Transport Energy Supply Research Articles

Service equilibrium of urban transportation energy supply station based on cooperative game

PurposeAs of December 2022, there were 119,000 gas stations, 10,800 gas stations and 4,488,000 charging piles nationwide, while the number of vehicles reached 312 million, including 11.49 million new energy vehicles. The imbalance between transportation energy supply and energy replenishment demand leads to crowded queues of vehicles at some stations and idle resources in others. How to reduce the phenomenon of large queues and improve the utilization rate of idle resources is the key to alleviating the imbalance between supply and demand.Design/methodology/approachTherefore, from the perspective of spatio-temporal equilibrium of urban transportation energy supply stations, multi-energy supply station cooperation is established in view of the phenomenon of large spatio-temporal differences among different energy supply stations, and corresponding inducing strategies are adopted for energy supplement vehicles in the road network, so that part of queued users go to energy supply stations with fewer vehicles, so as to balance the supply and demand of transportation energy in the region. On this basis, the income distribution of urban transportation energy supply station is discussed.FindingsThe total revenue after the cooperation was 13,095, an increase of 22.9%. Secondly, in terms of distribution rationality, three impact factors are selected and Shapley correction value is used to distribute the total income. Compared with independent operation, both sites have a certain degree of increase.Originality/valueTraffic congestion at energy supply stations is closely related to the number, location and number of vehicles at energy supply stations. Therefore, using a cooperative approach of energy trading cannot solve the queuing problem. In addition, there are a few research results on the equalization of energy supply station services considering time-of-use pricing. However, these studies do not consider the vehicular grooming at congested stations. As far as the authors know, there are no relevant research results in the research on the service equilibrium of energy supply stations based on cooperative games.

An optimization model for charging and discharging battery-exchange buses: Consider carbon emission quota and peak-shaving auxiliary service market

The mode of battery replacement will become the main means of urban public transport energy supply, which will have a significant impact on the energy cost of public transport companies and the stability of the power system. Therefore, this paper proposes a charging and discharging optimization model for electric buses to participate in the carbon trading market and the peak shaving auxiliary service market. The upper model aims to minimize the total daily energy cost of the bus company, and the lower model is optimized based on the upper optimization results to minimize grid load fluctuations. Then, the scheme proposed in this paper is compared with disordered charging and orderly charging based on time of use price. Finally, a bus company in Beijing is taken as an example of simulation. The results show that compared with the disordered charging and the orderly charging based on time of use price, the charging and discharging schemes proposed in this paper can reduce the daily energy cost of 6052.68 yuan and 617.42 yuan respectively, reduce the fluctuation of power grid load by 92.14 % and 13.85 %, and reduce the carbon emission of the "bus power" combined system by 3930 kg and 2080 kg.

Collaborative Multidepot Petrol Station Replenishment Problem with Multicompartments and Time Window Assignment

Energy supply is an important system that affects the overall efficiency of urban transportation. To improve the system operational efficiency and reduce costs, we formulate and solve a collaborative multidepot petrol station replenishment problem with multicompartments and time window assignment by establishing a mixed-integer linear programming model. The hybrid heuristic algorithm composed of genetic algorithm and particle swarm optimization is used as a solution, and then the Shapley value method is applied to analyze the profit allocation of each petrol depot under different coalitions. The optimal membership sequence of the cooperation is determined according to the strict monotone path. To analyze and verify the effectiveness of the proposed method, a regional petrol supply network in Chongqing city in China is investigated. Through cooperation between petrol depots in the supply network, the utilization of customer clustering, time window coordination, and distribution truck sharing can significantly reduce the total operation costs and improve the efficiency of urban transportation energy supply. This approach can provide theoretical support for relevant government departments and enterprises to make optimal decisions. The implementation of the joint distribution of energy can promote the sustainable development of urban transportation.

The Role of Biorefinery Co-Products, Market Proximity and Feedstock Environmental Footprint in Meeting Biofuel Policy Goals for Winter Barley-to-Ethanol

Renewable fuel standards for biofuels have been written into policy in the U.S. to reduce the greenhouse gas (GHG) intensity of transportation energy supply. Biofuel feedstocks sourced from within a regional market have the potential to also address sustainability goals. The U.S. Mid-Atlantic region could meet the advanced fuel designation specified in the Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS2), which requires a 50% reduction in GHG emissions relative to a gasoline baseline fuel, through ethanol produced from winter barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). We estimate technology configurations and winter barley grown on available winter fallow agricultural land in six Mid-Atlantic states. Using spatially weighted stochastic GHG emission estimates for winter barley supply from 374 counties and biorefinery data from a commercial dry-grind facility design with multiple co-products, we conclude that winter barley would meet RFS2 goals even with the U.S. EPA’s indirect land use change estimates. Using a conservative threshold for soil GHG emissions sourced from barley produced on winter fallow lands in the U.S. MidAtlantic, a biorefinery located near densely populated metropolitan areas in the Eastern U.S. seaboard could economically meet the requirements of an advanced biofuel with the co-production of CO2 for the soft drink industry.

The effects of hypoxia on active ionic transport processes in the gill epithelium of hyperregulating crab, Carcinus maneas

Effects of hypoxia on the osmorespiratory functions of the posterior gills of the shore crab Carcinus maenas acclimated to 12ppt seawater (DSW) were studied. Short-circuit current (Isc) across the hemilamella (one epithelium layer supported by cuticle) was substantially reduced under exposure to 1.6, 2.0, or 2.5mg O2/L hypoxic saline (both sides of epithelium) and fully recovered after reoxygenation. Isc was reduced equally in the epithelium exposed to 1.6mg O2/L on both sides and when the apical side was oxygenated and the basolateral side solely exposed to hypoxia. Under 1.6mg O2/L, at the level of maximum inhibition of Isc, conductance was decreased from 40.0mScm−2 to 34.7mScm−2 and fully recovered after reoxygenation. Isc inhibition under hypoxia and reduced 86Rb+ (K+) fluxes across apically located K+ channels were caused preferentially by reversible inhibition of basolaterally located and ouabain sensitive Na+,K+-ATPase mediated electrogenic transport. Reversible inhibition of Isc is discussed as decline in active transport energy supply down regulating metabolic processes and saving energy during oxygen deprivation.In response to a 4day exposure of Carcinus to 2.0mg O2/L, hemolymph Na+ and Cl− concentration decreased, i.e. hyperosmoregulation was weakened. Variations of the oxygen concentration level and exposure time to hypoxia lead to an increase of the surface of mitochondria per epithelium area and might in part compensate for the decrease in oxygen availability under hypoxic conditions.

Avenues to sustainable road transport energy in New Zealand

ABSTRACTReduction of the energy use and emissions associated with the provision of transport services is one of the most challenging areas of energy policy. This arises both from the pervasive nature of transport use in modern society and its dependence on the most limited of fossil fuels. Advances in renewable energy utilization offer an avenue by which this may be addressed, including the possibility of achieving fully sustainable transport energy supply. The article considers what potential exists for sustainable road transport energy in New Zealand. That country already has high renewable energy utilization, but also a high per-capita transport demand and limited domestic hydrocarbon resources. Three main routes for renewable fuel supplies are examined, with the conclusion that two (the production of biofuels from forest products, and the amplification of electricity supply from renewable energy sources for use in electric vehicles) offer technically feasible pathways toward a fully sustainable transport energy system. Cost and confidence in investment remain the principal barriers to this development.

The potential of photovoltaic carports to cover the energy demand of road passenger transport

ABSTRACTTransport accounts for 31% of Swiss green house gas emissions due to the high degree of oil dependence in transport energy supply. The emissions of transport could be reduced significantly if all the vehicles that ran on fossil fuels would be replaced by electric vehicles powered by photovoltaic solar energy. Compared with other sources of renewable transport energy, photovoltaic generation of electricity has two advantages: it requires little space and can also be applied to built‐up areas or transport infrastructure. In this paper, we will examine the potential of parking lots for the photovoltaic generation of solar electricity. The paper is based on simulations that were carried out for 48 parking lots in Frauenfeld, a typical Swiss medium‐sized city of 22 665 inhabitants. Covered with solar carports, these parking lots alone would cover 15–40% of the energy demand by the city's road passenger transport. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

The effects of N-ethylmaleimide on active amino acid transport in Escherichia coli

N-Ethylmaleimide (MalNEt) binds covalently and without specificity to accessible sulfhydryl residues in proteins. In some cases specificity has been imposed on this reaction by manipulating reaction conditions, yielding information concerning both enzyme mechanism and the identity of specific proteins (for example C.F. Fox and E.P. Kennedy (1965) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S. 54, 891–899) and R.E. McCarty and J. Fagan (1973) Biochemistry 12, 1503–1507). We have examined the effects of MalNEt on the active accumulation of nine amino acids by Escherichia coli strains ML 308-225 and DL 54. Whole cells have been used in order that transport systems both dependent on and independent of periplasmic binding proteins could be studied under various conditions of energy supply for transport. Our results suggest that the systems transporting ornithine, phenylalanine and proline are those most likely to undergo inactivation by direct reaction of MalNEt with the transport apparatus, rather than merely via side effects such as interruption of their energy supply. The inhibition of proline transport is specifically enhanced by the presence of proline, competitive inhibitors of proline transport, or carbonylcyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone during MalNEt treatment. The other eight systems tested showed no analogous effects.

American and European transportation responses to the 1973–74 oil embargo

A survey of U.S. and European responses to the energy crises engendered by the Arab boycott of October 1973-April 1974 is presented. U.S. Government policy actions with respect to allocation, rationing, price, and conservation measures are reviewed and contrasted with those of affected European governments. The results of those policies and their effects on transportation energy supply and demand behavior with respect to both commodity and passenger movement are described. Based on short- and long-term impact assessments of the policies considered, the authors identify significant research requirements. (A) /TRRL/

Relationship of ATP levels to amino acid transport in slices of mouse brain

Slices of brain tissue upon incubation accumulate amino acids against a concentration gradient. The relationship of this accumulation to the ATP levels in the tissue was investigated. Freshly prepared slices were shown to contain levels of ATP that were decreased from in vivo levels but were restored within 30 min incubation to levels close to that in the living brain. Increasing ATP levels further had no effect on amino acid uptake, while metabolic inhibitors that decreased the content of ATP in the slice also inhibited the uptake of amino acids. In general, inhibitors that caused larger ATP decreases also inhibited uptake more, but there were differences among the amino acids; using the same metabolic inhibitor, or lowering ATP to the same level, did not inhibit the uptake of all amino acids to the same extent. Ouabain also inhibited uptake and decreased ATP and K + levels; restoring ATP and K + levels in the presence of ouabain did not restore amino acid uptake; ouabain inhibition was not reversible. The inhibition by cyanide was reversible if the slices were transferred to CN-free medium; uptake was restored more than ATP. Although under a number of experimental conditions decrease in ATP levels and decrease in the concentrative uptake of amino acids were parallel, it was possible to show a high level of uptake in the presence of low ATP levels and also strong inhibition of uptake in the presence of high ATP levels. These findings suggest that ATP levels do not directly determine uptake, or even that ATP is not the primary energy supply for transport.