Fish Transport Research Articles

Control of bacterial contamination in three types of fish selected from the coastal and inland regions of Tipaza (Algeria)

This study addresses the problem of microbiological contamination in fish sold in the region of Tipaza, where food safety is a growing concern. It aims to assess the contamination levels in three fish species: sardine, mackerel saurale, and bogue. To achieve this, samples were collected and analyzed for total aerobic mesophilic bacteria, thermotolerant coliforms, coagulase-positive Staphylococcus aureus, and Salmonella. The results revealed that all samples contained total aerobic mesophilic bacteria and thermotolerant coliforms within acceptable limits. However, high levels of coagulase-positive Staphylococcus aureus were detected in bogue and saurale samples, indicating unsatisfactory bacteriological quality, particularly in samples from the city of Tipaza. No Salmonella contamination was observed. These findings highlight significant hygiene issues during fish transport and sale, contributing to microbial contamination. The study concludes that improving handling practices is crucial to ensuring fish safety and reducing health risks to consumers.

Larval Transport Pathways for Lutjanus peru and Lutjanus argentiventris in the Northwestern Mexico and Tropical Eastern Pacific

Understanding how ocean currents influence larval dispersal and measuring its magnitude is critical for conservation and sustainable exploitation, especially in the Tropical Eastern Pacific (TEP), where the larval transport of rocky reef fish remains untested. For this reason, a lagrangian simulation model was implemented to estimate larval transport pathways in Northwestern Mexico and TEP. Particle trajectories were simulated with data from the Hybrid Ocean Coordinate Model, focusing on three simulation scenarios: (1) using the occurrence records of Lutjanus peru and L. argentiventris as release sites; (2) considering a continuous distribution along the study area, and (3) taking the reproduction seasonality into account in both species. It was found that the continuous distribution scenario largely explained the genetic structure previously found in both species (genetic brakes between central and southern Mexico and Central America), confirming that the ocean currents play a significant role as predictors of genetic differentiation and gene flow in Northwestern Mexico and the TEP. Due to the oceanography of the area, the southern localities supply larvae from the northern localities; therefore, disturbances in any southern localities could affect the surrounding areas and have impacts that spread beyond their political boundaries.

Method validation for the detection of formaldehydein fish using ultra performance liquid chromatography

Formaldehyde, the simplest aldehyde, tops the list of illegal and harmful food contaminants. Recently, formaldehyde has been used indiscriminately to preserve the freshness and quality of fish. Numerous incidents of formalin (a solution of formaldehyde) misuse during the storage and transportation of fish have been reported in several parts of India. In this context, it is pertinent to study formalin contamination in fish and shellfish. Protocol for detection of free and bound formaldehyde by ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) was attempted in the present study. Formaldehyde peak was observed in the expected retentiontime and standardisation of the protocol for formaldehyde determination was then carried out. UPLC method was developed and validated for specificity, repeatability, accuracy, and linearity. The average correlation coefficient (R2) was 0.99. The recovery rates of free and bound formaldehyde were 90.83 to 116.43% and 88.76 to 132.98%, respectively. The limit of detection (LOD) was found to be 0.5 ppm. The study investigated free and bound formaldehyde levels in commonly traded fish species across five major fish markets inTamil Nadu, India. Sphyraena barracuda had the highest recorded concentrations of free and bound formaldehyde at 9.8 and 6.45 mg kg-1, respectively, while Lethrinus lentjan exhibited the lowest concentrations at 0.8 mg kg-1 for free formaldehyde and 0.5 mg kg-1 for bound formaldehyde. Keywords: Formalin abuse, Limit of detection, Method validation, Retention time UPLC

Exploring the prospects, challenges and need assessment of live fish marketing from aquaculture farms in Kerala

The current study investigated the potential and challenges of live fish marketing in the aquaculture farms of Kerala, India. Surveys were conducted among farmers from six major aquaculture producing districts of Kerala to gather information regarding aquaculture practices, harvesting methods and marketing strategies followed. Freshwater aquaculture systems, particularly tilapia farming was dominant among the farmers. The respondents primarily sold their products to domestic market through dealers. The study revealed that approximately 20% of the farmers adopted live fish transportation methods, preferring tank systems and open-type transportation. The study emphasised the importance of addressing challenges related to culture, harvest as well as post-harvest operations and providing knowhow on effective marketing and distribution channels to promote the adoption of live fish marketing. Keywords: Aquaculture, Kerala, Live fish transportation, Marketing, Need assessment, Price realisation

Effect of Near-Freezing Storage Combined with High-Voltage Electric Fields on the Freshness of Large Yellow Croaker.

Seafood is highly perishable after being caught, making effective preservation technology essential. A few studies have explored the mechanisms of near-freezing storage combined with high-voltage electric fields for seafood preservation. This study uses near-freezing storage at -1 °C in conjunction with three high-voltage electric fields (5 kV/m, 8 kV/m, and 16 kV/m) to store large yellow croakers for 21 days and assesses their quality through sensory evaluation, pH values, malondialdehyde, total volatile basic nitrogen, and total viable counts. The results indicate that high-voltage electric fields effectively inhibit endogenous enzyme activity and microbial growth while reducing lipid oxidation in large yellow croakers. The preservation effect is optimal at an electric field strength of 16 kV/m, extending their shelf life by 9 days. These findings offer valuable theoretical and data-driven insights for applying near-freezing storage and electric field preservation technology in cross-regional fish transportation.

Impact of transportation in freshwater and brackish water on Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) resistance

BackgroundOreochromis niloticus has great economic value and potential for farming and development. Transportation of fish was done for breeding or trading purpose and it is a challenging aspect of aquaculture. This study aimed to investigate the effect of transportation in freshwater and brackish water on the resistance of O. niloticus as well as transportation stress mitigation effect of NaCl. Four equal groups were used; each of 50 fish, the 1st group served as the control (P 1), while the 2nd group (PT 2) was transported in water without salt, the 3rd (PT 3) and 4th (PT 4) groups were transported in water containing 5 gL− 1 and 10 gL− 1 salt respectively. PT 2, PT 3 and PT 4 were transported for 5 h without any rest or sedative drugs.ResultsThe serum cortisol of O. niloticus significantly increased at 0 h and then decreased at 12 and 24 h post transportation in the PT 2 group and non-significantly increased at all point times in the PT 3 and PT 4 groups comparing to P 1 group. Mucin2 gene (MUC2) expression was non-significantly up regulated in the PT 2 group and down regulated in the PT 3 and PT 4 groups at 0 h comparing with P 1 group, but at 12 and 24 h it was significantly up regulated in the PT 2, PT 3 and PT 4 groups. The β Defensin-1 (β D1) and 2 (β D2) genes expression was non-significantly down-regulated in the PT 2 group and significantly up regulated in the PT 3 and PT 4 groups at 0 h., while at 12 and 24 h was significantly down regulated in the PT 2 group and non-significantly down regulated in the PT 3 and PT 4 groups, it significantly down regulated in the PT 2 and PT 3 group and non-significantly down regulated in the PT 4 group at 24 h. Non-significant up regulation in interleukin − 1β (IL-1β) gene expression was reported in the PT 2 group and non-significant down regulation in the PT 3 and PT 4 groups at 0 h. However, significant up regulation was recorded in the PT 2, PT 3 and PT 4 groups at 12 and 24 h. The Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF–α) gene expression was non-significantly up regulated in the PT 2 group and non-significantly down regulated in the PT 3 and PT 4 groups at 0 h. However, it was significantly up regulated in the PT 2, PT 3 and PT 4 groups at 12 and 24 h.ConclusionThe results of this study confirmed the stressful effect of transportation on O. niloticus as well as the transportation stress mitigation effect of NaCl.

Live Table Size Fish Transportation Practices in Nepal: Present Status and Its Prospective

Live Table Size Fish Transportation Practices in Nepal: Present Status and Its Prospective

Comparative analysis of Scarb1 and Cd36 in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus): Implications for DHA uptake

The polyunsaturated fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) significantly influences fish growth and lipid metabolism. Nevertheless, the specific mechanism by which DHA is transported and exerts its effects remains unclear. Scavenger receptor class B type I (SCARB1) is essential for maintaining cellular cholesterol levels and regulating the immune system in mammals, as well as facilitating the uptake of fatty acids (FAs). Another class B scavenger receptor, cluster-determinant 36 (CD36), is involved in promoting the uptake and transport of long-chain fatty acids. However, the molecular characteristics of the grass carp scarb1 gene have not yet been reported, and the potential role of Scarb1 and Cd36 in mediating DHA transport and metabolism remains uncertain. This study aimed to investigate the effects of Scarb1 and Cd36 on DHA transport. Initially, grass carp scarb1–1 and scarb1–2 were cloned. Predictions were made regarding their structural characteristics, including number and presence of transmembrane domains and glycosylation sites. Furthermore, gene structure analysis revealed that scarb1–1 has two additional exons in the 3′-region compared to scarb1–2. The multiple sequence alignment indicated that Scarb1 exhibits conserved motifs and amino acid residues across vertebrates. mRNA expression of scarb1–1 was the highest in the intestine, while scarb1–2 was highest expressed in adipose tissue, with both having lower expression levels in muscle tissue. Scarb1–1 was primarily localized on the cell membrane, whereas Scarb1–2 was found in both the cell membrane and cytoplasm. After overexpression of grass carp Scarb1–1, Scarb1–2, and Cd36 in HEK 293 T cells, DHA incubation showed that only Cd36 significantly increased cellular DHA relative content, suggesting a potential role of Cd36 in DHA transport. These findings will serve as a basis for further research on fatty acid transport in fish.

A local logistics business entering a niche market: PTL’s open innovation journey

Research methodology In writing this case, the authors collected both primary and secondary data. Primary data were collected through personal observation and semi-structured interviews with Konstantinos Papageorgiou Jr, Papageorgiou Transports & Logistics’s (PTL) CEO. In 2014, Konstantinos Jr participated in an entrepreneurship course for executives instructed by the first author at the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens. Since then, the first author has served as an advisor to PTL’s CEO. Furthermore, Konstantinos Papageorgiou Jr presented his case during an undergraduate management course at the Department of Business Administration at the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens in November 2020. Finally, three semi-structured interviews with the CEO were conducted from December 2020 until March 2021. Secondary data were collected from the company’s website and social media, as well as databases and annual reports. Since the academic year 2021/2022, the authors have each independently taught the case study in various courses, including strategic management (undergraduate and postgraduate), entrepreneurship (undergraduate) and innovation management (undergraduate and postgraduate). Testing the case in class has shaped the instructor’s manual. Case overview/synopsis The case study of PTL highlights a remarkable transformation in response to a critical business challenge. Facing the abrupt loss of their main client in 2010, PTL, led by Konstantinos Papageorgiou Jr, swiftly recovered and sought to proactively mitigate future shocks. Operating amid the Greek economic crisis, Konstantinos Jr recognized an opportunity in the niche market of juvenile Mediterranean fish (fry) transport. Despite lacking prior expertise in this field, PTL engaged in open innovation, collaborating with a variety of partners to acquire the necessary knowledge and capabilities. By 2013, PTL had successfully entered the niche market of fry transportation. Over the subsequent years, this venture grew, and by the end of 2022, PTL operated four trucks dedicated to this niche market. The company’s remarkable transformation exemplifies how a small and medium-sized enterprise (SME) can adapt, innovate, and diversify its offerings beyond its comfort zone, ultimately achieving a tenfold increase in turnover. PTL’s journey showcases the strategic value of partnerships and the potential for SMEs to evolve into “innovation producers” in the face of adversity. Complexity academic level The PTL case is suitable for management, strategic management, innovation management and entrepreneurship courses. The case is recommended for use at both undergraduate and postgraduate levels (a different teaching plan is proposed for each level). It provides both undergraduate and master’s students studying business administration the opportunity to explore issues associated with the management of SMEs, the formulation and implementation of a business strategy and the management of innovation in SMEs.

Use of Salt, Anesthetics, and Stocking Density in Transport of Live Fish: A Review

Use of Salt, Anesthetics, and Stocking Density in Transport of Live Fish: A Review

Changes of oxygen consumption rates in response to various environmental factors and different anesthetic methods in juvenile hybrid sturgeon, Acipenser baeri♀×Acipenser schrencki♂

Live fish transportation plays a crucial role in realizing the value of aquaculture in sturgeons. However, hypoxia and hypercapnia are the major issues during the high-density transportation of live fish. Therefore, monitoring the changing environmental factors (such as water temperature, salinity, and pH) or anesthesia methods (MS-222, dissolved CO2, or low-voltage direct electrical current), which can potentially alter the oxygen consumption of fish, are crucial for a better understanding of the necessary conditions for live fish transportation. A semi-open respirometry system was used to quantify the oxygen consumption and respiration frequency of hybrid sturgeon (Acipenser baeri♀×Acipenser schrencki♂). The results indicate that the oxygen consumption rate and respiration frequency of hybrid sturgeon increased linearly with water temperature from 1.4 °C to 25°C. The oxygen consumption rate of hybrid sturgeon increased with the increase of salinity in the range from 3 to 10 ‰ in 9 hours (P < 0.05). Respiration frequency decreased but did not affect the oxygen consumption rate when pH was from 8.1 to 9.8. Exposure to low-voltage direct electrical current ranging from 0.4 to 1.0 V/cm significantly increased the respiration frequency (P < 0.05). The oxygen consumption rate maintained below 1 mg/(g·h) when CO2 concentration ranges from 8.5 to 67.85 mg/L. Compared with the change of oxygen consumption rate and respiration frequency with MS-222 at the range from 5 to 30 mg/L, immersion of fish into more than 8.5–67.85 mg/L dissolved CO2 in water could as an alternative anesthetic method for hybrid sturgeon. These findings in the study may contribute to the culture, live fish transportation, and basic research in hybrid sturgeon.

Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA) Avoids Deterioration of Transport Water Quality, Regulates Plasma Biochemical Indices, Energy Metabolism, and Antioxidant Capacity of Tawny Puffer (Takifugui flavidus) under Transport Stress.

Live fish transportation is crucial for managing aquaculture but can pose health risks to fish due to stressors encountered during transportation. Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is an inhibitory neurotransmitter that plays a crucial role in the central nervous system and is considered to exhibit anti-stress effects. This study aims to investigate the effects of GABA on the transport water quality, plasma biochemical indices, energy metabolism, and antioxidant capacity of tawny puffer (Takifugu flavidus) under transport stress. Tawny puffer were pretreated by immersing in aquariums containing GABA (final concentrations at 0, 5, 50, and 150 mg/L) seawater for 3 days; then, simulated transport was conducted using oxygen-filled polyethylene bags containing the same concentration of GABA seawater as the pretreatment period. Water samples, plasma, and liver were collected after 0, 6, and 12 h of transport. The results revealed that with the prolongation of transportation time, the control group's water quality deteriorated, stress-related plasma biochemical indices increased, glycolytic substrate contents decreased, glycolytic enzyme activities and product contents increased, and aerobic metabolic enzyme activities exhibited initial increases followed by declines, ATPase activities decreased, antioxidant enzyme activities decreased, and the lipid peroxidation marker contents increased. It is noteworthy that GABA treatment could avoid water quality deterioration during transportation, inhibit an elevation in stress-related biochemical indicators, regulate energy metabolism, and reduce oxidative damage in tawny puffer, especially at 50 and 150 mg/L concentrations. In summary, GABA treatment can effectively alleviate the transport stress of tawny puffer.

Effective concentration of herbal anaesthetics Origanum vulgare L. oil and its effects on stress parameters in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus).

Using anaesthetics is an important application in aquaculture especially where the fish transportation, vaccination, grading, sorting activities and many other handling operations have been conducted during the different stages of production periods in the farms or hatcheries. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of oregano essential oil (OO) as an anaesthetic for Nile tilapia and to determine the optimal concentration and post-application stress effects compared to clove oil (CO). Nile tilapia juveniles were exposed to different concentrations of OO (20-40-60-80-100mgL-1) and CO (50mgL-1) for different time periods to determine the optimal concentration and exposure time. After the effective concentration of OO was determined, in the second experiment, stress parameters (glucose, plasma cortisol) were analysed after 0, 2, 6, 12 and 24h of application. The results compared to the control group and CO results. The study found that OO which has carvacrol compound higher than 78% was an efficient anaesthetic for Nile tilapia, and the effective concentration was found to be 60mgL-1. No significant differences were found between opercular beats in any concentration of OO and CO. Basal glucose level in blood without anaesthesia application and recorded at 39.33mgdL-1 and significantly lower than OO and CO at first two sampling points, 0 and 2h (p<0.05). According to plasma cortisol level results, although CO experimental group showed secondary stress response at 12h (17.91±4.21ngmL-1), OO and CO group cortisol levels decreased at 24h after anaesthesia application 7.13±0.14and 7.01±0.54ngmL-1, respectively, below the control group cortisol concentration (12.28±1.81ngmL-1). These findings have important implications for the aquaculture industry as the use of OO as an anaesthetic could reduce the stress and mortality associated with traditional anaesthetics. Further research is needed to evaluate the efficacy of OO as an anaesthetic agent for other fish species and to determine the optimal concentration and exposure time for different species.

Climate‐influenced phenology of larval fish transport in a large lake

AbstractElucidating physical transport phenologies in large lakes can aid understanding of larval recruitment dynamics. Here, we integrate a series of climate, hydrodynamic, biogeochemical, and Lagrangian particle dispersion models to: (1) simulate hatch and transport of fish larvae throughout an illustrative large lake, (2) evaluate patterns of historic and potential future climate‐induced larval transport, and (3) consider consequences for overlap with suitable temperatures and prey. Simulations demonstrate that relative offshore transport increases seasonally, with shifts toward offshore transport occurring earlier during relatively warm historic and future simulations. Intra‐ and inter‐annual trends in transport were robust to assumed pelagic larval duration and precise location and timing of hatching. Larvae retained nearshore generally encountered more favorable temperatures and zooplankton densities compared to larvae transported offshore. Larval exploitation of nearshore resources under climate change may depend on a concomitant shift to earlier spawning and hatch times in advance of earlier offshore transport.

Carbon footprint in life cycle of marine fisheries at Nizamapatnam and Machilipatnam

Contribution of marine fisheries at at Nizamapatnam and Machilipatnam all stages of its life cycle to climate change in 2017 was studied by determining their carbon footprint.Pre-harvest phase consisted of vessel construction and maintenance and provision of fishing gear, harvest phase included harvest from mechanized and motorized crafts and post-harvest phase involved fish transportation and fish processing. The functional unit selected was 1 kg of marine fish to the consumer.Fuel and electricity consumption was 0.52 l / kg and 0.26 kWh/ kg of marine fish at Nizamapatnam and 0.48 l / kg and 0.21 kWh/ kg of marine fish at Machilipatnam. The C and CO emitted per kg were 0.408 kg C and 1.501 kg CO at Nizamapatnam and 2 2 0.374 kg C and 1.374 kg CO at Machilipatnam.The highest consumption of energy and the highest 2 emissions of CO were observed from the harvest phase. The fuel and electricity consumption and C and 2 CO emissions were in general higher for mechanized landings and lower for motorized landings. By 2 increasing the fuel efficiency of marine diesel engines, by controlling craft speed, by using large propeller with lower revolutions and by reducing the craft drag, reduction in energy consumption and subsequent emissions is possible.. KEYWORDS :Fuel and electricity consumption, CO emission, Marine fisheries, Mechanized and motorized crafts, Nizamapatnam and Machilipatnam

Development of gadgets and systems in plastic for use in freshwater aquaculture

The usage of plastics has transformed the agricultural production sector and has great impactin improving the overall scenario in all production systems including fisheries and aquaculture.Nylon fishnets, components of RAS, aquaponics and biofloc (BF)systems, plastic pipe framed nylon net cages, pen culture in water locked areas, etc. are some of the important uses of plastics in aquaculture. The AICRP on PEASEM, ICAR-CIFA, Bhubaneswar Centre is working since its inception in 1988 and contributed several plasticulture technologies and products for the development of aquaculture systems and processes (APA/CIFA 1988-2005; Mohapatra et.al., 2003, 2011 and 2016). The design and fabrication of the plastic gadgets and systems have been done considering the biological requirements of the aquaculture. The developed technologies are fully or partially adopted and accepted by the farming communities of the country. The paper presents some of the developed gadgets and systems that are presently in use in aquaculture in the country. Those are portable FRP carp hatchery having capacity of 1.0-1.2 million spawn production per cycle; portable FRP magur hatchery for incubation of 50,000 eggs per cycle; portable FRP pabda hatchery for production of 25,000-30,000 early fry per operation; different types of fixed and floating cages; live fish transportation tank of 1200l capacity which can be transported in a jeep trailer, power trailer or trolley; FRP silos of different sizes for fish rearing; feeders of different types such as demand, semiautomatic and automatic for fish feeding; plastic covered ponds for raising fishes in winter season; floating nursery for fish seed and aquaponics.. KEYWORDS :Modern farming Technique, Gedgets Plastic, Aquaculture

Decision support for allocating farmed fish to customer orders using a bi-objective optimization model

Aquaculture is an important industry in certain coastal areas. Focusing on farming of salmon and trout, an operational planning problem arises with the goal of allocating supply of fish to demand expressed through customer orders. This paper provides a conceptual model of such a planning problem, defines a corresponding bi-objective mathematical programming model. The problem is novel with respect to the structure of the transportation of fish, and the rules for satisfying customer orders with respect to fish size, quality, certification, and health status. Computational experiments are conducted to gain further insights into the use of the provided model to provide support for planners involved in the operational decision making. Results indicate that the bi-objective optimization model can be useful in situations where supply is insufficient to cover all the demand within a given planning horizon.

The toxicity of chlorine dioxide to clownfish and its bactericidal capability to pathogenic strains of vibrio spp.

Global ornamental fish transportation ranging from hours to days can produce multiple stress factors impact fish health and cause mortality. Clownfish, particularly Amphiprion ocellaris, are among the most traded saltwater ornamental fish. Vibrio includes several pathogenic strains that affect aquatic animals. Consequently, prophylactic treatment of the water or fish is recommended. In this study, six Vibrio strains including V. alginolyticus, V. parahaemolyticus and V. harveyi isolated from sick A. ocellaris and one V. harveyi strain from a sick East Asian fourfinger threadfin (Eleutheronema rhadinum) were tested for their sensitivity to a popular disinfectant, chlorine dioxide (ClO2). The results showed that 0.25 ppm ClO2 effectively suppressed five of the seven tested Vibrio strains for 24 h; however, 0.1 ppm ClO2 is safer for A. ocellaris. Meanwhile, ClO2 2.5 ppm reduced the bacterial counts to below 3.3 × 105 CFU/mL for 24 hours. The LC50 of ClO2 for A. ocellaris was 0.87 ppm at 10 min and 0.72 ppm at 24 h post treatment. Mild changes in water quality, including dissolved oxygen (DO), temperature and pH, were recorded during the trial. More research is necessary to understand the sensitivity of various aquatic animal pathogens to ClO2 and its toxicity to different aquatic animals.

Acute hypoxia and reoxygenation alters glucose and lipid metabolic patterns in Hulong hybrid grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus♀ × E. lanceolatus♂)

Dissolved oxygen (DO) is crucial for fish's biological functions, affecting metabolism, growth, and survival. Intensive aquaculture and live fish transportation, prevalent in the growing live fish market, often expose Hulong hybrid groupers (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus♀ × E. lanceolatus♂) to acute hypoxic stress. This study explores the impact of acute hypoxia and subsequent reoxygenation on these groupers, focusing on their metabolic response and the underlying mechanisms in different tissues. By inducing acute hypoxic stress until mobility loss and then allowing recovery to normal DO levels, we comprehensively assessed glycolipid metabolism using RNA-seq to map regulatory networks in stress and recovery phases. This revealed significant transcriptional regulation related to hypoxic stress and glycolipid metabolism, with pathways like Insulin, HIF-1, FoxO, and cAMP playing key roles. Gill and brain tissues showed rapid changes, with significant upregulation in genes like irs, pi3k, hif-1α, and hk, whereas the liver had a more subdued response, upregulating genes linked to glycolipid metabolism like gdpd5 and amy1. During reoxygenation, lipid metabolism genes were downregulated in gills and brain, while the liver showed enhanced lipid oxidation, upregulating genes like apoa1 and fabp3, suggesting a metabolic shift from anaerobic to aerobic processes. These findings illuminate the molecular mechanisms of grouper adaptation to DO fluctuations, offering insights to mitigate acute hypoxia damage in aquaculture.

A new approach in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum, 1792) industry: "Turkish Salmon" production and marketing trends

With favorable environmental conditions and the adoption of new technologies, Türkiye has 1703 enterprises producing trout as of 2022. These enterprises collectively produce 167,286 tons of trout per year, including portioned fish (200-250 g), fillet candidates (400-600 g), and fillets (known as Turkish Salmon) (&gt;3000 g). The production chain for Turkish Salmon involves hatcheries, dam lake net cage systems, and offshore net cage systems. There are 680 hatcheries producing trout eggs and fry, with a total annual production of 1,360,029,485 eggs. Additionally, 622 pond/dam lake net cage systems are used for producing Turkish Salmon candidates weighing 400-600 g, with a total production capacity of 163,525,079 kg per year. Offshore net cage systems in the Black Sea region, spread across six provinces, are utilized for Turkish Salmon production. Production planning is underway for two provinces, with a total planned production area of 15,650,000 m2 and a projected capacity of 221,188,000 kg per year. Türkiye is actively involved in the global aquaculture sector, paying close attention to its advancements. Türkiye has a strong egg/juvenile production capacity compared to other countries involved in trout production globally. However, the importation of biotechnology-applied and observed eggs continues, posing biological and genetic risks to Türkiye's natural aquatic areas. Over the past 20 years, Türkiye's trout production has grown significantly, reaching 167,286 tons per year, marking it as a significant food production industry. This success can be attributed to favorable environmental conditions, increasing consumer demand, the adoption of new technologies, and consistent investments. However, the rapid growth in the trout farming sector over the past five years has led to an uncontrollable decline in survival rates. This decline can be attributed to the spread of diseases, incorrect treatment methods, improper breeding management practices, flawed business management, unregulated fish transport, and compromised sanitary and environmental conditions.