaetiger 1; and the ventrum of the thoracic region with transverse dark blue stripes on the chaetigers 6-16 with methyl green staining. Aphelochaeta intinctoria n. sp. is characterized by a combination of the following features: a rounded prostomium; a peristomium with a dorsal crest; a non-expanded thoracic region; dorsal tentacles on the peristomium and the first pair of branchiae on chaetiger 1; and the thoracic region lacking a distinct methyl green staining pattern. These two new species from Korean waters also differ in details of chaetal ultrastructure.