Transvaginal Hydrolaparoscopy Research Articles

P-313 Additional tubal flushing with ethiodized oil during transvaginal hydrolaparoscopy; feasibility and live birth rate, a pilot study in subfertile women

Abstract Study question Is tubal flushing with ethiodized oil during transvaginal hydrolaparoscopy (THL) feasible and what is the live birth rate within 6 months after THL? Summary answer Additional flushing with ethiodized oil during THL is feasible and safe with a live birth rate of 32.0% compared to 23.4% using solely water-based-contrast (p = 0.25). What is known already The use of ethiodized oil during hysterosalpingography (HSG), an alternative method to test tubal patency, has shown to have a positive effect on the live birth rate, compared to the use of water-based contrast (methylene blue). The benefit of THL over HSG as a tubal testing method is the possibility to also explore tubo-ovarian structures and the pouch of Douglas. Currently, only water-based media are used for tubal flushing during THL. Study design, size, duration A single-center cohort study at Máxima MC, the Netherlands, including 50 subfertile women who underwent THL and in whom there was at least unilateral tubal patency for methylene blue. Outcomes of interest included feasibility, safety and 6- months live birth rate. Our data were compared with a historical cohort of 111 subfertile women who underwent THL using solely water-based contrast (van Kessel MA. et al., 2021). Univariate – and multivariate logistic regression analysis were performed. Participants/materials, setting, methods Women with an iodine allergy and/or manifest thyroid dysfunction were excluded. Participants received additional tubal flushing with ethiodized oil (Lipiodol® Ultra Fluid). Main outcomes were appearance of oil and cell/mucus debris at the tubal fimbriae, pain scores (Visual Analogue Scale, VAS) and acceptability scores (0-10, completely unacceptable-acceptable). Secondary outcomes included; amount of ethiodized oil used, thyroid function four weeks afterwards, adverse events and live birth rate within 6 months after THL. Main results and the role of chance In 48 of the 50 THL procedures there was bilateral patency to methylene blue, ethiodized oil appeared from the tubal fimbriae bilateral in 77% (37/48), unilateral in 17% (8/48), while it did not appear in 6% (3/48). In two procedures there was unilateral patency to methylene blue. Ethiodized oil appeared unilateral in one and did not appear during the other THL. The amount of ethiodized oil used was 5 mL [3.4–6.3). The median reported pain scores on the VAS were 2.9 [IQR 1.0–5.0] after flushing with methylene blue and 3.0 [IQR 1.0–5.0] after ethiodized oil. The acceptability of the procedure was rated as 10 out of 10 [IQR 8–10]. Four weeks after the procedure 14% (6/42) had developed subclinical hypothyroidism, one woman had overt hypothyroidism (FT4 slightly decreased to 11.0 pmol/L, TSH 5.60 mU/L) and one woman had isolated hypothyroxinemia (FT4 11.0 pmol/L, TSH 3.40 mU/L). One adverse event, persistent bleeding at the trocar insertion site was reported, for which a diagnostic laparoscopy was performed. The live birth rate within 6 months after a THL was 32% (16/50), compared to 23% (26/111) in our historical cohort using solely water-based contrast (OR = 1.54, 95% CI 0.74–3.22, P = 0.25). Limitations, reasons for caution As this is a pilot study without a power analysis, the study is presumably underpowered to show an effect on the live birth rate. Also, the control group was historical. Wider implications of the findings By proving feasibility of using ethiodized oil during THL we encourage further research on its effect on pregnancy rates. Furthermore, the direct observation of tubal flushing with ethiodized oil during THL enables further investigation of the contrast characteristics, which are presumably responsible for its positive effect on live birth rate. Trial registration number NL8696

P-753 Preferences in subfertile women for hysterosalpingography or transvaginal hydrolaparoscopy in the fertility work-up: a labelled discrete choice experiment.

Abstract Study question What aspects do subfertile women prefer for hysterosalpingography (HSG) or transvaginal hydrolaparoscopy (THL) to assess their Fallopian tubes? Summary answer The chance of a false negative result, failure rate, and waiting time are attributes that impact women’s preference for tubal patency testing strategy. What is known already THL and HSG are commonly used diagnostic tests for tubal patency testing, both with different features. HSG is a radiological procedure whit contrast to evaluate tubal patency, whereas THL is a procedure where access to the pouch of Douglas is obtained with an endoscope and the tubes are tested with methylene blue. THL was found non-inferior to HSG as a first-line test in terms of conception leading to live birth. Until now, limited research has been performed to study the values and preferences of subfertile women in the diagnostic work-up. Study design, size, duration We conducted a labelled discrete choice experiment (DCE), which is an attribute-based survey method for measuring preferences. This DCE consisted of 2 questionnaires with each 12 different choice sets. Women with an indication for tubal patency testing were included in the study between September 2021 and January 2023 in two Dutch hospitals. They were randomly assigned for questionnaire 1 or 2. Participants/materials, setting, methods Attributes were defined based on literature review, structured patient interviews and expert focus groups. This resulted in five final attributes: the chance of having a “false negative” result, complication rate, failure rate, subsequent management after a failed procedure and waiting time. Women were asked to choose between choice sets with hypothetical scenarios of two tubal patency tests with different levels of the attributes. Data were analysed by using multinomial logistic regression. Main results and the role of chance The questionnaire was returned by 75 out of 80 women. Mean age was 31.8 years and mean duration of subfertility was 23.5 months. 65 women experienced primary subfertility vs 10 who experienced secondary subfertility. For THL women preferred a lower chance of a false negative result (p < 0.001), a lower failure rate (p = 0.008) and a shorter waiting time (p = 0.003). Outcomes for chance of complications and management after a failed procedure were not significant. Only for the group of women with primary subfertility, if a THL is not conclusive or if there is a failure to reach the pouch of Douglas, women prefer to have a conventional laparoscopy over expectant management (p = 0.01). Women choosing HSG preferred a lower chance of a false negative result (p < 0.001), a shorter waiting time (p = 0.02) and a lower chance of complications (p = 0.001). Because of the labelled design we performed, we saw that women chose for THL significantly more than for HSG; 83% vs 17% (P = 0.03). This may be caused by way of counselling and the fact that these medical centres are one of the few centres in the Netherlands that perform the THL. Limitations, reasons for caution Our analysis with 78 women, showed significant outcomes in terms of preference on specific attributes, but it is possible that we would have found stronger associations with a larger sample size. Wider implications of the findings These results provide more insight in the perspective of subfertile women about the aspects of tubal patency testing in the fertility work-up and they enable informed decision making. Further research is needed to compare our findings to the other forms of tubal patency testing in the fertility work-up. Trial registration number N20.009

Is There Still a Place for Surgery in Patients with PCOS? A Review.

The surgical management of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) represents an unclear option compared to medical therapy, and it is necessary to deepen the role of minimally invasive surgery, represented by laparoscopic ovarian drilling (LOD) and transvaginal hydrolaparoscopy (THL), for the treatment of PCOS in infertile women resistant to drug therapy and to establish its success in terms of ovulation and pregnancy rates. A search was performed in the main electronic databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, PubMed, and the Cochrane Library) from 1994 to October 2022 in order to evaluate the role of surgery in patients with PCOS resistant to pharmacological treatment. Only original scientific articles in English were included. Seventeen studies were analyzed in this review. In all analyzed studies, more than 50% of the population underwent spontaneous ovulation after surgical treatment without great differences between the two surgical techniques (LOD and THL). More than 40% of patients delivered, with a higher rate after LOD, although eight ectopic pregnancies and sixty-three miscarriages were reported. A lower risk of adhesion formation after THL has been reported. No clear data regarding the effect of surgery on the regularization of the menstrual cycle has been described. A reduction in LH and AMH serum levels as well as the LH/FSH ratio compared to preoperative levels for both surgical techniques has been described. Despite the scarcity and heterogeneity of data, surgical therapy could be considered an effective and safe approach in the management of PCOS patients with resistance to pharmacological treatment who desire to become pregnant.

An Overview of Postoperative Intraabdominal Adhesions and Their Role on Female Infertility: A Narrative Review

Postoperative intraabdominal adhesions can occur after more than 90% of gynecologic surgeries. They not only cause chronic pelvic pain and small bowel obstruction, but are also one of the main reasons for infertility. Adhesions are not only a burden for the affected patients, but are also a burden for the healthcare system, since the treatment of adhesion-associated complications costs a considerable amount of money. The gold standard for the diagnosis of adhesions is by laparoscopy, although other methods, such as transvaginal hydro-laparoscopy, are being discussed as better alternatives. Ideally, adhesions are avoided inherently, by operating carefully and by using microsurgical principles. If this is not possible, gel barriers have been shown to be successful in reducing postoperative adhesions.

Diagnosis and treatment of early-stage endometriosis by Transvaginal Hydro laparoscopy.

Transvaginal Hydro Laparoscopy (THL) is known as a minimal invasive procedure allowing endoscopic exploration of the female pelvis. To evaluate the possibilities of the THL as a tool for early diagnosis and treatment of minimal endometriosis. A retrospective study of a consecutive series of 2288 patients referred for fertility problems to a tertiary centre for reproductive medicine was undertaken. Mean duration of infertility was 23.6 months (SD ±11-48), mean age of patients was 31.25 (SD± 3.8y). With normal findings at clinical and ultrasound examination patients underwent, as part of their fertility exploration, a THL. Evaluation of feasibility, identified pathology and pregnancy rate. Endometriosis was diagnosed in 365 patients (16%); the localisation was higher on the left side (n=237) than on the right side (n=169). Small endometriomas, with diameters between 0.5 and 2 cm, were present in 24.3% (right side in 31, left side 48 and bilateral 10). These early lesions were characterised by the presence of active endometrial like cells and a pronounced neo-angiogenesis. Destruction of the endometriotic lesions with bipolar energy resulted in an in vivo pregnancy rate (spontaneous/IUI) of 43.8% (CPR after 8 months: spontaneous 57.7%; IUI/AID 29.7%). THL allowed in a minimally invasive way an accurate diagnosis of the early stages of peritoneal and ovarian endometriosis with the possibility of offering treatment with minimal damage. This is the largest series reporting the usefulness of THL for the diagnosis and treatment of peritoneal and ovarian endometriosis in patients without obviously visible preoperative pelvic pathology.

Tubal flushing with oil-based contrast during transvaginal hydro laparoscopy, a case report.

Oil-based contrast has been shown to have a fertility-enhancing effect during hysterosalpingography (HSG) but is not yet used during transvaginal hydro laparoscopy (THL). To asses if additional tubal flushing with oil-based contrast during THL is feasible. Case report with video assessment. A healthy 29-year-old woman with primary unexplained subfertility, underwent a THL under local anaesthesia. First, chromopertubation was performed by methylene blue. Afterwards, tubal flushing with 3mL oil-based contrast (Lipiodol® UltraFluid, Guerbet) was performed. In this case report we evaluated the feasibility of additional tubal flushing with oil- based contrast during THL, in terms of; the visibility of the oil-based contrast at the tubal fimbriae, the pain and acceptability scores. Both fallopian tubes were patent to methylene-blue as well as to oil-based contrast. Interestingly, the oil-based contrast came out of the fallopian tube in the form of free droplets with strong internal bonding. Furthermore, some residue of the droplets was visible on the surface of the peritoneal wall in the form of oily micro-droplets. We present the first sub-fertile woman, in which additional tubal flushing with oil-based contrast during THL was performed. It is likely, that the residue of oily micro-droplets is also present inside the fallopian tube, where it may enhance the cilia movement by introducing lubrication. These lubricating characteristics of the oil-based contrast may be important for its fertility-enhancing effect. More research is necessary to confirm this hypothesis and the feasibility of tubal flushing with oil-based contrast during THL in more women.

P-750 The cost-effectiveness of transvaginal hydrolaparoscopy versus hysterosalpingography in the work-up for subfertility

Abstract Study question Is transvaginal hydrolaparoscopy (THL) cost-effective compared to hysterosalpingography (HSG) in the work-up for subfertility in a population at low-risk for tubal pathology? Summary answer THL is cost-effective compared to HSG in a preselected group of women at low-risk of tubal pathology. What is known already Tubal pathology is a common cause of subfertility and tubal patency testing plays an important part in the work-up of the subfertile couple and the subsequent counseling for fertility treatment. THL is an out-patient procedure. After access through the pouch of Douglas, the tubes and pelvic cavity are directly observed using hydroflotation, whereas HSG is a radiographic evaluation of the uterine cavity and patency of the tubes with injection of contrast medium in the uterine cavity. Both methods are safe and feasible for subfertile women at low-risk of tubal pathology. Study design, size, duration We performed an economic analysis as part of a randomized controlled trial comparing THL and HSG in the work-up for subfertility. Women were eligible if they had an indication for evaluation of tubal patency. Primary outcome was a conception leading to live birth in 24 months. We randomly assigned 300 subfertile women to THL or HSG between May 2013 and October 2016. Participants/materials, setting, methods This study was performed in four Dutch teaching hospitals. The economic evaluation was performed from a health care perspective. Costs were either derived from literature or calculated. The mean costs and outcomes for each treatment group were compared. Costs were combined with effectiveness by calculating ICER, and bootstrap resampling was performed. We generated a cost-effectiveness plane and cost-effectiveness acceptability curves. Main results and the role of chance After 24 months of follow-up there was a 3% difference in live birth rate in favour of the THL group (58.5% in the THL group versus 55.4% in the HSG group (83/142 versus 82/148 difference 3.0% (95% CI: -8.3 – 14.4)). Multiple pregnancy and miscarriage rate were low and did not differ between groups. Ectopic pregnancy occurred in two women in the HSG group and not in the THL group. The mean cost was lower in the THL group, compared to the HSG group (THL group 4,927 EUR versus 5,197 EUR in the HSG group, difference -270 EUR). Although the costs of the diagnostic procedure itself were higher in the THL group (425 EUR versus 289 EUR, difference 136 EUR), the costs for fertility treatments are higher in the HSG group. The base case outcome is that THL costs less and is more effective than HSG, making THL the dominant strategy. The spread of the bootstrap indicates that there is uncertainty regarding the effectiveness of THL over HSG but less uncertainty regarding the cost difference between THL and HSG. Limitations, reasons for caution This trial was conducted in the Netherlands, using price calculations of the Dutch healthcare system in Euro’s. Since prices of fertility treatments and especially ART or fertility enhancing surgery can vary widely worldwide, it is possible that the outcomes of our study are not generalizable to other countries. Wider implications of the findings The findings of our trial suggest that in a preselected group of women with low risk for tubal pathology, a diagnostic strategy starting with THL is cost-effective compared to a diagnostic strategy starting with HSG in the workup for subfertility. Trial registration number NTR3462

VNOTES for Ovarian Drilling: A New Minimal Invasive Technique

To show a new mini-invasive surgical technique of ovarian drilling and fertility workup using transvaginal natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery (vNOTES). Stepwise demonstration of the technique with narrated video footage. Ovarian drilling is a surgical technique for patients with dysovulatory polycystic ovary syndrome. The aim of this technique is to destroy 5% to 10% of the ovarian cortex to restore spontaneous ovulation. Drilling is proposed as a second-line treatment in case of failure of treatments with clomid, metformin, or letrozole. The Cochrane 2020 review shows that drilling has the same pregnancy rate as the other second-line treatment: stimulation with gonadotropins [1]. After ovarian drilling, the results show 80% of spontaneous ovulation within 3 months and 50% of spontaneous pregnancy within a year; these results are effective in the long term [2]. The techniques used until now were either classic laparoscopy or transvaginal hydrolaparoscopy, which is currently not feasible owing to the cessation of the kit [3,4]. We present to you a new surgical technique: ovarian drilling by vNOTES. This new technique is minimally invasive, without scarring on the abdomen, and very well tolerated. It allows simultaneous ovarian drilling and fertility workup with assessment of tubal patency and uterine cavity by hysteroscopy. It is recommended to use bipolar energy to reduce ovarian lesions and limit the risk of adhesion [5]. Transvaginal laparoscopic ovarian drilling is a minimally invasive surgical technique using a vNOTES kit from Applied Medical (Rancho Santa Margarita, CA), a hysteroscope of 5 mm with an operating channel from Delmont Imaging (La Ciotat, France), and a bipolar spring electrode, Versapoint from Olympus (Hamburg, Germany). The key steps to perform this surgery are as follows: 1. Perform a diagnostic hysteroscopy with vaginoscopy 2. Perform a posterior colpotomy 3. Introduce the Alexis retractor into the Douglas and place the GelPOINT with 2 sleeves 4. Introduce the hysteroscope into the pelvic cavity with serum saline, using a pressure of approximately 150 mm Hg 5. Drill approximately 10 holes on each ovary using the bipolar electrode 6. Explore the pelvic cavity with the possibility of performing a blue test for tubal patency 7. Suture the posterior vagina CONCLUSION: Ovarian drilling is a surgical treatment proposed after the failure of first-line treatments in polycystic ovary syndrome to obtain long-term spontaneous ovulations. The development of minimally invasive techniques such as vNOTES will highlight this treatment and allow it to be performed easily and with minimal adverse effects on patients, especially in bariatric women for whom the vNOTES technique provides easier access to their pelvic cavity than abdominal laparoscopy.

Fertility-related quality of life in subfertile women undergoing tubal testing with transvaginal hydrolaparoscopy or hysterosalpingography

ObjectiveBoth subfertility and its management can have significant impact on quality of life (QoL). Tubal patency testing as part of the fertility work-up, is considered to cause more physical complaints and stress than other tests. Pain scores for HSG are higher than for THL, but acceptability of the procedures was found to be comparable. Fertility-related QoL has not yet been studied in women undergoing tubal patency testing. Study designWe performed a standardized questionnaire study alongside a previously reported randomized controlled trial comparing THL and HSG in subfertile women, in which 24-month live birth rates occurred in 58.5% versus 55.4%, respectively. We randomly assigned 300 subfertile women to THL or HSG between May 2013 and October 2016. Women were eligible if they were undergoing a fertility work-up with an indication for evaluation of tubal patency. Fertility-related QoL was measured six weeks after the procedure with the validated FertiQoL questionnaire. The scores for the Core scale and subscales between THL and HSG were compared using Mann-Whitney-U test and multiple linear regression analysis. ResultsThe questionnaire was completed by 84 women in the THL group (56%) and 96 women in the HSG group (64%). Core scores were 74.6 ± 12.8 for THL and 73.4 ± 12.4 for HSG (p = 0.39). Scores for the Emotional domain were 64.5 ± 19.0 for THL versus 66.0 ± 16.3 (p = 0.67) for HSG. Scores for the ‘Mind-body’ domain for THL were 76.9 ± 15.6 versus 74.1 ± 18.0 for HSG (p = 0.42), while scores for the Relational domain were 79.2 ± 12.9 for THL and 76.9 ± 15.6 for HSG (p = 0.21). Scores for the Social domain for THL were 77.9 ± 15.1 versus 76.7 ± 14.1, (p = 0.42). The multiple linear regression analysis showed only a statistical significant positive effect of older age on the score for the Emotional domain (p = 0.015). ConclusionIn a preselected group of women with low risk for tubal pathology we did not find differences in fertility-related QoL between tubal patency testing with THL versus HSG.

P–468 Fertility-related quality of life in subfertile women undergoing transvaginal hydrolaparoscopy versus hysterosalpingography as a first-line tubal patency test

Abstract Study question Is there a difference in fertility-related quality of life (QoL) in subfertile women undergoing transvaginal hydrolaparoscopy (THL) versus hysterosalpingography (HSG) as a first-line tubal-patency test? Summary answer In subfertile women undergoing first-line tubal patency testing, THL and HSG resulted in comparable fertility-related QoL. What is known already Both subfertility itself and subfertility treatment can have a significant impact on QoL. Tubal patency testing as part of fertility work-up is also known as a potential stressor. Pain scores for THL are significantly lower than for HSG (VAS 4.7 vs 5.4 ; SD: 2.5, p 0.038), but acceptability of the procedures was found to be comparable. Fertility-related QoL has not yet been studied in women undergoing tubal patency testing. Study design, size, duration We used data from a randomised clinical trial performed in 4 Dutch teaching hospitals, NTR3462. Between May 2013 and October 2016, we randomly assigned 300 subfertile women to THL or HSG with live birth as primary outcome. We performed a standardized questionnaire study as part of a randomised controlled trial comparing THL and HSG in the work-up for subfertility. Participants/materials, setting, methods Women were eligible if they were undergoing a fertility work-up with an indication for evaluation of tubal patency testing. Fertility-related QoL was measured six weeks after the procedure with the validated FertiQoL questionnaire, which produces a Core (total) score and four subscale domains: Emotional, Relational, Social, and Mind-Body. FertiQoL scores for the Core score and subscales between THL and HSG were compared using Mann-Whitney-U test and multiple linear regression analysis. Main results and the role of chance We allocated 149 women to THL and 151 to HSG. The questionnaire was completed by 84 women in the THL group (response rate 56%) and 96 women in the HSG group (response rate 64%). Core scores were 74.6 ±12.8 for THL and 73.4 ±12.4 for HSG (p = 0.39). Scores for the Emotional domain were 64.5 ±19.0 for THL versus 66.0 ±16.3 (p = 0.67) for HSG. Scores for the ‘Mind-body’ domain for THL were 76.9 ±15.6 versus 74.1 ±18.0 for HSG (p = 0.42), scores for the Relational domain were 79.2 ±12.9 for THL and 76.9 ±15.6 for HSG (p = 0.21). Scores for the Social domain for THL were 77.9 ±15.1 versus 76.7±14.1, (p = 0.42). The optional ‘Treatment FertiQol’ was completed by 156 women. Total scores were 77.5 ±12.1 for THL versus 73.8 ±13.1 (p = 0.08) for HSG. The multiple linear regression analysis showed only a statistical significant positive effect of higher age on the score for the Emotional domain (B:0.90, p = 0.015). Limitations, reasons for caution One of the main limitations of this study was a response rate of 60%. Although this is considered an acceptable rate within questionnaire research, this could lead to selection bias. Wider implications of the findings: In subfertile women, tubal patency testing with THL versus HSG did not result in differences in fertility-related QoL. Trial registration number NTR3462

O-024 Endoscopic management of the unexplained infertility, what does it add?

Abstract text Endoscopic management of the unexplained infertility, what does it add? Stephan Gordts stephan.gordts@lifeexpertcentre.be Unexplained infertility “strictu sensu” is not a diagnosis, but a description of a status where no causal factor is identified in a couple trying to conceive for at least one year. The more parameters are assessed, the more likely to identify an etiology, the less likely becomes “unexplained” infertility. Limiting the fertility exploration to indirect visualization techniques like ultrasound, HSG or HycoSy involves the risk of missing existing pathologies. Uterus Uterine volumetric abnormalities can be detected by indirect techniques, but information is lacking on the visualization of the endometrium in case of chronic endometritis and the presence of endometrial defects and hypervascularization areas as seen in patients with adenomyosis. Tubo-ovarian Even with the increased accuracy of indirect visualization techniques, lesions of minimal endometriosis and tubo-ovarian adhesions are not detected (Table). Tubal normality constitutes not only normal tubal patency but also normal tubal function. The importance of subtle tubal lesions is underestimated. Hydatid of Morgagni are detected in 38.1% in patients with infertility versus only in 16,7% in fertile women (Gupta et al. JMIG 2017).Removal of these lesions resulted in a spontaneous pregnancy rate of 58.7% versus 20.6 in the non-treated group (Rasheed et al. EJOG Repr. 2011). Endometriosis In a series of 107 patients with unexplained infertility and 3 failed IVF cycles (Agni Pantou et al. J. Clin. Med. 2019)laparoscopy revealed the presence of endometriosis in 57.97%, peri-adnexal adhesions in 23.3% and was normal in 18.69%. Also, in a group of patients with 3 failed IVF cycles and unexplained infertility (Xiaoming Yu et al.Medicine 2019) laparoscopy showed endometriosis in 57.7%, tubal abnormalities in 31.1% and adhesions in 33.3%. Laparoscopic correction of these pathologies did not only result in a spontaneous pregnancy rate of 35% but resulted also in a higher pregnancy rate after IVF compared to the non-treated control group. Unexplained infertility hides frequently undiagnosed endometriosis. Endometrial BCL6 levels, a proto-oncogene where overexpression is associated with increased cellular proliferation and progesterone resistance, are increased in patients with endometriosis. In case of elevated BCL6 in patients with unexplained infertility, laparoscopy confirmed the presence of endometriosis in 93.8% (Evans-Hoeker et al. 2016). Abnormal BCL6 expression in a population with unexplained infertility reduced the chance of having a successful IVF treatment in 74% of the population (Almquist et al. Fertil Steril 2017). Transvaginal Hydro Laparoscopy Direct endoscopic visualization remains important but due to the invasiveness, diagnostic standard laparoscopy is frequently postponed or omitted in the exploration of the infertile patient. The technique of transvaginal hydro-laparoscopy allows in a minimal invasive way the inspection of the pelvis. In a consecutive series of 2288 patients without obvious pelvic pathology, findings were normal in 49.3%, endometriosis was diagnosed in 15.9% and tubal pathology in 14.5% of the patients (Gordts et al. FVV 2021). The rate of failed access was 1% and the complication rate 0.74%. Causing a minimal ovarian trauma, treatment of these early endometriotic lesions resulted in a spontaneous pregnancy rate of 73.2%. Conclusion The inappropriate use of “unexplained infertility” by omitting the diagnostic endoscopy in the exploration of the infertile patient, can hide undiagnosed and treatable pathology, jeopardizing possibilities for patients for a spontaneous conception and can be responsible for reduced pregnancy rates after IVF.

Systematic use of transvaginal hydrolaparoscopy as a minimally invasive procedure in the exploration of the infertile patient: results and reflections.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the added value of transvaginal hydrolaparoscopy (THL) in the investigation of the infertile patient. A retrospective cohort study, based on records from 01/09/2006 to 30/12/2019 was undertaken in a tertiary care infertility centre. THL was performed in 2288 patients. These were patients who were referred for endoscopic exploration of the female pelvis as part of their infertility investigation. In 374 patients with clomiphene-resistant polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), ovarian capsule drilling was also performed. The outcome objectives of this study included the evaluation of the added diagnostic value of THL as well as the feasibility and safety of the visual inspection of the female pelvis using this technique. Of the 2288 procedures failed access to the pouch of Douglas occurred in in 23 patients (1%). The complication rate was 0.74%, due to bowel perforations (n= 13) and bleeding (n= 4) requiring laparoscopy. All bowel perforations were treated conservatively, with 6 days of antibiotics, and no further complications occurred. Findings were normal in 49.8% of patients. Endometriosis was diagnosed in 366 patients (15.9%); adhesions were present in 144 patients. THL is a minimally invasive procedure, with a low complication and failure rate, providing an accurate visual exploration of the female pelvis in a one-day hospital setting. When indicated, minimally invasive surgery is possible in the early stages of endometriosis and for ovarian capsule drilling in patients with clomiphene-resistant PCOS.

Transvaginal hydrolaparoscopy versus hysterosalpingography in the work-up for subfertility: a randomized controlled trial

Research question: Is transvaginal hydrolaparoscopy (THL) non-inferior to hysterosalpingography (HSG) as a first-line tubal patency test in subfertile women in predicting the chance of conception leading to live birth?Design: A multicentre, randomized controlled trial in four teaching hospitals in the Netherlands, which randomized subfertile women scheduled for tubal patency testing to either THL or HSG as a first-line tubal patency test. The primary outcome was conception leading to live birth within 24 months after randomization.Results: A total of 149 women were randomized to THL and 151 to HSG. From the intention-to-treat population, 83 women from the THL group (58.5%) conceived and delivered a live born child within 24 months after randomization compared with 82 women (55.4%) in the HSG group (difference 3.0%, 95% CI –8.3 to 14.4). Time to conception leading to live birth was not statistically different between groups. Miscarriage occurred in 16 (11.3%) women in the THL group, versus 20 (13.5%) women in the HSG group (RR = 0.66, 95% CI 0.34 to 1.32, P = 0.237), and multiple pregnancies occurred in 12 (8.4%) women in the THL group compared with 19 (12.8%) women in the HSG group (RR = 0.84, 95% CI 0.46 to 1.55, P = 0.58). Ectopic pregnancy was diagnosed in two women in the HSG group (1.4%) and none in the THL group (P = 0.499).Conclusion: In a preselected group of subfertile women with a low risk of tubal pathology, use of THL was not inferior to HSG as a first-line test for predicting conception leading to live birth.

Simplifying Transvaginal Natural Orifice Transluminal Endoscopic Surgery with a Two-Step Technique

Study Objective To describe a two-step technique which facilitates Transvaginal Natural Orifice Transluminal Endoscopic Surgery (vNOTES) and to demonstrate the feasibility of the technique in different conditions. Design Description of the technique and demonstration of its performance using surgical video footage. Setting A tertiary university hospital. Patients or Participants 3 patients with tubal ectopic pregnancy, 1 patient with pregnancy of unknown location, 1 patient with paraovarian cyst. Interventions At the beginning of the video, using surgical video footage from a case of tubal ectopic pregnancy, we demonstrated the performance of a posterior colpotomy for VNOTES in a classic fashion. Following that, our two-step technique was demonstrated in detail using surgical video footage from 2 cases of ectopic pregnancy, with one of them having significant hemoperitoneum. Both of these patients underwent unilateral salpingectomy. At the end of the video, two other cases treated using the technique were briefly demonstrated; a patient with pregnancy of unknown location who underwent a diagnostic vNOTES alone (step 1 only) and a patient with a 10-cm paraovarian cyst who underwent cystectomy. Measurements and Main Results N/A Conclusion Advancements in minimally invasive surgery go in parallel with innovations and advancements in technology. However, improvements in existing techniques and utilization of new techniques are also crucial components of advancement. Based on our own experience with vNOTES and the existing knowledge about transvaginal hydrolaparoscopy (TVHL), we described the two-step technique demonstrated in this video. We believe that this technique may be beneficial to make vNOTES more widespread as it allows both diagnostic and therapeutic procedures to be carried out in a faster and safe manner without the need for any special equipment and without increasing the costs.

Transvaginal Hydrolaparoscopy can Rule Out Ovarian Cancer in High-risk Women Interested to Preserve their Fertility - A Pilot Study

Transvaginal Hydrolaparoscopy can Rule Out Ovarian Cancer in High-risk Women Interested to Preserve their Fertility - A Pilot Study

Transvaginal hydrolaparoscopy and laparoscopy.

To evaluate the findings of outpatient transvaginal hydrolaparoscopy (THL) in comparison with diagnostic laparoscopy combined with chromopertubation in subfertile women. In a retrospective study in four large teaching hospitals, all subfertile women who underwent a THL and a conventional laparoscopy as part of their fertility work-up in the period between 2000 and 2011 were studied. Findings at THL were compared with findings at diagnostic and therapeutic laparoscopies. Tubal occlusion, endometriosis and adhesions were defined as abnormalities. Out of 1119 women, 1103 women underwent THL. A complete evaluation or incomplete but diagnostic procedure could be performed in 989 (89.7%) and 28 (2.5%), respectively. An incomplete non-diagnostic procedure was performed in 11 (1.0%) women. Failure of THL occurred in 75 women (6.8%) and 40 of these women (3.6%) subsequently underwent laparoscopy. Laparoscopy was performed in a total of 126 patients with a median time interval of 7 weeks (interquartile range [IQR] 3-13 weeks). Of 64 patients who successfully underwent both THL and laparoscopy, concordant findings were found in 53 women and discordant results in 11 women, 6 of which were caused by tubal spasm. Sensitivity of THL in detecting abnormalities was 100% and specificity was 22.2%, with a likelihood ratio of 1.29. THL in an outpatient setting can detect anatomical abnormalities comparable to the more invasive reference standard diagnostic laparoscopy. If THL succeeds, there is no need to add a diagnostic laparoscopy in the work-up.

EXPERIENCE OF SURGICAL STIMULATION OF OVULATION IN INFERTILE WOMEN WITH SYNDROME OF POLYCYSTIC OVARIES AND OBESITY

Laparoscopic surgery of the ovaries in the form of laparoscopic ovarian drilling (LOD) can be the second line of infertility therapy in women with PCOS who are resistant clomiphene-citrate, with anovulatory infertility and without other factors of infertility. Of great importance is the fact that PCOS is often characterized by being overweight or obese. In obesity, there are some technical difficulties in performing abdominal LODThe goal of the work was to summarize the experience of ovulation surgical stimulation in obese infertile women with clomiphenresistant form of PCOS with ovarian drilling in through transvaginal hydrolaparoscopy (TVHL).Material and methods. Under observation there were 31 women with clomiphene citrate-resistant PCOS and with a body mass index of ≥ 30 kg/m2. TVHL was performed in the inpatient setting of one day under intravenous anesthesia and was based on the use of vaginal access, hydro-flotation mode and microendoscopic technique.Results and discussion. TVHL with the conducted bilateral ovarian drilling lasted on average no more than 30 minutes – an average of 26.82 ± 1.23 minutes. Patients were discharged after TVHL from the hospital in 6-8 hours with the restoration of normal physical and social activity in 1 or 2 days. None of the patients had no need to convert to standard laparoscopy or laparotomy, there were no complications. Postoperative ovulation was recorded in 61.29% of women. Selfonset of pregnancy occurred in 32.26% of cases and the overall frequency of pregnancy after therapy, which included subsequent stimulation after TVHL with gonadotropins, was 58.06% of cases.Conclusions. Ovarian drifting by transvaginal hydrolaparoscopy is an effective, minimally invasive and complaint method of surgical stimulation of ovulation in clomiphenresistant infertile women with PCOS and obesity.

The capacity of transvaginal hydrolaparoscopy versus hysterosalpingography to diagnose tubal pathology in the work-up of subfertile women, a randomised clinical trial

ObjectiveTo assess the capacity of transvaginal hydrolaparoscopy (THL) versus hysterosalpingography (HSG) as a primary tool to diagnose tubal pathology. Study DesignWe performed a multicenter RCT (NTR3462) in 4 teaching hospitals in the Netherlands, comparing THL and HSG as first line tubal test in subfertile women. The primary outcome of the trial was cumulative live birth rate at 24 months. Here, we present the secondary outcomes, the diagnostic findings of both THL and HSG as well as performance defined as failures, complications and pain- and acceptability scores. ResultsBetween May 2013 and October 2016, we allocated 149 women to THL and 151 to HSG, of which 17 women in the THL group (11.4%) and 12 in the HSG group (7.9%) conceived naturally before the scheduled procedure, while 13 HSGs and 5 THLs were not performed for other reasons (withdrawal of informed consent, not willing to undergo tubal testing and protocol violations). A total of 119 THLs and 134 HSGs were carried out. Failures were seen more in the THL group (n = 8, 5.6%) than in the HSG group (n = 1, 0.7%) (p = 0.014). Complications did not differ significantly between the groups (THL n = 4; 2.8% vs HSG n = 1; 0.7%) (p = 0.20). Bilateral tubal occlusion was detected in one versus three women (0.9% versus 2.2%) of the THL group and HSG group, while unilateral tubal occlusion was detected in seven (6.2%) versus eight (5.9%) women, respectively. Normal findings were seen in 96 (79.3%) women randomised to THL and in 119 (87.5%) in women randomised for HSG (RR 0.91 95%CI 0.81–1.01, p = 0.08). The pain score was significantly less for THL (VAS 4.7 (SD: 2.5)) than for HSG (VAS 5.4 (SD:2.5)) (p 0.038). The acceptability rate of THL and was high and comparable. ConclusionTHL and HSG have a comparable capacity in diagnosing tubal pathology with comparable performance in safety, pain and acceptability.

The prognostic capacity of transvaginal hydrolaparoscopy to predict non-IVF conception

Transvaginal hydrolaparoscopy (THL) is performed to investigate tubal pathology in subfertile women. This retrospective multicentre cohort study investigated the results of THL and subsequent pregnancy rates. Between 2000 and 2011, 1033 subfertile women participated in the study. The primary outcome measure was intrauterine pregnancy, either after natural conception or after treatment with intrauterine insemination or ovulation induction. Cumulative intrauterine pregnancy rates were calculated using Kaplan-Meier analysis and fecundity rate ratios (FRR) were established. THL showed bilateral patent tubes in 83%, one-sided tubal occlusion in 12.4% and bilateral tubal occlusion in 4.6% of women. Cumulative intrauterine pregnancy rates after 36 months were 52% for women with bilateral patent tubes, 44% for one-sided tubal occlusion (FRR 1.04; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.78 to 1.39) and 7% for bilateral tubal occlusion (FRR 0.13; 95% CI, 0.04 to 0.43). Endometriosis was diagnosed in 6.4%, and adhesions in 9.1%, while 3.9% of women had both. Corresponding FRR were 0.73 (95% CI, 0.49 to 1.09), 0.68 (95% CI, 0.46 to 1.02) and 0.42 (95% CI, 0.20 to 0.84). In conclusion, women with bilateral tubal occlusion or a combination of endometriosis and adhesions found on THL significantly reduced chances of natural conception.

Operative transvaginal hydrolaparoscopy improve ovulation rate after clomiphene failure in polycystic ovary syndrome

Aim of our study was to assess the ovulation rate, with mid-luteal progesterone level and ultrasound follicles monitoring, in PCOS CC-resistant patients undergone transvaginal hydrolaparoscopy ovarian drilling. A prospective observational study was carried out in 123 PCOS, infertile, CC-resistant patients who undergone THL ovarian drilling. Each woman was evaluated by hormonal measurement, and ultrasound evaluation during 6 months follow-up. Progesterone serum levels were assessed on days 20–24 of the cycle after surgical treatment. Pg levels >3 ng/mL were considered as ovulation. Ovulation frequency and the highest mean follicular diameters during the monitoring were recorded. 117 patients complete the study, since six patients were lost to follow-up. Mean follicular diameter during ovulation monitoring was 16.37 mm. Ovulation rate at the follow up was 64.1% one month after treatment, 79.5% after three months and 82.9% after six months. 28 patients conceived during follow-up period. Pregnancy rate was 70.1%. Our study has shown that THL ovarian drilling improves ovulation and pregnancy rate in women with CC-resistant PCOS. We believe that this approach should be offered as second-line therapy at all PCOS CC-resistant women who fail the medical methods of ovulation induction.