Food Transport Research Articles

A Systematic Review of Real-Time Monitoring Technologies and Its Potential Application to Reduce Food Loss and Waste: Key Elements of Food Supply Chains and IoT Technologies

Continuous monitoring of food loss and waste (FLW) is crucial for improving food security and mitigating climate change. By measuring quality parameters such as temperature and humidity, real-time sensors are technologies that can continuously monitor the quality of food and thereby help reduce FLW. While there is enough literature on sensors, there is still a lack of understanding on how, where and to what extent these sensors have been applied to monitor FLW. In this paper, a systematic review of 59 published studies focused on sensor technologies to reduce food waste in food supply chains was performed with a view to synthesising the experience and lessons learnt. This review examines two aspects of the field, namely, the type of IoT technologies applied and the characteristics of the supply chains in which it has been deployed. Supply chain characteristics according to the type of product, supply chain stage, and region were examined, while sensor technology explores the monitored parameters, communication protocols, data storage, and application layers. This article shows that, while due to their high perishability and short shelf lives, monitoring fruit and vegetables using a combination of temperature and humidity sensors is the most recurring goal of the research, there are many other applications and technologies being explored in the research space for the reduction of food waste. In addition, it was demonstrated that there is huge potential in the field, and that IoT technologies should be continually explored and applied to improve food production, management, transportation, and storage to support the cause of reducing FLW.

Morbidity and mortality during wars and armed conflicts: trends and patterns

Wars cause an increase in morbidity that occurs not only during but also after war due to damage to medical infrastructure, water and food systems, transportation infrastructure, and power grids. It is known that the incidence of coronary heart disease, arterial hypertension, cerebrovascular and endocrine diseases, mental disorders increases during armed conflicts. Unhealthy lifestyle, as well as lack of physical activity and anxiety-depressive disorders contribute to increased cardiovascular risk in wartime. A separate problem is the health of internally displaced persons, who have higher rates of morbidity and mortality compared to the national average. Accurate data on morbidity and mortality in Ukraine are currently unavailable. A significant part of the morbidity and mortality of Ukrainian civilians during the war is caused by the forced displacement of the population, the unavailability of medical care, and the lack of adequate supply of water and food, the deterioration of the material and financial support of most citizens. These same reasons, combined with the increase in population density, the deterioration of hygienic measures and the violation of immunization campaigns, contribute to the spread of infectious diseases, primarily diarrheal (cholera) and respiratory (measles, COVID-19, tuberculosis). The impact of the war in Ukraine on the health of the population is being actively studied, which will allow to determine the leading trends of this impact and create a plan for the restoration of full-fledged medical care.

Supporting sustainable global food security through a novel decentralised offshore floating greenhouse

The continuous increase in the global population and food consumption trends demand a substantial increase in food production to ensure future food security. However, conventional agricultural practices, besides their limitations in yield, negatively affect the environment, climate, energy, and water resources. In addition, global demographic trends indicate a continuous increase in population density close to coastal areas. As a solution to ensure future food security in the given context, this study aims to present a decentralised floating controlled environment agricultural system for vegetable production, which is self-sufficient in terms of energy and water, flexible in terms of geographical preferences, and can produce food all year-round in an environmentally benign manner. The proposed system is composed of a floating greenhouse, in which the electrical energy requirements are fulfilled through integrated solar photovoltaic panels. The needed cooling and humidity adjustments inside the greenhouse and water needs are fulfilled through two heat exchangers installed at different depths in the sea, where the low-temperature seawater is used as a heat sink. A comprehensive thermodynamic analysis of the system illustrates that the system successfully maintains the optimum temperature (20–30 °C) and relative humidity (60–90 %) inside the greenhouse and fulfils the water demands throughout the year in a decentralised manner. As such, this system presents an opportunity to produce food closer to the coastal communities and all year-round, resulting in significantly reduced food transportation and storage, essentially increasing health and environmental benefits. This approach of sustainable food production can be applied to ensure/support global food security.

АГРОВИРОБНИЦТВО ТА ПРОДОВОЛЬЧА БЕЗПЕКА ЯК ФАКТОР ЗМІН АРХІТЕКТУРНИХ ОБ’ЄКТІВ ТА УРБАНІЗОВАНИХ ТЕРИТОРІЙ У ДРУГІЙ ПОЛОВИНІ ХХІ СТ.

Food security is the of the most important basic human needs. The sphere of agricultural production affects direct or indirect ways to the settlement system, density, socio-demographic parameters. It affect on typology and appearance of agricultural buildings and edifices also. In the past, the size of the city was limited by local food opportunities. Despite the increase in agricultural production every year, natural renewable resources are depleted faster than they can be restored. It is very likely that after 2050 the world ecological collapse may begin. The result will be the inability to feed even half the human population.Active development of food production at the local level it is necessary to prevent such a catastrophic scenario. It will significantly reduce losses during storage and transportation of food, create closed cycles, where waste will be one of the elements of the ecosystem. Much of agricultural production must be located in an anthropogenic environment – an artificial landscape created by human. Local food production will significantly affect on urban planning structure of settlements and visualmorphological structure of architectural objects. Local agricultural production should become a key element of food security. Area vulnerability degree should be primarily determination of urban agricultural production share. Local agro-climatic, energy and technological opportunities will determine the possibility of self-sufficiency in food at the local level. Agrophotovoltaics can become a main landscape-creating element of medium and large cities suburban areas. Integration of agrostuctures in buildings and edifices is possible at various scales and ways. Synergy of energy, agricultural production and waste recycling will be one of the 5–7 key structural planning principles for all architectural objects. Local food production capacity will limit the maximum size of megacities and contribute to a more dispersed settlement structure. information technology and networks is key elements in ensuring of this today. We should actively provide and implement a new solution of variety projects because window of opportunity may be significantly smaller than expected.

TRENDS IN HOUSEHOLD MATERIAL RESOURCES AND COGNITIVE HEALTH IN A LONGITUDINAL COHORT STUDY OF AGING IN SOUTH AFRICA

Abstract Material resources that affect daily living conditions may be salient for cognitive aging in low-income settings, but evidence is limited on this topic. We investigated relationships between long-term trends in household material resources and subsequent cognitive function among 4,580 adults aged ≥40 in a population-representative cohort in Agincourt sub-district, South Africa, from 2001-2015. Household material resources (dwelling materials, water, sanitation, sources of power, modern amenities, and livestock) were assessed biennially from 2001-2013. We evaluated mean resources, volatility in resources, and change in resources over this period in relation to cognitive function in 2014/2015. Higher mean household resources and larger improvements over time in resources were positively associated with subsequent cognitive function, independent of confounders. Findings were largely driven by modern amenities for food preparation, transportation, and communication outside of the household. Access to these amenities may support cognitive aging through boosting nutrition and cognitive reserve and should be investigated further.

639: PREVALENCE OF ADVERSE SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH IN THE PEDIATRIC INTENSIVE CARE UNIT

Introduction: Social determinants of health (SDH) such as food security, housing, transportation and education have been linked to poor health, increased risk of chronic diseases, and unnecessary emergency department visits and hospitalizations. Screening for adverse SDH is routinely performed in pediatric outpatients and demonstrates a prevalence of 20%. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and characteristics of adverse SDH in patients admitted in a pediatric critical care setting. We hypothesized that the prevalence would be higher than in the outpatient setting. Methods: This is a single center prospective observational study of patients admitted to the Pediatric Intensive and Intermediate Care Units at a tertiary care children’s hospital with a Level 1 Trauma Center. Families were screened using the THRIVE screen, a validated, self-administered tool that assesses social needs that impact a patient’s healthcare. The tool was translated into Spanish, Haitian Creole and Portuguese. The nursing staff distributed forms to families at the time of admission. Families who identified adverse SDH had the option to receive resources from social workers. Results: Overall, 218 families were screened during the study. Of these, 75 families (34%) reported at least 1 unmet social need; of these, 44 (59%) requested more education and 35 (47%) requested resources. Of those that reported at least one need, the median number of needs was 2 (IQR 1-3). The most common need was food (53%), followed by employment (36%), medications (24%), utilities (23%), housing (21%), transportation (17%), and caregiving (5%). Of those that requested resources, the most common requested resource was food (47%). 8 (4%) of the forms returned were in a language other than English. There were no significant differences in the number of needs among English-speaking and non-English speaking families. Conclusions: Compared to pediatric outpatients, there is a higher prevalence of families with adverse SDH in the pediatric critical care setting. Food insecurity is particularly prevalent. Identifying and addressing these needs has the potential to provide more individualized care, improve clinical outcomes, and reduce readmission rates. Future studies should correlate unmet social needs with clinical outcomes such as length of stay.

Real-Time Tracking and Environmental Monitoring System for Ice Trucks using IoT Techniques

The problems faced by ice transporting entrepreneurs are the behavior of truck drivers in driving off the specified route and unnecessarily opening the freezing container door. Consequently, the dropping temperature inside the container of the ice truck damaged the frozen food transportation. For this reason, rotten frozen food because of transportation ruins the customer’s trust. This research aims to present the design of location tracking, opening-closing container door counting system, and temperature monitoring system for ice trucks using Internet of Things (IoT) techniques. The real-time information is visualized via a web application for tracking and monitoring ice trucks.

Medical and social determinants of health as predictors of adverse outcomes in patients with inflammatory bowel disease

There is a growing recognition that social determinants of health (SDOH) influence outcomes in patients with chronic diseases. This study aimed to investigate the influence of SDOH on outcomes in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). We conducted a retrospective cohort study of adult patients with IBD from 1996 to 2019. Patients were identified using ICD-10 codes for ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease, and chart review was performed to validate the diagnosis and extract clinical information. SDOH factors including food security, financial resources, and transportation were self-reported by the patient. Random forest models were trained and tested in R to predict either IBD-related hospitalization or surgery. A total of 175 patients were studied, and the majority reported no financial resource, food security, or transportation concerns. For the model using clinical predictors, the sensitivity was 0.68 and specificity was 0.77 with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) of 0.77. The model’s performance did not significantly improve with the addition of SDOH information (AUROC of 0.78); however, model performance did vary by phenotype (AUROC of 0.86 for patients with Crohn’s disease and AUROC of 0.68 for patients with ulcerative colitis). Further research is needed to understand the role of SDOH factors and IBD-related outcomes.

Improving fresh cheese shelf-life through hyperbaric storage at variable room temperature.

The changes in microbiological, physiochemical, and textural properties in fresh cheeses made from either cow or goat milk were observed under hyperbaric storage (HS, 50-100MPa) at room temperature (RT) and compared with refrigerated storage under normal atmospheric pressure for 60 days. An initial microbial growth inhibition was observed for both cheese types, as well as a considerable inactivation of all endogenous microbiota under HS/RT (75-100MPa/RT). This contributed to a higher stability of pH and color values, especially at the higher pressure at room temperature (100MPa/RT) throughout 60 days storage. A compression effect occurred during HS/RT, resulting in higher whey loss, reduction in moisture content, and textural changes. Such changes tended to decrease over time, to values closer to the initial ones, with hardness values at the 60th day of storage at 75/RT similar to those observed for refrigeration on the 7th day and 1.4-fold higher than those observed at 100/RT. Overall, HS/RT reduced the microbial populations load during storage (≥5 log units in some cases), with minimal effects on most of the evaluated quality parameters. These results point to a considerable shelf-life extension of HS fresh cheeses, without temperature control, pinpointing HS as a more sustainable preservation strategy than refrigeration, with great potential for industrial application. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: The results presented in this study point to increased microbial stability of fresh cheeses when stored under hyperbaric storage without temperature control, leading possibly to an increased shelf-life, of up to 60 days. This kind of new food preservation strategy may be suitable for longer transportation of foods, where energy may not be handily and widely available, while additionally contributing to increased shelf-life and safety. Also, hyperbaric storage could be applied throughout the food storage, improving shelf-life with a lower carbon footprint than refrigeration.

Ontology Support for Vehicle Routing Problem

This paper aims to present a generalized ontology model for the Vehicle Routing Problem (VRP) and it gives some out-plant material handling case studies. The Vehicle Routing Problem is a logistics task where customers with a specific need for products are served within the least possible distance traveled by vehicles. The Vehicle Routing Problem has been highly investigated in operations research, computer science, transportation science, and mathematics. As our new approach shows, the VRP can be used to model in-plant and out-plant material handling and out-plant passenger transport. The Vehicle Routing Problem is a complex, multi-component heterogeneous environment, where consistent handling and integrity of components is a more difficult problem. In this alignment (integrity management, automation), our goal was to develop a unified semantic background framework. Our ontology describes the concepts and the relationships between concepts for the investigated domain. The paper presents the construction and application of ontology for a sample framework and presents test runs based on case studies. The paper shows that ontology can be built into the logic of software applications related to logistic problems. The last part of the article focuses on case studies for our ontology model from the field of tank, money, parcel, and perishable food transportation.

Poziom świadomości społecznej mieszkańców województwa podkarpackiego na temat „Food Miles”

The conducted survey analyzed the respondents' knowledge of the principles of using "Food Miles" and the implementation of sustainable consumer decisions. It has been proven that the respondents are aware of the impact of the distance products travel to reach the consumer, taking care of local food, the way products are packaged and the choice of products in economic terms. According to many authors, the average distance that food has to cover before it goes from the place of production to the plate is up to 1500 miles. This results in an increase both in the price of the product and in greenhouse gas emissions into the atmosphere. Promoting the concept of food miles can lead consumers to choose local products, shortening the distance they have to cover, as well as the negative impact of food transport on the environment.

Food inflation and geopolitical risks: analyzing European regions amid the Russia-Ukraine war

PurposeThe study's objective is to measure the response of the food prices to the aggregate and disaggregate geopolitical risk events, Russia's geopolitical risks and global energy prices in the context of two European regions, i.e. Eastern and Western Europe covering the monthly data from January 2001 to March 2022.Design/methodology/approachThe authors apply a novel and sophisticated econometric method, the cross-quantilogram (CQ) approach, to analyse the authors’ monthly data properties. This method detects the causal relationship between the variables under the bi-variate modelling approach. More importantly, the CQ procedure divulges the bearish and bullish states of the causal association between the variables under short, medium and long memories.FindingsThe authors find that aggregate measures of geopolitical risk reduce food prices in the short term in the Eastern Europe but increases food prices in the Western Europe. Besides, the decomposed measures of geopolitical risk “threats” and “acts” have heterogeneous effects on the food prices. More importantly, Russia's geopolitical risk events and global energy prices enhance the food inflation under long memory.Research limitations/implicationsThe authors provide diverse policy implications for Eastern and Western Europe based on the authors’ findings. First, the European policymakers should take concrete and joint policy measures to tackle the detrimental effects of geopolitical risks to bring stability to the food markets. Second, this region should emphasize utilizing their unused agricultural lands to grow more crops to avoid external dependence on food. Third, the European Union and its partners should begin global initiatives to help smallholder farmers because of their contribution to the resilience of disadvantaged, predominantly rural communities. Fourth, geopolitically affected European countries like Ukraine should deal with a crippled supply chain to safeguard their production infrastructure. Fifth, fuel (oil) scarcity in the European region due to the Russia-Ukraine war should be mitigated by searching for alternative sources (countries) for smooth food transportation for trade. Finally, as Europe and its Allies impose new sanctions in response to the Russia-Ukraine war, it can have immediate and long-run disastrous consequences on the European and the global total food systems. In this case, all European blocks mandate cultivating stratagems to safeguard food security and evade a long-run cataclysm with multitudinous geopolitical magnitudes for European countries and the rest of the world.Originality/valueThis is the maiden study that considers the aggregated and disaggregated measures of the geopolitical risk events, Russia's geopolitical risks and global energy prices and delves into these dynamics' effects on food prices. Notably, linking the context of the Russia-Ukraine war is a significant value addition to the existing piece of food literature.

Identification of Potential Hazard and Halal Control Points for Perishable Food During Food Logistics

Food logistics services is a fast-paced and globalized industry that enables short-lived and perishable supply chains transported from initial sources to customers within weeks, days, and sometimes hours. However, some concern arises as it poses several risks and exposes the food to hazards due to quick handling and the large volume involved. This paper briefly discusses the types of hazard associated with halal food logistics and identify the potential source of hazards that may occur during the activities. The study focuses on perishable food. The study identifies hazards during product handoffs or transfers at ports, transfer facilities, distribution centres (movement into or out of), and customer deliveries. The result established two out of the eight logistics activities evaluated to have control points (CP) and halal CP; which are storage temperature checks and product packaging and repackaging activity such as the need to do segregation, temperature control and packaging during food transport. The study suggests control measures to reduce or prevent the hazard. The information presented here is valuable for the food logistics providers in delivering products to the customer in adequate condition at the right time.

Food safety – From pioneering steps to the modern scientific discipline

Food safety is a story that unites all civilizations, cultures, and nations, and it is interlaced with various methods for making food safer. Concern for nutritious and safe food is as ancient as humankind itself, and many of the food safety issues that persist today are not new. Diverse records from the ancient world, as well as the religious writings of the three monotheist religions, actually refer to food, its intake, and prohibitions, as well as pathological diseases that may follow from inappropriate intake. Over time, food safety has evolved into a scientific discipline concerned with the handling, preparation, transport, and distribution of food to avoid the transmission of illnesses. The current state of food safety knowledge is the result of past discoveries, innovations, and laws. In modern times, the right to consume safe food is a fundamental human right. It contributes to and promotes sustainable development while supporting the economy, trade, and tourism. Nevertheless, despite significant improvements, we still know relatively little about food-borne illnesses and how infections affect humans.

Air pollutant emissions from global food systems are responsible for environmental impacts, crop losses and mortality.

Food systems are important contributors to global emissions of air pollutants. Here, building on the EDGAR-FOOD database of greenhouse gas emissions, we estimate major air pollutant compounds emitted by different stages of the food system, at country level, during the past 50 years, resulting from food production, processing, packaging, transport, retail, consumption and disposal. Air pollutant estimates from food systems include total nitrogen and its components (N2O, NH3 and NOx), SO2, CO, non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOC) and particulate matter (PM10, PM2.5, black carbon and organic carbon). We show that 10% to 90% of air pollutant emissions come from food systems, resulting from steady increases over the past five decades. In 2018, more than half of total N (and 87% of ammonia) emissions come from food systems and up to 35% of particulate matter. Food system emissions are responsible for about 22.4% of global mortality due to poor air quality and 1.4% of global crop production losses.

Assessment of the Practices and Health Related Toxic Symptoms of Pesticides use among Farm Workers in Nowpora Kalan of Baramulla, Kashmir

Background: Pesticide as defined by FAO (1986) comprise any substance or mixture of substance intended for preventing, destroying, or controlling any pest, including vectors of human or animal disease, unwanted species of plants or animals causing harm during, or otherwise interfering with, the production processing, storage, transport, or marketing of food, agricultural commodities (including commodities such as raw cereals, sugar beet, and cottonseed) wood products, or animal feedstuff, or which may be administered to animals for the control of insects, arachnids, or other pests on or their bodies. Objectives: To assess the practices of pesticides use among farm workers. To assess the health related toxic symptoms of pesticides use among farm workers. To find out the association between practices and health related toxic symptoms of pesticide use among farm workers. To find out the association of practices of pesticide use among farm workers with selected socio-demographic variables. Methodology: A quantitative research approach with descriptive research design was used. 100 Farm workers working in Nowpora Kalan of Baramulla Kashmir were selected by Convenience sampling. Results: The level of practices of pesticides use among farm workers, the result reveals that 12% of farm workers had good practice, 79% had average practice and 9% of farm workers had poor practice regarding practices of pesticides use with an average mean and SD of 24.12±6.08. Conclusion: The findings of the study shows that 12% of farm workers had good practice, 79% had average practice and 9% of farm workers had poor practice regarding practices of pesticides use.

Antimicrobial Resistance Profile of Common Foodborne Pathogens Recovered from Livestock and Poultry in Bangladesh.

Multidrug-resistant (MDR) foodborne pathogens have created a great challenge to the supply and consumption of safe & healthy animal-source foods. The study was conducted to identify the common foodborne pathogens from animal-source foods & by-products with their antimicrobial drug susceptibility and resistance gene profile. The common foodborne pathogens Escherichia coli (E. coli), Salmonella, Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, and Campylobacter species were identified in livestock and poultry food products. The prevalence of foodborne pathogens was found higher in poultry food & by-product compared with livestock (p < 0.05). The antimicrobial drug susceptibility results revealed decreased susceptibility to penicillin, ampicillin, amoxicillin, levofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, tetracycline, neomycin, streptomycin, and sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim whilst gentamicin was found comparatively more sensitive. Regardless of sources, the overall MDR pattern of E. coli, Salmonella, Staphylococcus, and Streptococcus were found to be 88.33%, 75%, 95%, and 100%, respectively. The genotypic resistance showed a prevalence of blaTEM, blaSHV, blaCMY, tetA, tetB, sul1, aadA1, aac(3)-IV, and ereA resistance genes. The phenotype and genotype resistance patterns of isolated pathogens from livestock and poultry had harmony and good concordance, and sul1 & tetA resistance genes had a higher prevalence. Good agricultural practices along with proper biosecurity may reduce the rampant use of antimicrobial drugs. In addition, proper handling, processing, storage, and transportation of foods may decline the spread of MDR foodborne pathogens in the food chain.

Food process ontology requirements

People often value the sensual, celebratory, and health aspects of food, but behind this experience exists many other value-laden agricultural production, distribution, manufacturing, and physiological processes that support or undermine a healthy population and a sustainable future. The complexity of such processes is evident in both every-day food preparation of recipes and in industrial food manufacturing, packaging and storage, each of which depends critically on human or machine agents, chemical or organismal ingredient references, and the explicit instructions and implicit procedures held in formulations or recipes. An integrated ontology landscape does not yet exist to cover all the entities at work in this farm to fork journey. It seems necessary to construct such a vision by reusing expert-curated fit-to-purpose ontology subdomains and their relationship, material, and more abstract organization and role entities. The challenge is to make this merger be, by analogy, one language, rather than nouns and verbs from a dozen or more dialects which cannot be used directly in statements about some aspect of the farm to fork journey without expensive translation or substantial dialect education in order to understand a particular text or domain of knowledge. This work focuses on the ontology components – object and data properties and annotations – needed to model food processes or more general process modelling within the context of the Open Biological and Biomedical Ontology Foundry and congruent ontologies. Ideally these components can be brought together in a general process ontology that can be specialized not only for the food domain but for carrying out other protocols as well. Many operations involved in food identification, preparation, transportation and storage – shaking, boiling, mixing, freezing, labeling, shipping – are actually common to activities from manufacturing and laboratory work to local or home food preparation.

Peristaltic transport of a power-law fluid induced by a single wave: A numerical analysis using the cumulant lattice Boltzmann method

Peristaltic pumping is the primary mechanism of food transport in the human intestine. Intestinal contents are often modeled as power-law fluids with low-behavior indices (n < 1). Peristaltic flows were studied for periodic contraction waves (L/λ=1) with infinitely long wavelengths (λ/D→∞) in the Stokes flow regime (Re→0). However, the peristaltic flow generated by an isolated contraction wave with a short wavelength at nonzero Reynolds numbers is more relevant to physiological conditions. In this study, we investigated the peristaltic transport of a power-law fluid with a low behavior index of n = 0.21 at nonzero Reynolds numbers up to Re = 10, generated by a single short contraction wave. First, we investigated the analytical solution for the peristaltic transport of the power-law fluid for λ/D→∞ and Re→0. The analytical solution shows that the discharge flow rate of a power-law fluid generated by a single contraction wave is much smaller than that of a Newtonian fluid (n = 1). Next, we investigated the peristaltic transport for Re≤ 10 using the cumulant lattice Boltzmann method. The numerical results demonstrate that the discharge flow rate for the power-law fluid sharply increased owing to the inertia effect. The power-law fluid induces an asymmetric flow field with respect to the contraction wave at smaller Reynolds numbers than Newtonian fluids. The inertia effect was increased by the sharpness of the contraction wave. These results suggest that intestinal contents can be transported more quickly by an isolated contraction wave with a shorter wavelength when the contents have low consistency indices or when the contraction wave has a large propagation velocity.

Out-of-Pocket Health Expenditure Among Migrant Workers in India: A Narrative Review.

Migrant workers make significant contributions to host regions and economies in many nations, frequently working in vulnerable situations in crucial sectors like agricultural and food processing, transportation, health care, and construction sectors. India has one of the world's highest out-of-pocket spending rates, with a cost making up about 62.6% of total health expenses. Migrant workers face healthcare financing burdens due to medical expenses resulting in large out-of-pocket payments. This narrative review aims to gain insight into why migrant workers face out-of-pocket expenditures on health and explore the inclusion of migrant workers in the existing healthcare system in India. For the literature search, databases like PubMed and Google Scholar were used to find relevant articles. This review will be helpful from the public health perspective in illustrating the need for studies and research on the health rights of migrant workers, their healthcare finances, and the social protection of such vulnerable populations who are poor and marginalized. Due to various health disparities, migrant workers may incur unforeseen out-of-pocket costs for the household healthcare system. Health insurance enhances the likelihood of accessing healthcare and minimizes out-of-pocket expenses on inpatient services. Patients' visits to primary healthcare facilities are not increased by health insurance; hospitals remain the primary healthcare provider. Most interstate migrant workers remain unprotected and burdened by the cost of healthcare due to OOP payments in case of medical emergencies. The legal status is a crucial predictor of migrants' access to affordable and adequate health care in a country.