Transport Of Aerosol Particles Research Articles

The efficacy and safety of aerosol therapy in rhinology

Abstract Aerosol drug administration has a long history as an important part of the treatment for different respiratory disorders in both adult and paediatric patients. The nebulization process permits the drug delivery directly to the upper and lower airways tracts, allowing increased local effectiveness, and avoids systemic side effects. The aerosol therapy is mainly used in pneumology for lower respiratory tract disorders, a series of drugs having a proven efficacy. Few publications present the efficacy and safety of ENT nebulization, despite its worldwide utilization. Topical drug delivery to the nasal cavities and paranasal sinuses via aerosols appears to be an interesting, but also a challenging alternative. The transport and deposition of drugs and aerosol particles into the sinuses is debatable due to several factors: sinuses are poorly perfused and virtually non-ventilated cavities; they are protected by the efficient particle filtration function of the nasal cavities. The review evaluates the efficacy and safety of aerosol therapy in rhinologic pathology.

How horizontal transport and turbulent mixing impact aerosol particle and precursor concentrations at a background site in the UAE

Abstract. The optical, physical, and chemical properties of aerosol particles have been previously studied in the United Arab Emirates (UAE), but there is still a gap in the knowledge of particle sources and in the horizontal and vertical transport of aerosol particles and their precursors in the area. To investigate how aerosol particle and SO2 concentrations at the surface responded to changes in horizontal and vertical transport, we used data from a 1-year measurement campaign at a background site where local sources of SO2 were expected to be minimal. The measurement campaign provided a combination of in situ measurements at the surface and the boundary layer evolution from vertical and horizontal wind profiles measured by a Doppler lidar. The diurnal structure of the boundary layer in the UAE was very similar from day to day, with a deep, well-mixed boundary layer during the day transitioning to a shallow nocturnal layer, with the maximum boundary layer height usually being reached around 14:00 local time. Both SO2 and nucleation-mode aerosol particle concentrations were elevated for surface winds coming from the east or western sectors. We attribute this to oil refineries located on the eastern and western coasts of the UAE. The concentrations of larger cloud condensation nuclei (CCN)-sized particles and their activation fraction did not show any clear dependence on wind direction, but the CCN number concentration showed some dependence on wind speed, with higher concentrations coinciding with the weakest surface winds. Peaks in SO2 concentrations were also observed despite low surface wind speeds and wind directions unfavourable for transport. However, winds aloft were much stronger, with wind speeds of 10 m s−1 at 1 km common at night and wind directions favourable for transport; surface-measured concentrations increased rapidly once these particular layers started to be entrained into the growing boundary layer, even if the surface wind direction was from a clean sector. These conditions also displayed higher nucleation-mode aerosol particle concentrations, i.e. new particle formation events occurring due to the increase in the gaseous precursor.

A long-term Doppler wind LiDAR study of heavy pollution episodes in western Yangtze River Delta region, China

Previous studies are primarily based on surface air pollution for a single event, leaving research on the temporal characteristics of aerosols and wind fields in the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) and their associations unclear due to a lack of long-term vertical profile data. This study was the first to conduct long-term Doppler wind LiDAR measurements from Sep. 2019 to Aug. 2022 in Hefei in western Yangtze River Delta (YRD) region, China. The spatiotemporal characteristics of retrieved aerosol backscatter coefficient (β) and wind profiles were analyzed from the perspective of long-term statistics and typical heavy pollution episodes (HPEs). The seasonal profile of β showed a peak in the near-surface layer meanwhile the overall β profile (<0.5 km) was the highest in winter but lowest in summer. Combined with ground-based meteorological and air quality observations, 12 HPEs were identified and classified into dust-related events and fog-haze episodes. The results showed a consistency between hourly variations in PM10 (particulate matter smaller than 10 μm) concentration and β retrieved at 300 m during a high PM10 concentration (>150 μg/m3) period. Different roles of horizontal wind at different altitudes and its associated time delay effect on surface PM10 pollution were evaluated based on correlation coefficients (Ф) and air pollution diffusion conditions. Significant positive Ф values were noticed below 0.5 km during the entire dust-related EP4 and EP6, indicating that the higher wind speeds could exacerbate PM10 pollution. In contrast, large negative Ф values meant the removal of PM10 pollutants by strong winds below 0.8 km during 24 h after peak in EP3. Combining with backward trajectory analysis and meteorological condition, notable transboundary pollution with positive contributions from upper winds (>1.5 km) was discovered in dust-related EP1, EP4, EP7, EP9, and EP10. Time delay effect (1-h/2-h lag) of upper winds (>0.8 km) on surface PM10 pollution was explored in EP5, EP6, EP7, EP8, and EP9. In spring dust-related HPEs, surface PM10 pollution was mostly contributed by long-range transport of aerosol particles at higher altitudes (>1.5 km) from the northwest direction, driven by the Mongolian cyclone and the cold front system. Transboundary aerosols originated from the northern part of Anhui province and the YRD region in the middle altitudes (∼0.5 km) was the main contributor to fog-haze HPEs. The findings demonstrated the ability of the real-time Doppler wind LiDAR system to monitor transboundary air pollution and provided a scientific reference for policy makers.

Design and optimization of gradient fibrous media using the method of moments

The goal of this work is to optimize the deposition mass distribution of polydisperse particles inside the fibrous media by modifying the distribution of the fiber packing density across filter depth. Two types of gradient fibrous media with linear and exponential fiber packing density distribution along the flow direction were derived. The method of moments was employed to study the transport and deposition characteristics of polydisperse aerosol particles inside the fibrous media. The reliability of the calculated results by the method of moments was confirmed by the numerical simulations based on the discrete phase model (DPM). Results indicate that the gradient fibrous media allows more particles to transport and deposit into the interior of the fibrous media, which improves the uniformity of particle deposition distribution across filter depth. There exists an optimal fiber packing density distribution ratio for the gradient fibrous media where the non-uniformity of deposition mass distribution of polydisperse particles across filter depth is minimized. In this way, uniform deposition distribution along the flow direction can be generally achieved by optimizing the fiber packing density distribution, which will contribute to the optimal design of microstructures for the fibrous filter.

A conjugated equation of transport and diffusion of aerosol particles in the atmosphere considering the capture of particles by vegetation elements

A mathematical model and a numerical algorithm to study the process of transfer and diffusion of harmful substances are discussed in this article. The proposed model considers the capture of particles by plant elements, which plays a significant role in the dynamics of the process under study. The proposed mathematical model monitors and forecasts the environmental conditions of industrial areas, and helps take measures to protect them from the negative impact of anthropogenous factor. To solve the problem posed, a numerical algorithm based on an implicit finite- difference scheme was developed with a high-order accuracy; it makes it possible to conduct computational experiments on a computer.

Large-scale flow field and aerosol particle transport investigations in a classroom using 2D-Shake-The-Box Lagrangian Particle Tracking

Infections with COVID-19 in enclosed public spaces, where virus-laden aerosol particles can accumulate over time, have significantly contributed to the rapid spread of the virus. It is therefore of great importance to understand the transport and dispersion process of aerosol particles in such spaces, especially against the background of future pandemics. In this work, we present a Lagrangian-Particle-Tracking experiment to assess the mixed convective flow in a classroom with different ventilation strategies. For this purpose, thermal plumes were created by heated dummies, and a collimated LED light-sheet with ∼0.4 m thickness was used for illumination of helium filled soap bubbles (HFSB) acting as passive tracer particles. In this way, the Lagrangian trajectories of the particles were recorded at two approximately 4.2 m × 2.8 m large fields using the novel 2D-Shake-The-Box-Method. As a result, time-resolved trajectories of over 300,000 simultaneously tracked HFSB have been reconstructed, so that both small-scale and large-scale properties of the flow are visualized quantitatively across the entire cross-section of the room. The trajectories show that the thermal plumes create lengthwise circulating vortices, which cannot be destroyed across the entire cross-section of the room by opening or tilting a window. Furthermore, the mixing in the room through the operation of an air purifier is higher compared to opening a window, which suggests that this strategy in combination with its air filtering capability is the most effective strategy to prevent infections.

Spatial distribution and variability of boundary layer aerosol particles observed in Ny-Ålesund during late spring in 2018

Abstract. This article aims to improve the understanding of the small-scale aerosol distribution affected by different atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) properties. In particular, transport and mixing of ultrafine aerosol particles (UFPs) are investigated as an indicator for possible sources triggering the appearance of new particle formation (NPF) at an Arctic coastal site. For this purpose, flexible measurements of uncrewed aerial systems (UASs) are combined with continuous ground-based observations at different altitudes, the Gruvebadet observatory close to the fjord at an altitude of 67 m above sea level (a.s.l.) and the observatory at Mount Zeppelin at an altitude of 472 m a.s.l. The two uncrewed research aircraft called ALADINA and MASC-3 were used for field activities at the polar research site Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard, between 24 April and 25 May 2018. The period was at the end of Arctic haze during the snowmelt season. A high frequency of occurrence of UFPs was observed, namely on 55 % of the airborne measurement days. With ALADINA, 230 vertical profiles were performed between the surface and the main typical maximum height of 850 m a.s.l., and the profiles were connected to surface measurements in order to obtain a 4-D picture of the aerosol particle distribution. Analyses of potential temperature, water vapor mixing ratio and aerosol particle number concentration of UFPs in the size range of 3–12 nm (N3−12) indicate a clear impact of the ABL's stability on the vertical mixing of the measured UFPs, which results in systematical differences of particle number concentrations at the two observatories. In general, higher concentrations of UFPs occurred near the surface, suggesting the open sea as the main source for NPF. Three different case studies show that the UFPs were rapidly mixed in the vertical and horizontal scale depending on atmospheric properties. In case of temperature inversions, the aerosol population remained confined to specific altitude ranges and was not always detected at the observatories. However, during another case study that was in relation to a persistent NPF event with subsequent growth rate, the occurrence of UFPs was identified to be a wide-spreading phenomenon in the vertical scale, as the observed UFPs exceeded the height of 850 m a.s.l. During a day with increased local pollution, enhanced equivalent black carbon mass concentration (eBC) coincided with an increase in the measured N3−12 in the lowermost 400 m but without subsequent growth rate. The local pollution was transported to higher altitudes, as measured by ALADINA. Thus, emissions from local pollution may play a role for potential sources of UFPs in the Arctic as well. In summary, a highly variable spatial and temporal aerosol distribution was observed with small scales at the polar site Ny-Ålesund, determined by atmospheric stability, contrasting surface and sources, and topographic flow effects. The UAS provides the link to understand differences measured at the two observatories at close distances but different altitudes.

Computational fluid dynamics modeling of aerosol particle transport through lung airway mucosa

Delivery of aerosols to the lung can treat various lung diseases. However, the conducting airways are coated by a protective mucus layer with complex properties that make this form of delivery difficult. Mucus is a non-Newtonian fluid and is cleared from the lungs over time by ciliated cells. Further, its gel-like structure hinders the diffusion of particles through it. Any aerosolized treatment of lung diseases must penetrate the mucosal barrier. Using computational fluid dynamics, a model of the airway mucus and periciliary layer was constructed to simulate the transport of impacted aerosol particles. The model predicts the dosage fraction of particles of a certain size that penetrate the mucus and reach the underlying tissue, as well as the distance downstream of the dosage site where tissue concentration is maximized. Reactions that may occur in the mucus are also considered, with simulated data for the interaction of a model virus and an antibody.

In silico prediction of e-cigarette aerosol particle transport and deposition within the airways.

Electronic cigarettes (ECs) generate aerosols by heating up a liquid ('e-liquid') that typically consists of propylene glycol (PG), vegetable glycerol (VG), nicotine and flavouring agents. These aerosols transport through the airway tree, and lung and deposit non-uniformly in the bronchi and alveoli. Studying the transport of aerosols through lung airways is necessary because it provides information about the concentration and deposition of particles in the upper and lower airways. Here, particle transport and deposition were simulated within an anatomically-realistic airway model, which was constructed from computed tomography imaging. Particle transport was simulated using the advection-diffusion equations. Particle deposition was estimated using three different mechanisms; including sedimentation, impaction and Brownian diffusion. Results show that by increasing the particle size (PS) from 50 nm to 500 nm, the total deposition efficiency decreased from 50% to 10%, and then by increasing the PS to 3 μm, it increased to 60%. In addition, Brownian deposition was the dominant mechanism for nanoparticles (PS≪0.5μm), while the sedimentation deposition mechanism was the dominant one for microparticles (PS≫0.5μm).Clinical relevance-There is an urgent need to understand the risk that ECs pose to human health and to determine the safest methods for using these devices to support smoking cessation whilst also minimising harm. The results of this study will be used to simulate the conditions such as aerosol concentration and flow rate in airways and alveoli to use in in vitro studies.

Reference experiment on aerosol particle transport for dynamic situations

Abstract To study airborne transport of aerosol particles by mixed convection and dynamic situations within a closed room, the Cottbus Aerosol Particle Reference Experiment (CARE) was built and equipped, which includes thermal manikins and a spreader dummy. For various flow configurations (location of spreader, heating bodies, windows opened, air ventilation with and without air purification systems) flow visualisation was performed, particulate matter sensors (PMS) measured local particle concentrations, head-mounted camera systems counted particle concentrations of individuals and finally, large field of view Shake-The-Box Particle Tracking delivered velocity fields. The comprehensive experimental configuration of different measurement systems are discussed in terms of their aerosol transport properties and quantitative results, effective application and comparative efficiency explaining the flow dynamics. The findings from these experiments also provide information under which circumstances particularly high concentrations of aerosol particles can be found on which locations.

Studies of the influence of vegetation cover on the process of transfer and diffusion of harmful substances in the atmosphere

A mathematical model is proposed to monitor and predict the concentration of harmful substances emitted from natural and anthropogenic sources of pollution; it can be used to estimate the capture of aerosol particles in the atmosphere by vegetation elements. The developed mathematical model makes it possible to more accurately predict the degree of environmental pollution and develop measures to reduce it. Using this model and the corresponding numerical algorithm for solving problems, computational experiments were conducted with real weather and climate factors obtained from online services. From the computational experiments conducted, the main parameters were determined; one of them is the influence of vegetation elements on the process of diffusion and transport of aerosol particles in the atmosphere, which plays a significant role in the process under consideration. To check the reliability of the proposed mathematical apparatus, computational experiments were performed and the results were compared with the results obtained by other researchers.

Численное моделирование переноса твёрдых частиц в атмосферном городском пограничном слое с использованием лагранжева подхода: физические задачи и параллельная реализация

This paper presents the results of the development of a numerical model of the Lagrangian particle transport and the application of parallel computation methods to increase the efficiency of the software implementation of the model. The model is a software package allowing calculations of transport and deposition of aerosol particles taking into account the properties of particles and input data describing atmospheric conditions and the underlying surface geometry. The dynamic core, physical parameterizations, numerical implementation, and algorithm of the model are described. Initially, the model has been used for computationally low-intensive problems. In this paper, given the need to use the model in computationally intensive problems, we conduct optimization of the sequential software implementation of the model, as well as creation of software implementations of the model with the use of parallel computing technologies OpenMP, MPI, CUDA. The results of testing of different implementations of the model show that optimization of the most computationally complex blocks in the sequential version of the model can reduce the execution time by 27%, at the same time the use of parallel computing technologies allows to achieve acceleration by several orders of magnitude. The use of OpenMP in dynamic block of the model resulted in acceleration of block up to 4 times, the use of MPI – up to 8 times, the use of CUDA – up to 16 times, all other conditions being equal. Recommendations on the choice of parallel computing technology depending on the properties of the computing system are proposed.

Impact of urban heat island on inorganic aerosol in the lower free troposphere: a case study in Hangzhou, China

Abstract. Urban heat island (UHI) and urban air pollution are two major environmental problems faced by many metropolises. The UHI affects air pollution by changing the local circulation and the chemical reaction environment, e.g. air temperature and relative humidity. In this study, the WRF-CMAQ (Weather Research and Forecasting Community Multiscale Air Quality) model was used to investigate the impact of an UHI on the vertical distribution of aerosol particles, especially secondary inorganic aerosol (SIA), taking the strong UHI in Hangzhou, China, as an example. The results show that during the day with the strongest UHI case of the 8 d simulation, the UHI effect resulted in a decrease in the PM2.5 concentrations in the boundary layer (BL) by about 33 %, accompanied by an increase in the lower free troposphere (LFT) by about 19 %. This is mostly attributed to the UHI circulation (UHIC) effect, which accounted for 91 % of the UHI-induced variations in PM2.5, rather than the UHI temperature or humidity effects, which contributed only 5 % and 4 %, respectively. The UHIC effect plays a dominant role, ranging from 72 % to 93 %, in UHI-induced PM2.5 variation in all eight UHI cases. The UHIC not only directly transports aerosol particles from ground level to the LFT but also redistributes aerosol precursors. During the strongest UHI case, about 80 % of the UHIC-induced increase in the aerosol particles in the LFT is due to direct transport of aerosol particles, whereas the other 20 % is due to secondary aerosol formation resulting from the transport of aerosol precursor gases. Of this 20 %, 91 % is contributed by SIA, especially ammonium nitrate aerosol formed from ammonia and nitric acid. In the atmosphere, ammonium nitrate is in equilibrium with ammonia and nitric acid, and the equilibrium depends on the ambient temperature. In the lower urban BL, the temperature is higher than in the LFT, and the ammonium nitrate equilibrium in the lower BL is more toward the gas phase than in the LFT; when these gases are transported by the UHIC into the colder LFT, the equilibrium shifts to the aerosol phase. Hence, the UHIC changes the vertical distribution of SIA, which may have potential implications on the radiation budget, cloud formation, and precipitation in the urban and surrounding areas.

The theoretical study of the efficiency of diffusion deposition of nanoaerosols in the extended range of the Peclet numbers

The efficiencies of the diffusion deposition of nanoaerosols for a single fiber for the models of aerosol filter and wire mesh screen are studied numerically in the extended range of the Peclet number Pe. The rectangular periodic cell model for fluid flow and convective-diffusive transport of small aerosol particles is used. Most of the previous theoretical and experimental studies of single fiber diffusion deposition efficiency were for the case of Pe > 1. The array with uniform square or chess grid of fibers and of a row of circular cylindrical fibers are considered as the filter and wire mesh screen models. The flow and particles transport equations are solved numerically using the Boundary Element Method.The obtained numerical data are used to derive the approximate formulas for the deposition efficiency in the entire range of the Peclet number for the various porosities of the filter medium or distances between fibers in a wire mesh screen. The derived dependencies take into account nonlinearity of the deposition efficiency at the low Peclet numbers. The obtained analytical dependencies compare well with the numerical and experimental data.

Two Practical Methods to Retrieve Aerosol Optical Properties from Coherent Doppler Lidar

Complexly distributed aerosol particles have significant impacts on climate and environmental changes. As one of the vital atmospheric power sources, the wind field deeply affects the distribution and transport of aerosol particles. For a more comprehensive investigation of the aerosols flux and transport mechanism, two retrieval methods of aerosol optical properties (backscatter coefficient and extinction coefficient at 1550 nm) from coherent Doppler lidar (CDL) observation are proposed in this paper. The first method utilizes the calculated aerosol backscatter coefficient (532 nm) from Mie-scattering lidar datasets and the iterative Fernald method to retrieve aerosol optical property profiles during joint measurements with CDL and Mie-scattering lidar. After verifying the correctness of the first method compared with AERONET datasets, we proposed the second retrieval method. Using the forward integral Fernald method with near-ground reference aerosol extinction coefficient calculated by atmospheric visibility, aerosol optical properties at 1550 nm could be obtained. Thirty-six-day joint measurements with two lidars were specially designed and conducted to verify the correctness of these retrieval methods. The validation results of these two methods indicate great performances, where the mean relative errors are 0.0272 and 0.1656, and the correlation coefficients are 0.9306 and 0.9197, respectively. In conclusion, the feasibility of these two retrieval methods extends the capability of CDL to detect aerosol optical properties and also provides a possibility to observe the aerosol distribution and transport process comprehensively, which is a great promotion of aerosol transport studies development.

Large-scale volumetric flow studies on transport of aerosol particles using a breathing human model with and without face protections

Exhalation of small aerosol particle droplets and their airborne transport, dispersion, and (local) accumulation in closed rooms have been identified as the main pathways for direct and indirect respiratory virus transmission from person to person, for example, for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 or measles. Therefore, understanding airborne transport mechanisms of aerosol particles inside closed populated rooms is an important key factor for assessing and optimizing various mitigation strategies. Unsteady flow features, which are typically evolving in such mixed convection flow scenarios, govern the respective particle transport properties. Experimental and numerical methods that enable capturing the related broad range of scales in such internal flows over many cubic meters in order to provide reliable data for the adaptation of proper mitigation measures (distances, masks, shields, air purifiers, ventilation systems, etc.) are required. In the present work, we show results of a large-scale, three-dimensional Lagrangian particle tracking (LPT) experiment, which has been performed in a 12-m3 generic test room capturing up to 3 × 106 long-lived and nearly neutrally buoyant helium-filled soap bubbles (HFSBs) with a mean diameter of dHFSB ∼370 μm as (almost) passive tracers. HFSBs are used as fluid mechanical replacements for small aerosol particles dP &amp;lt; 5 μm, which allow to resolve the Lagrangian transport properties and related unsteady flow field inside the whole room around a cyclically breathing thermal manikin with and without mouth-nose-masks and shields applied. Six high-resolution complementary metal-oxide semiconductor streaming cameras, a large array of powerful pulsed light emitting diodes, and the variable-time step Shake-The-Box LPT algorithm have been applied in this experimental study of internal flows in order to gain insight into the complex transient and turbulent aerosol particle transport and dispersion processes around a seated and breathing human model.

Turbulent Dispersion Simulation of Radioactive Aerosol Applied to the Infrastructure of the NPP-2006 Industrial Site

The goal of this work is to simulate the processes of transport and deposition of aerosol particles in a turbulent flow, taking into account the infrastructure of the industrial site of the NPP. The developed model for calculating the dynamics of the spread of the pollutant emissions in emergency situations is presented, the limits of applicability of turbulence models are determined and the main mechanical and thermal sources of turbulence in the NPP infrastructure are analyzed. The mechanisms of radioactive substances deposition for emergency situations have been assessed taking into account turbulent effects. According to the results of the numerical modeling, the zones of predominant deposition of radioactive aerosols on the characteristic surfaces of the NPP infrastructure have been determined, which is the basis for emergency actions planning and assessment of the personnel doses.

Reducing indoor particle exposure using mobile air purifiers-Experimental and numerical analysis.

Aerosol particles are one of the main routes of transmission of COVID-19. Mobile air purifiers are used to reduce the risk of infection indoors. We focus on an air purifier that generates a defined volumetric air flow through a highly efficient filter material. We investigate the transport of aerosol particles from an infected dummy equipped with an aerosol generator to receiving thermal dummies. For analysis, we use up to 12 particle sensors to monitor the particle concentration with high spatial resolution. Based on the measurement data, a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model is set up and validated. The experimental and numerical methods are used to investigate how the risk of infection suggested by the particle exposure in an exemplary lecture hall can be reduced by a clever choice of orientation of the air purifier. It turns out that obstructing the outlet stream of the air purifier may be particularly advantageous. The particle concentration at the head height deviates by 13% for variations of the location and orientation. At an air change per hour of 5, the cumulated PM1 mass at the head level was reduced by 75%, independently of the location of the infected dummy, compared to the “natural decay” case, showing that filtration is an effective means of reducing aerosol particle concentrations. Finally, CFD simulation was used to monitor the particle fates. The steady simulation results fit quite well with the experimental findings and provide additional information about the particle path and for assessing the comfort level due to air flow.

Aerosol Particle Transport and Deposition in Upper and Lower Airways of Infant, Child and Adult Human Lungs

Understanding transportation and deposition (TD) of aerosol particles in the human respiratory system can help clinical treatment of lung diseases using medicines. The lung airway diameters and the breathing capacity of human lungs normally increase with age until the age of 30. Many studies have analyzed the particle TD in the human lung airways. However, the knowledge of the nanoparticle TD in airways of infants and children with varying inhalation flow rates is still limited in the literature. This study investigates nanoparticle (5 nm ≤ dp ≤ 500 nm) TD in the lungs of infants, children, and adults. The inhalation air flow rates corresponding to three ages are considered as Qin=3.22 L/min (infant), 8.09 L/min (Child), and Qin=14 L/min (adult). It is found that less particles are deposited in upper lung airways (G0–G3) than in lower airways (G12–G15) in the lungs of all the three age groups. The results suggest that the particle deposition efficiency in lung airways increases with the decrease of particle size due to the Brownian diffusion mechanism. About 3% of 500 nm particles are deposited in airways G12–G15 for the three age groups. As the particle size is decreased to 5 nm, the deposition rate in G12–G15 is increased to over 95%. The present findings can help medical therapy by individually simulating the distribution of drug-aerosol for the patient-specific lung.

Correction to: Analytical Model of the Transport of Aerosol Particles in a Circular Hole Inside a Porous Medium

Correction to: Analytical Model of the Transport of Aerosol Particles in a Circular Hole Inside a Porous Medium