Transversal Fruit Diameter Research Articles

English

Boron sources and doses can positively increase fruit quality and tomato yield. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of boron doses and sources on the development and yield of industrial tomatoes under irrigation. A randomized block design with four replications in a 3x4x2 factorial scheme was used. Three boron sources, boric acid, borax, and ulexite; four boron doses (0, 1, 2, and 3 kg/ha); and two locations, Goianésia, GO (AE I) and Vila Propício, GO (AE II) were evaluated. Stem diameter (SD), plant height (PH), the total number of fruits (TNF), the number of ripe fruits (NRF), the number of green fruits per plant (NGF), the number of lateral branches per plant (NLB), longitudinal fruit diameter (LFD), transversal fruit diameter (TFD), yield (YLD), total soluble solids content (°BRIX), pH, and titratable acidity (TA) were evaluated. There was no significant difference for the evaluated boron sources, while boron doses statistically influenced the increase in the TNF, NRF, °BRIX, and YLD. The dose of 1.23 kg ha-1 provided the highest values of ºBRIX (4.75%). The dose of 1.89 kg/ha provided the highest yield (119001.5 kg/ha), regardless of sources and locations. Boron sources did not significantly affect tomato crops, so both can be used for the study conditions

Produção e qualidade de mini melancia submetida ao estresse salino e razões K+/Ca2+

ABSTRACT Nutritional management can be an efficient strategy to mitigate the effects of salinity on fruit production and quality. This study aimed to evaluate the production and quality of fruits of mini watermelon crop, Sugar Baby cultivar, grown in a protected environment, under salt stress and K+/Ca2+ ratios. The study was carried out in a greenhouse, using a randomized block design, 1 + 5 scheme, resulting in six treatments and four replications. Six nutrient solutions were employed, one using low-salinity water, with NaCl (0.5 dS m-1) and standard nutrient solution (S1, control treatment), and the others using salinized water at 5.0 dS m-1 (S2) and extra addition of K (S3 = 50% and S4 = 100%) and Ca (S5 = 50% and S6 = 100%). The production (fruit production, longitudinal and transverse diameter of fruit, rind thickness, pulp firmness) and postharvest quality (soluble solids, vitamin C, titratable acidity, and maturation index), in addition to the variables related to the color of the pulp (lightness, chroma index, and Hue angle) were evaluated. The addition of NaCl reduced fruit production, longitudinal, and transverse diameter of fruit, rind thickness, and vitamin C content. Among saline nutrient solutions, extra addition of 50% K (S3) attenuates the deleterious effects of salt stress on the production variables and vitamin C content. Under salt stress, extra addition of 50% K (S3) and 100% Ca (S6) intensifies the red color of the pulp.

Continuous Third Phase Fruit Monitoring in Olive with Regulated Deficit Irrigation to Set a Quantitative Index of Water Stress

The transversal fruit diameter (FD) was monitored continuously by automatic extensimeters (fruit gauges) in order to monitor fruit growth dynamics under deficit irrigation treatments. The daily diameter fluctuation (ΔD, mm), the daily growth (ΔG, mm), the cumulative fruit growth (CFG, mm), and the fruit relative growth rate (RGR, mm mm−1 h−1) of four olive cultivars (Ascolana dura, Piantone di Falerone, Arbequina, and Lea) were studied during the third phase of fruit growth. Two regulated deficit irrigation treatments DI-20 (20% of ETc) and DI-10 (10% of ETc) were applied. The daily hysteretic pattern of FD versus the environmental variable of vapor pressure deficit (VPD) was evaluated using the data of a local weather station. The assessment of fruit growth parameters showed cultivar-specific response to water stress. For instance, after performing deficit irrigation, minimum RGR in different cultivars downsized with various slopes which suggested a very different response of the cultivars to dehydration. On the other hand, the daily hysteretic pattern of FD versus VPD was detected in all the studied cultivars, and a quantitative index (height of hysteresis curves) used for explanation of hysteresis magnitude’s changed according to the deficit irrigation treatments. The results showed a significant reduction of height of hysteresis curves by irrigation treatments which were not cultivar-specific. The quantitative index for hysteresis curve magnitude’s change in the four olive cultivars of Ascolana dura, Piantone di Falerone, Arbequina and Lea can efficiently estimate the plant water response to irrigation treatment in olive orchards. However, further investigation needs to be done to implement precise irrigation systems.

Fruit production and quality of sweet orange genotypes selected for the state of Acre, Brazil

The Acre State, Brazil, has edaphoclimatic conditions suitable for the cultivation of sweet orange trees; however, production is limited by the lack of genotypes adapted to the region. The aim of this study was to evaluate the production and quality of sweet orange fruits grafted onto ‘Rangpur’ lime, in order to identify promising genotypes that could be used as a cultivar. The experiment was carried out between 2010 and 2012 in the experimental field of Embrapa, AC, Brazil, in a randomized block design, with 19 genotypes and local Aquiri cultivar. These were propagated by budding, originated from matrices propagated by seeds, and were selected from nine municipalities of Acre, Brazil. A total of 20 treatments with three replications were used in this study. The number of fruits per plant, production per plant, productivity, and fruit quality (fruit mass, longitudinal and transversal fruit diameter, peel thickness, juice yield, soluble solids, titratable acidity, quotient between soluble solids and titratable (ratio), and technological index) were evaluated. Joint analysis of variance and Scott-Knott tests were performed to compare means, as well as Pearson’s correlation and cluster tests, using the Ward method and Mahalanobis distance. The sweet orange genotypes 6, 8, 9, 52, and Aquiri cultivar presented the best productivity indicators, with average values ??above the national productivity. The isolated effect of the year factor showed a greater number of fruits, production per plant, and productivity in the 2010 harvest.

Repeatability coefficient estimates and optimum number of harvests in graft/rootstock combinations for 'tahiti' acid lime

Combining longitudinal data and statistical models from perennial crops enabled us to estimate the optimum number of measures (harvests), implying accurate discrimination of superior genotypes in those crops. Herein, the goal of this study was to determine the optimum number of harvests based on yield traits and recommend a superior graft/rootstock combination (GRC) for Citrus latifolia Tanaka. Twenty-four GRCs of 'Tahiti' acid lime were evaluated from July 2017 to August 2018 for fruit yield per plant (FYP), number of fruits per plant (NFP), and longitudinal (LFD) and transversal fruit diameter (TFD). The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 4 replications. The experimental unit consisted of three individuals, totalling 244 individuals. The GRCs were composed of (i) two hybrids that were used as rootstock, citrumelo ‘Swingle’ (Citrus paradisi x Poncirus trifoliata) and cintrandarin ‘Riverside’ (Citrus sunki x Poncirus trifoliata); and (ii) 12 different C. latifolia genotypes that were used as grafts: Bello Fruit, Eledio, Iconha, Itarana, Santa Rosa, Bearss lime, CNPMF 01, CNPMF 02, CNPMF 2001, CNPMF 5059, BRS Passos, and Persian 58. Mixed models were employed to estimate the variance components. The optimum number of harvests was determined based on selective efficiency values above 0.9. The estimated repeatability coefficients presented values of 0.14 (LFD), 0.16 (TFD), 0.36 (FYP), and 0.38 (NFD). Based on the results, four harvests were able to choose genotypes based on FYP and NFP, whereas LFD and TFD were considered inefficient traits for recommending superior GRCs.

Nitrogen Management Based on Visible/Near Infrared Spectroscopy in Pear Orchards

The timely estimation of nitrogen (N) requirements is essential for managing N fertilizer application in pear orchards. Visible/near infrared spectroscopy is a non-destructive and effective technique for real-time assessment of leaf N concentration, but its utility for decisions about fertilizer application in the pear orchards remains to be determined. In this study, we used leaf spectroscopy to determine leaf N concentration, used this value to calculate the amounts of N required for supplementary fertilization, and then evaluated the effects of the application. Over the two-year study, Cuiguan pear trees were treated with N at the following rates: 0 (N0), 100 (N1), 200 (N2), 300 (N3), and 400 (N4) g N per tree, regarded as five “controlled” N application rates. Another four “regulatory” treatments (Nr1-4) were fertilized as the “controlled” N application rates the first year, then given adjusted N application by topdressing as calculated using the N concentrations inferred from visible/near infrared spectroscopy data the second year. A model (R2 = 0.82) was established the first year to relate leaf spectra and N concentration using a partial least squares regression with full bands (350–2500 nm). The amount of N in the topdressing for the supplemental treatments was determined using the predicted leaf N concentration and the topdressing calculation method adapted from the N balance formula. Results showed that adjusted N applications of the Nr1 and Nr2 increased yield by 26% and 23%, respectively, over the controlled treatments N1 and N2. Although treatments Nr3 and Nr4 did not increase yield significantly over N3 and N4, the partial factor productivity of nitrogen in Nr4 was higher than the N4. The transverse diameter of fruit from Nr1 trees was significantly higher than from N1 trees, while the longitudinal diameter of fruit from Nr1, Nr2, and Nr3 trees was significantly higher than from N1, N2 and N3 trees, suggesting that fruit longitudinal growth and single-fruit weight is stimulated by adjusted N applications. However, the soluble solids in fruit from trees receiving adjusted N were not significantly greater than in fruit from non-supplemented trees. In conclusion, our results illustrate that regulatory N management contributes to fruit yield and quality especially in the nitrogen deficiency condition and improves the nitrogen use efficiency in nitrogen surplus. The N prediction model established using the nondestructive visible/near infrared spectroscopy is convenient and economical.

Genetic variability of Physalis ixocarpa and P. philadelphica from physicochemical fruit traits

Abstract The objective of this work was to estimate the genetic parameters and genetic divergence of two species of Physalis based on fruit traits, as well as the correlations between these traits. The experiment was carried out in a randomized complete block, with three treatments (P. philadelphica and the green and purple varieties of P. ixocarpa), and six replicates. The following traits were evaluated: average fruit mass (AFM), soluble solids (SS), longitudinal fruit diameter (LFD), transversal fruit diameter (TFD), total fruit mass (TFM), number of fruit per plant (NF), reducing sugars (RS), and total sugars (TS). Genetic divergence was estimated by Tocher’s and the UPGMA methods. There was genetic divergence between the Physalis species, with a higher contribution of AFM, LFD, and TFD, mainly by Tocher’s method. A positive correlation was observed between AFM x LFD, AFM x TFD, and LFD x TFD, and a negative correlations between LFD x TFM, TFD x TFM, and NF x RS. The species were discriminated by total sugars. The AFM, LFD, TFD, and TS traits show significant genetic variation and high values of heritability; therefore, they are suitable targets for the genetic breeding of the evaluated Physalis species.

Yield and Physical Quality of the Yellow Passion Fruit under Spacing within Plants and Water Salinity

Aims: The aim of this work was to evaluate the yield and the physical quality of the yellow passion fruit accession ‘Guinezinho’ as a function of the within-row plant spacing, with saline irrigation water in consecutive growing seasons.
 Study Design: The experiment was arranged in randomized blocks, with four replicates and 12 plants per parcel, in a 4 x 2 factorial arrangement, referring to the spacing in the planting lines of 3, 6, 9 and 12 m, and two consecutive growing seasons.
 Place and Duration of Study: The experiment was developed in the municipality of Coronel Ezequiel, Rio Grande do Norte state, Brazil, within the months of April 2013 and October 2014.
 Methodology: The seedings were transplanted in the spacings of 3, 6, 9 and 12 m, and distant 2 m within lines according to the treatments; they were conducted in a vertical shoot position (VSP) training system, and daily irrigated during the arid period with saline water (ECiw = 3.4 dS m-1). The following characteristics were evaluated: fruit yield, fruit mass, longitudinal and transversal fruit diameter, pulp yield, peel mass and peel thickness.
 Results: The interaction between spacing and growing season exercised a significant effect on the fruit yield, longitudinal fruit diameter, pulp yield, thickness and mass of the peel (P = .05). The variables transversal diameter and fruit mass only varied within the growing seasons (P = .05). The plants cultivated in the 3 m spacing were the most productive in the two seasons, with 23.7 and 36.3 t ha-1, in the first and second seasons, respectively.
 Conclusion: The highest yield of the yellow passion fruit accession ‘Guinezinho’ was obtained in the smaller plant spacing in the lines. Except for the pulp yield, the yield and physical quality of the fruits were superior in the second growing season. The irrigation with highly saline water, in this type of soil, did not compromise the productive ability of the passion fruit accession ‘Guinezinho’.

Genetic diversity of 324 cultivated tomato germplasm resources using agronomic traits and InDel markers

The study of morphological and molecular diversity and grouping analysis for cultivated inbred tomato lines is very important to help breeders in selecting parental lines for hybrid breeding and developing heterotic groups. In this study, a total of 324 cultivated inbred tomato lines collected from various sources were investigated for the presence of 17 agronomic traits and subsequently genotyped with a 56- (insertion–deletion) InDel assay. The phenotypic coefficient of variation ranged from 5 to 108% with an average of 36%, and the range of phenotypic diversity index was 0.41– 2.06, with an average of 1.59. The outstanding traits in terms of causing phenotypic diversity of the inbred tomato lines are resistance to gray leaf spot, hypocotyl colour, growth habit, fruit shape, plant height, days to 30% first flower, weight per fruit, hardness, brix, acid, number of locules and transverse diameter of fruit by principal component analyses (PCA). The values of Shannon’s information index, polymorphic information content and heterozygosity are 0.61, 0.33 and 0.06 respectively. The PCA and Ward’s method for cluster multivariate analysis based on 17 agronomic traits revealed that there are four major groups with rich genetic diversity within groups. Model-based population structure analysis indicated that the 324 cultivated inbred tomato lines were separated into two main groups that were different from the results of the three main groups and five subgroups by Nei’s (Am Nat 106:283–292, 1973) cluster analysis based on InDel markers. The Mantel test correlation coefficient of the matrices of morphological and InDel distances was 0.229. Overall, this study reveals that 324 cultivated inbred tomato lines are diverse with high homozygosity and a rich genetic background. Nei’s (1973) cluster analysis can serve as an effective approach for assigning germplasm into groups and for providing guidelines for parental selection in hybrid tomato breeding.

Qualidade do maracujá amarelo fertirrigado com nitrogênio e substâncias húmicas

The quality of yellow passion fruits is affected by genetic and exogenous factors like climate, soil and agricultural practices such as fertilizing and irrigation. Thus, an experiment was developed from February to December 2013 to evaluate the effect of nitrogen fertigation and humic substances on physical and chemical quality of yellow passion fruits. The experimental design used was in complete blocks design with subdivided plots with N rates (180, 200, 260, 330 and 350 kg ha-1 year-1) in parcels and application of humic substances (with and without) in sub-parcels, with five repetitions of six plants. At 210 days after transplanting all fruits were harvested and conducted to the laboratory for evaluation of fruit mass, longitudinal and transversal fruit diameter, skin thickness, pulp percentage, pulp pH, vitamin C, soluble solids, titratable acidity, and soluble solids/titratable acidity ratio. Fruits produced, independently of the treatment, are adequate for consumption as in natura or processed fruit. It is possible to recommend a dose of 260 kg ha-1 of N without humic substances for production of good quality yellow passion fruits.

SELECTION OF PRUNUS MUME AS ROOTSTOCKS FOR PEACHES ON PTSL SITE

Since the late 1970s several peach orchards in Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil, have been affected by Peach Tree Short Life (PTSL). It is well documented that root-stocks are associated with the syndrome. Several Prunus genotypes are being studied at Embrapa Temperate Agriculture as rootstocks for PTSL tolerance for Southern Brazil. Prunus mume has been reported as resistant to Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Meloidogyne javanica and M. incognita, and shows some tolerance to drought. In this trial, four peach cultivars were budded on 550 Prunus mume seedlings and planted in a field with PTSL history. In 2012, 49 trees were selected and the following variables were registered: trunk diameter (TD), trunk cross-sectional area (TCSA), fruit number/tree before thinning (FNBT) and at harvest time (FNHT), yield/tree (Y), fruit set (FSE) and yield efficiency (YE), fruit weight (FW), longitudinal (LFD) and transversal fruit diameter (TFD), soluble solids content (SSC) and firmness (F). No PTSL symptoms were observed on peach/P. mume trees in the first three years after planting. Several differences related to tree development, yield, yield efficiency and fruit quality were observed among plants on the 49 selected P. mume seedlings. The genotypes CPACT-UME-03, CPACT-UME-04, CPACT-UME-05, CPACT-UME-11, CPACT-UME-13, CPACT-UME-26, CPACT-UME-46 and CPACT-UME-47 stood out in 2012.

Genetic divergence among Psidium accessions based on biochemical and agronomic variables

Sixty-nine Psidium accessions collected in six Brazilian states were analyzed by two non-hierarchical clustering methods and principal components (PC), to provide orientation for breeding programs. The variables ascorbic acid, β-carotene, lycopene, total phenols, total flavonoids, antioxidant activity, titrable acidity, soluble solids, total soluble sugars, moisture content, lateral and transversal fruit diameter, fruit pulp and seed weighs, and plant fruit number and weight were analyzed. Specific groups were observed for the araçazeiros accessions, by the Tocher and the k-means methods, as well as by the three-dimensional dispersion of the four PCs. The clustering separated accessions of araçazeiros from the guava. There was no specific grouping in terms of States of origin, indicating the absence of barriers in the guava propagation accessions. Analyses suggested the collection of a greater number of guava germplasm samples from a smaller number of regions and divergent accessions with high nutritional compound levels to develop new cultivars.

Híbridos experimentais de melão rendilhado cultivados em solo e substrato

Este trabalho teve como objetivo verificar o desempenho de híbridos experimentais de melão rendilhado em dois sistemas de cultivo. Foram avaliados seis híbridos experimentais (Jab 07#16, Jab 07#17, Jab 07#23, Jab 07#24, Jab 07#26, Jab 07#28) e três híbridos comerciais (Bônus nº 2, Louis e Fantasy), em dois sistemas de cultivo (em solo e em fibra da casca de coco). O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos casualizados, com nove tratamentos e quatro repetições, para cada experimento, realizando-se análise conjunta dos dados. Foram avaliados: massa média do fruto; produtividade; diâmetro médio transversal do fruto; diâmetro médio longitudinal do fruto; índice de formato de fruto; diâmetro médio transversal do lóculo; diâmetro médio longitudinal do lóculo; índice de formato do lóculo; espessura do mesocarpo; diâmetro médio da inserção do pedúnculo dos frutos; sólidos solúveis; pH; vitamina C; rendilhamento da casca; e firmeza do fruto. Pode-se concluir que, para o sistema de cultivo em fibra da casca de coco, todos os híbridos são recomendados, exceto o Jab 07#17, enquanto os híbridos Bônus nº 2, Fantasy, Jab 07#26, Jab 07#28 e Jab 07#16 devem ser cultivados em solo.

Desempenho de linhagens de melão rendilhado em casa de vegetação

Avaliaram-se 20 linhagens de melão rendilhado, obtidas em programa de melhoramento genético do meloeiro da UNESP, com relação às características associadas à produção e qualidade dos frutos. O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação da UNESP em Jaboticabal, de junho de 2001 a dezembro de 2002. Utilizou-se o delineamento de blocos ao acaso com 20 tratamentos (linhagens), em quatro repetições. Cada parcela foi composta por oito plantas no espaçamento 0,5 x 1,0 m. Foram avaliados a produtividade (g/m²), peso médio, diâmetro transversal e longitudinal do lóculo e do fruto, índice de formato do fruto, espessura e coloração do mesocarpo e do epicarpo e teor de sólidos solúveis (ºBrix) dos frutos. As linhagens JAB-24-3, JAB-24-4, JAB-24-5, JAB-24-7, JAB-24-8, JAB-24-9, JAB-24-11, JAB-24-12, JAB-24-13, JAB-24-14, JAB-24-15, JAB-24-18 e JAB-24-20 se destacaram das demais na maioria das características avaliadas, demonstrando bom potencial para obtenção de híbridos comerciais.

Características de cultivares de melão rendilhado cultivadas em casa de vegetação

Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar cinco cultivares de melão rendilhado com relação as características associadas à produção e qualidade dos frutos e quanto à aparência. O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação da Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias-UNESP, Câmpus de Jaboticabal. Utilizou-se o delineamento em blocos ao acaso com 5 tratamentos compostos pelas cultivares Sunrise; Aragon; Halest Best Jumbo; Nero e Bônus nº 2 e 4 repetições. Foram avaliados o peso médio dos frutos comercializáveis; diâmetro e comprimento médio de frutos; espessura média e coloração do mesocarpo e epicarpo; teor de sólidos solúveis (ºBrix), pH e acidez total. O híbrido Bônus nº 2 destacou-se com relação à produção média/m², peso médio dos frutos (Kg), espessura da polpa (cm) e ºBrix, características importantes para a produção e comercialização dos frutos de meloeiro, podendo ser indicado para cultivo em casa de vegetação.

A Model to Predict Fruit Growth from Solar Radiation and Temperature data for Japanese Pear

To explain and predict the relation between weather and fruit growth in Japanese pear(Pyrus pyriforia Nakai, cv. Kosui), a model was constructed based on solar radiation and field growth data obtained from several regions in Japan. As a result of simulation, the following equation applicable to the estimation of the fruit growth under usual and unusual weather in every region was formulated.where Vx is estimated fruit volume at x days after flowering, V33 is observed fruit volume 33 days after flowering, kn is parameter indicating seasonal change in the influ-ence of Sd, Sd is observed daily solar radiation, p = 0.580 and b = 0.639. Transverse diameter of fruit at x days after flowering (wx) can be estimated from the following equa-tion.

ウンシュウミカン果実の初期生長と品質との関係

Early fruit growth was studied in realtion to the final fruit quality in satsuma mandarin (Citrus unshiu Marc.). Flowers were classified into two groups of leafy and leafless ones, and flowers of each group were further classified into early and late ones and inside and outside ones according to their flowering date and position in the canopy, respectively. Microscopic observations on the development of the juice sacs in the locules was also conducted.1. The percentage of physiological fruit drop was 80-90 percent for the fruit from leafless flowers and about 40 percent for the fruit from leafy flowers. Among the leafless fruit, fruit drop was about 10 percent higher for the fruit from early flowers than from late flowers. Among the leafy fruit, however, there was little difference due to the flowering date.2. The transverse diameter of fruit was always larger and its increasing rate was also larger for the fruit from leafy flowers than for the fruit from leafless flowers. The fruit from late flowers were smaller in the transverse diameter than the fruit from early flowers at the early stage of their growth but the difference gradually disappeared later. While the increasing rate of transverse diameter was higher for late-flowered fruit until 40 dates after anthesis.3. Juice sac primordia appeared on the inner wall of the locules at anthesis, that is, May 10 for the early flowers and May 20 for the late flowers. The locules of both early- and late-flowered fruit were filled with juice sacs on June 19, which was 40 and 30 days after anthesis for early- and late-flowered fruit, respectively.4. Leafy fruit, early-flowered fruit and outside fruit were larger, showed more advanced coloration, higher in Brix and lower in acid content as compared with leafless fruit, late-flowered fruit and inside fruit, respectively.5. From these results, it would appear that the percentage of high quality fruit can be increased by thinning of small fruit from early July to early August which would be otherwise harvested as low quality fruit.