Transport Elements Research Articles

Ensuring the reliability of filtration systems for transport and processing machines by redundancy

The relevance of this study is subordinated to the existing global trend of applying the scientific paradigm of redundancy of individual systems of transport and technological machines. This approach ensures the uninterrupted technological process of crop production following the regulatory reliability indicators. The purpose of this study was to identify failures of subsystems and elements of transport and technological machines depending on the operating time and to ensure reliability by redundancy. The study covered the methodological approaches to the formation of reliability of transport and technological machines. The study analysed the areas of ensuring the reliability of transport and technological machines on the example of machinery and equipment for animal husbandry. Methodical approaches to ensuring the indicators of reliability and maintainability during the operation of a self-propelled mixer were covered. A systematic approach to the self-propelled mixer as a complex transport and technological machine was developed. The principal subsystems that define a self-propelled mixer as a complex transport and technological system were identified. During the study, two groups of failures were identified, which lead to the loss of performance of the research objects. The features of using information and structural redundancy to improve the reliability of filtration systems of self-propelled mixers were presented. The technical condition of the engine air filter should be checked and cleaned after 50 hours, while the cartridge should be replaced after 1000 hours of operation. The functioning of the cabin filtration subsystem is ensured by a condenser, evaporator, desiccant filter, air filter, which should be checked and cleaned every 500 hours, while spare parts should be available in stock for replacement after one year of use. The formed criteria for assessing the technical condition of air filtration systems of a self-propelled mixer will provide a higher level of reliability and expand the list of their parameters. The methodology presented in this study allows increasing the reliability and maintainability of self-propelled mixers, to provide a methodical approach to the formation of reliability of engine air filtration and operator’s cabin air filtration subsystems

ENSEÑANZAS DE LA PANDEMIA COVID-19. EXPERIENCIA DE UN COMITÉ ÉTICO-CIENTÍFICO UNIVERSITARIO

This presentation communicates the lessons learned by the COVID-19 epidemic during the op­eration of the Human Research Ethics Committee,Faculty of Medicine,University of Chile during the first three years of the pandemic. Between 2020 and 2022 we received 806 projects,which meant an increase of 20% compared to the 672 projects of the pre-pandemic triennium (2017­2019). Additionally, it was necessary to keep the committee operating completely telematically to avoid contagion and giving priority to COVID-19 projects,without affecting the rigor of its analysis. To this end, the length and frequency of the sessions were increased,adapting instru­ments and procedures. Among the lessons learned from this operation,the following stand out: 1) Management of digital document, telematic and recorded sessions, approval certificates and proceedings of sessions sent by email and use of electronic signatures. 2) Adaptation of procedures to prevent contagion: application of remote informed consent, dispatch of docu­ments via the internet, replacement of visits by video-calls, use of individualized transport and personal protection elements in face-to-face activities. 3) Improvement in computer capacity and security, to safeguard the confidentiality of meetings, resolutions and communications. 4) Increase of the memory of the computers,to increase the storage capacity of the committee. 5) Implementation of an electronic platform for the management of processed projects. Most of these changes implemented in pandemic are durable and can be expected to become mastered over the course of their repeated application.

Cytosolic and Acrosomal pH Regulation in Mammalian Sperm.

As in most cells, intracellular pH regulation is fundamental for sperm physiology. Key sperm functions like swimming, maturation, and a unique exocytotic process, the acrosome reaction, necessary for gamete fusion, are deeply influenced by pH. Sperm pH regulation, both intracellularly and within organelles such as the acrosome, requires a coordinated interplay of various transporters and channels, ensuring that this cell is primed for fertilization. Consistent with the pivotal importance of pH regulation in mammalian sperm physiology, several of its unique transporters are dependent on cytosolic pH. Examples include the Ca2+ channel CatSper and the K+ channel Slo3. The absence of these channels leads to male infertility. This review outlines the main transport elements involved in pH regulation, including cytosolic and acrosomal pH, that participate in these complex functions. We present a glimpse of how these transporters are regulated and how distinct sets of them are orchestrated to allow sperm to fertilize the egg. Much research is needed to begin to envision the complete set of players and the choreography of how cytosolic and organellar pH are regulated in each sperm function.

Using Convex Optimization to Efficiently Apportion Tracer and Pollutant Sources From Point Concentration Observations

AbstractRivers transport elements, minerals, chemicals, and pollutants produced in their upstream basins. A sample from a river is a mixture of all of its upstream sources, making it challenging to pinpoint the contribution from each individual source. Here, we show how a nested sample design and convex optimization can be used to efficiently unmix downstream samples of a well‐mixed, conservative tracer in a steady state system into the contributions of their upstream sources. Our approach is significantly faster than previous methods. We represent the river's sub‐catchments, defined by sampling sites, using a directed acyclic graph. This graph is used to build a convex optimization problem which, thanks to its convexity, can be quickly solved to global optimality—in under a second on desktop hardware for data sets of ∼100 samples or fewer. Uncertainties in the upstream predictions can be generated using Monte Carlo resampling. We provide an open‐source implementation of this approach in Python. The inputs required are straightforward: a table containing sample locations and observed tracer concentrations, along with a D8 flow‐direction raster map. As a case study, we use this method to map the elemental geochemistry of sediment sources for rivers draining the Cairngorms mountains, UK. This method could be extended to non‐conservative and non‐steady state tracers. We also show, theoretically, how multiple tracers could be simultaneously inverted to recover upstream run‐off or erosion rates as well as source concentrations. Overall, this approach can provide valuable insights to researchers in various fields, including water quality, geochemical exploration, geochemistry, hydrology, and wastewater epidemiology.

Enhancing CsSn0.5Ge0.5I3 Perovskite Solar Cell Performance via Cu2O Hole Transport Layer Integration

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have emerged as a promising alternative to traditional silicon solar cells due to their low cost of fabrication and high power conversion efficiency (PCE). The utilization of lead halide perovskites as absorber layers in perovskite solar cells has been impeded by two major issues: lead poisoning and stability concerns. These hindrances have greatly impeded the industrialization of this cutting-edge technology. In light of the harmful effects of lead in perovskite solar cells, researchers have shifted their attention to exploring lead-free metal halide perovskites. However, the present alternatives to lead-based perovskite exhibit poor performance, thus prompting further inquiry into this matter. The primary objective of this research is to investigate the use of Cu2O as a hole transport layer in combination with lead-free metal halide perovskite (CsSn0.5Ge0.5I3) to achieve superior performance. Through meticulous experimentation, the suggested model has achieved outstanding results by optimizing several key variables. These variables include the thickness of the absorber layer (CsSn0.5Ge0.5I3), defect density, and doping densities, as well as the back contact work function and the operating temperature associated with each layer. The proposed FTO/PC60BM/CsSn0.5Ge0.5I3/Cu2O/Au solar cell structure surpassed prior configurations by comprehensively examining key aspects such as absorber layer thickness and defect density, doping densities, and back contact work. The structure has been also compared with multiple electron transport elements and concluded that the proposed model functions superior due to the use of PC60BM as an electron transport layer and it has an improved electron extraction procedure. Finally, the proposed model has achieved the optimized values as Jsc of 31.56 mA/cm-2, Voc of 1.12 V, FF of 81.47%, and PCE of 27.72%. As a consequence of this research, the investigated structure may be an excellent contender for the eventual creation of lead-free solar power cells made from perovskite.

River Erosion Impact on Transport Infrastructure in "Gilort River Nature2000 site", Romania

River erosion is a complex process due to multiple factors, such as climate changes, discharge quantity, the type of transported sediments, and variations in the hydrological regime. This paper aims to analyse river erosion's impact on transport elements' stability (especially on bridges). To do so, a Geomorphic Change Detection analysis was used, which involves calculating the altitude differences between two successive digital models, as a basis for calculating surfaces and volumes of sediments displaced through the erosion process. This analysis was doubled by a series of cross-sections in the proximity of bridges to observe the current river bed configuration and identify the active processes. The variation of these processes is directly dependent on human interventions undertaken to reduce the erosion process and to protect the infrastructure elements. The bridges located in the studied area are in different stages of damage by lateral and depth erosion processes, depending on their intensity and the human interventions made to protect these bridges. The least affected are the bridges where complex measures have been taken (construction of bed sills) or the dynamic processes have a low intensity.

The Development of Aspergillus flavus and Biosynthesis of Aflatoxin B1 are Regulated by the Golgi-Localized Mn2+ Transporter Pmr1.

Microorganisms rely on diverse ion transport and trace elements to sustain growth, development, and secondary metabolism. Manganese (Mn2+) is essential for various biological processes and plays a crucial role in the metabolism of human cells, plants, and yeast. In Aspergillus flavus, we confirmed that Pmr1 localized in cis- and medial-Golgi compartments was critical in facilitating Mn2+ transport, fungal growth, development, secondary metabolism, and glycosylation. In comparison to the wild type, the Δpmr1 mutant displayed heightened sensitivity to environmental stress, accompanied by inhibited synthesis of aflatoxin B1, kojic acid, and a substantial reduction in pathogenicity toward peanuts and maize. Interestingly, the addition of exogenous Mn2+ effectively rectified the developmental and secondary metabolic defects in the Δpmr1 mutant. However, Mn2+ supplement failed to restore the growth and development of the Δpmr1Δgdt1 double mutant, which indicated that the Gdt1 compensated for the functional deficiency of pmr1. In addition, our results showed that pmr1 knockout leads to an upregulation of O-glycosyl-N-acetylglucose (O-GlcNAc) and O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT), while Mn2+ supplementation can restore the glycosylation in A. flavus. Collectively, this study indicates that the pmr1 regulates Mn2+ via Golgi and maintains growth and metabolism functions of A. flavus through regulation of the glycosylation.

СКЛАДОВІ ОРГАНІЗАЦІЙНО-ЕКОНОМІЧНОГО МЕХАНІЗМУ РОЗВИТКУ ВНУТРІШНЬОГО ВОДНОГО ТРАНСПОРТУ УКРАЇНИ

he issue of the development of inland water transport of Ukraine is gaining new relevance in the context of globalization challenges and the need to adapt the transport system of Ukraine in the conditions of the war and its recovery after the war. Backlogs in infrastructure modernization, insufficient funding, bureaucratic barriers and the lack of a clear long-term strategy make it difficult to effectively use inland water transport, despite its great potential in solving environmental problems and increasing economic efficiency.The purpose of the study is to develop proposals for improving the organizational and economic mechanism for the development of inland water transport in Ukraine. The results of the research will contribute to Ukraine's integration into international transport networks and ensure the sustainable development of water transport.The integration of Ukrainian inland water transport into international networks is critical, as it ensures adaptation to global practices and investment attraction. Upgrading infrastructure and introducing incentives for investors are crucial for the rapid development and modernization of the industry. It is necessary to introduce innovations and the latest technologies to improve efficiency, safety and environmental sustainability.Organizational and economic elements of water transport are interconnected and interdependent, creating a system where changes in one aspect require adaptations in others. This requires flexible management to achieve strategic goals.An algorithm for assessing the impact of strategic initiatives has been developed, which adapts to changes and optimizes resources to maximize positive impact. The algorithm incorporates big data analytics and machine learning, ensuring the effec-tiveness of strategies in a dynamic environment. These findings emphasize the need for a comprehensive approach to renewal and innovation in inland waterway transport, aimed at sustainable development and effective integration into global logistics chains.The field of application of the research results covers public transport strategies, infrastructure project planning and sustainable development policies. The imple-mentation of the proposed changes will contribute to increasing the efficiency, safety and environmental friendliness of inland water transport in Ukraine. The findings highlight the need for an integrated approach to reforming the inland waterway transport sector, with an emphasis on innovation, modernization and international integration. This approach will allow Ukraine to use its great transport potential to improve the socio-economic development of the country and reduce the environmental burden.Keywords: inland water transport, organizational and economic mechanism, evaluation algorithm, efficiency, adaptation

An Approach to the Analysis of Critical Elements of Transport and Logistics Networks Using Graph Theory

An Approach to the Analysis of Critical Elements of Transport and Logistics Networks Using Graph Theory

Prototype production and investigation of mechanical properties of leaf springs used in air suspension systems

Leaf springs are machine elements that provide safety and driving comfort by storing the energy caused by the loads coming to the chassis and transport elements depending on the road conditions. Leaf springs are suspension elements commonly used particularly in heavy commercial vehicles. In this study, prototype leaf spring production was realized by forming the metal sheet and making heat treatments. Residual stress analysis, hardness, bending and strain gauge measurements were performed to examine the mechanical properties of the leaf spring produced. After the applied tempering process, the leaf spring microstructure was examined.

Friction and wear of current-transmitting contact elements of electric transport with the use of metal-graphite composite materials

The work provides an analysis of research devoted to the problem of manufacturing and operation of current-transmitting elements of electric transport, namely, the durability of contact parts according to operational and tribological characteristics. The work of current-transmitting elements of electric transport consists in the continuous sliding of one element on the surface of another and is accompanied by wear. At the same time, two types of wear are distinguished: mechanical and electrical. It has been established that the correct choice of materials has the greatest impact on reducing friction and wear of electrical contact elements. The basis for this is graphite material, which has the best current-conducting characteristics, but has insufficient strength and wear resistance. Approaches to the creation of materials for electrical contact elements using composite metallographite materials based on copper, aluminum, lead and other materials are analyzed.

Mitochondrial metabolism and respiration adjustments following temperature acclimation in Daphnia magna

Seasonal temperature changes and local variations in the water column challenge lentic zooplankton in their habitat. At the cellular level, exposure to varying temperatures affects the mitochondrial functional properties of poikilothermic organisms. Metabolic enzymes that supply reduced substrates to the electron transport chain and elements of the oxidative phosphorylation system must therefore adjust their activity and flux rates to the altered temperature conditions. In the present study, Daphnia magna respiration was analyzed in response to acute and chronic changes in ambient temperature. Oxygen consumption as well as substrate and electron flux rates were measured at the animals' acclimation temperature and at two additional acute temperatures. High activity of citrate synthase (CS) in cold-acclimated animals (10 °C) may have resulted from mitochondrial quantitative adjustments. However, thermal sensitivity of the functional properties of mitochondrial enzymes was greater in warm-acclimated animals (30 °C). In whole animals, temperature-induced changes were partly compensated by acclimation, but these changes were promoted by acclimation in the case of the mitochondrial electron transport chain. Thus, respiration realised in whole animals was limited by the provision of reduced substrates in the tricarboxylic acid cycle rather than by restrictions of the respiratory chain complexes. This may minimize production of reactive oxygen species and resulting damage and reduce waste of substrates from the animals’ energy reserves. Still, the integrated biomarker response indicated increased defense against oxidative stress at elevated temperatures.

Sustainable FLM transport based on IPF transport by ferry in coastal rural areas: A case from Sweden

With the increased emission requirements in Europe over the past century the role of Integrated Passenger and Freight (IPF) transport for sustainable first- and last mile (FLM) transport have increased. IPF transport by ferry has the potential to increase sustainability in FLM transport in coastal rural areas. A literature review followed by a single case study was conducted to examine six core elements of IPF transport by ferry for improvement of environmental, economic, and social- sustainable FLM transport in a Swedish coastal rural areas. In addition to the literature review, empirical data was collected from a total of 346 semi-structured interviews with passengers (i.e., visitors, tourists, residents), goods owners and policymakers, observations (at ferries, piers) and a hackathon. The study show that environmental sustainable FLM transport could be improved by increasing usage of free capacity in ferries, and improved planning of the IPF transport by ferry. The study indicate improved environmental sustainable FLM transport linked to introduction of electrical ferries for IPF transport. Economic sustainable FLM transport related to the long-term viability of IPF transport by ferry could be improved by enhanced compliance between traffic planning programs and the execution of FLM transport in coastal rural areas, and adjustment of passengers' one-way ticket fare of IPF transport. The study suggest introduction of modul-based ferries to improve economic sustainability of FLM transport based on IPF transport by ferry. To improve social sustainability of FLM transport, safety risks in IPF transport of bicycles, management of freight and passengers at piers, accessibility of passengers and goods owners at piers should be considered. The study indicate improvement of social sustainabiltility related to accessibility of passengers and goods owners at piers.

Combined Funnel, Concentrator, and Particle Valve Functional Element for Magnetophoretic Bead Transport Based on Engineered Magnetic Domain Patterns.

Controlled actuation of superparamagnetic beads (SPBs) within a microfluidic environment using tailored dynamic magnetic field landscapes (MFLs) is a potent approach for the realization of point-of-care diagnostics within Lab-on-a-chip (LOC) systems. Making use of an engineered magnetic domain pattern as the MFL source, a functional LOC-element with combined magnetophoretic "funnel", concentrator, and "valve" functions for micron-sized SPBs is presented. A parallel-stripe domain pattern design with periodically decreasing/increasing stripe lengths is fabricated in a topographically flat continuous exchange biased (EB) thin film system by ion bombardment induced magnetic patterning (IBMP). It is demonstrated that, upon application of external magnetic field pulses, a fully reversible concentration of SPBs at the domain pattern's focal point occurs. In addition, it is shown that this functionality may be used as an SPB "funnel", allowing only a maximum number of particles to pass through the focal point. Adjusting the pulse time length, the focal point can be clogged up for incoming SPBs, resembling an on/off switchable particle "valve". The observations are supported by quantitative theoretical force considerations.

АНАЛІЗ ДІЯЛЬНОСТІ КЛЮЧОВИХ ПІДПРИЄМСТВ ТЕЛЕКОМУНІКАЦІЙНОЇ ГАЛУЗІ УКРАЇНИ ТА ЇХ КОНКУРЕНЦІЯ

The article analyzes the volume of sales of goods and services of PJSC "Kyivstar" and its main competitors in the telecommunications industry of Ukraine. The matrix of the Boston Consulting Group was built. According to the matrix strategy, all sales volume indicators were divided into four categories. With the help of the constructed matrix, the development prospects of enterprises in the telecommunications industry of Ukraine and the level of their competition are determined. In accordance with the Law of Ukraine "On Telecommunications", the main principles of activity in the field of telecommunications are revealed. It was determined what shares of the mobile communications market in Ukraine are made up of Lifecell, Vodafone and Kyivstar. Assessing the state of the communications industry in Ukraine, numerous problems with the development of the mobile communications market were identified, the main ones of which can be called: the inability to develop the market, low consumer confidence, the deterioration of the stability of telecommunication networks, inefficient network management, the presence of a large number of rural, mountainous or economically depressed areas that have limited access to telecommunications services, and concerns about the ability of telecommunications providers and providers to use infrastructure without prejudice, excluding electricity, transport and building elements. It is recorded that almost all indicators of PJSC "Kyivstar" exceed the indicators of its main competitors over the last year, namely "Lifecell" and "Vodafone". The Boston Consulting Group (BCG) matrix based on the relative market share of Kyivstar PJSC from Lifecell and Vodafone showed that Kyivstar completely dominates its competitors. A development strategy has been formulated for competing companies, namely: the "Milk Cow" strategy will be appropriate for the leader of the telecommunications industry of Ukraine - Kyivstar PJSC, the "Difficult Children" strategy has been offered to Vodafone, but the "Dog" strategy is more suitable for the company "Lifecell", which is mostly inferior to its competitors in terms of sales. The main problems and ways to solve them are revealed.

Identification of molecular signatures and pathways involved in Rett syndrome using a multi-omics approach

BackgroundRett syndrome (RTT) is a neurodevelopmental disorder mainly caused by mutations in the methyl-CpG-binding protein 2 gene (MECP2). MeCP2 is a multi-functional protein involved in many cellular processes, but the mechanisms by which its dysfunction causes disease are not fully understood. The duplication of the MECP2 gene causes a distinct disorder called MECP2 duplication syndrome (MDS), highlighting the importance of tightly regulating its dosage for proper cellular function. Additionally, some patients with mutations in genes other than MECP2 exhibit phenotypic similarities with RTT, indicating that these genes may also play a role in similar cellular functions. The purpose of this study was to characterise the molecular alterations in patients with RTT in order to identify potential biomarkers or therapeutic targets for this disorder.MethodsWe used a combination of transcriptomics (RNAseq) and proteomics (TMT mass spectrometry) to characterise the expression patterns in fibroblast cell lines from 22 patients with RTT and detected mutation in MECP2, 15 patients with MDS, 12 patients with RTT-like phenotypes and 13 healthy controls. Transcriptomics and proteomics data were used to identify differentially expressed genes at both RNA and protein levels, which were further inspected via enrichment and upstream regulator analyses and compared to find shared features in patients with RTT.ResultsWe identified molecular alterations in cellular functions and pathways that may contribute to the disease phenotype in patients with RTT, such as deregulated cytoskeletal components, vesicular transport elements, ribosomal subunits and mRNA processing machinery. We also compared RTT expression profiles with those of MDS seeking changes in opposite directions that could lead to the identification of MeCP2 direct targets. Some of the deregulated transcripts and proteins were consistently affected in patients with RTT-like phenotypes, revealing potentially relevant molecular processes in patients with overlapping traits and different genetic aetiology.ConclusionsThe integration of data in a multi-omics analysis has helped to interpret the molecular consequences of MECP2 dysfunction, contributing to the characterisation of the molecular landscape in patients with RTT. The comparison with MDS provides knowledge of MeCP2 direct targets, whilst the correlation with RTT-like phenotypes highlights processes potentially contributing to the pathomechanism leading these disorders.

Evaluation of Sustainable Development Potential of High-Speed Railway Station Areas Based on “Node-Place-Industry” Model

The development of the HSR station area is the result of the combined effect of the three elements of transport, place, and industry. This study introduces the industrial dimension and constructs the node-place-industry model to empirically analyze the development potential of station areas along the Hunan section of the Beijing–Guangzhou and the Shanghai–Kunming high-speed railway lines. The results show that (1) the development of the three spatial elements of the station area is mostly out of sync, and the node value has the highest fit with the integrated potential value of the station area; (2) there is a significant correlation between the magnitude of the combined potential of the station area and the site location, station class and time of development; (3) according to the results of the cluster analysis, it was found that most of the stations were in a state of disequilibrium, and the main reason was that the functional value of the place did not match with the value of industrial aggregation. In particular, the introduction of the industry dimension extends the NP model and establishes a tessellated analytical framework for station type classification, providing an interesting assessment tool for the sustainable development of transport hub areas.

The Spatial Value and Efficiency of Inland Ports with Different Development Models: A Case Study in China

Inland ports have become elements of the modern transport and logistics infrastructure hub and play an important role in shaping urban spatial texture. However, the spatial dimensions of their development have received little attention in the existing literature. This paper explores the spatial value concept for inland ports, i.e., the node and place values, by using a node-place model that was adopted for passenger terminals such as metro stations or train terminals. After measuring the node and place values, our research further evaluates the efficiency of node value’s impact in improving place value, which indicates the effects of node value on regional development. This paper examines the impact of inland port activities on regional development, studying 12 Chinese inland ports with various models. The results show that half of the inland ports are balanced in terms of node value and place value. Only 50% of the inland ports are efficient, in terms of the contribution of node value to place value, in promoting the regional economy. Inland ports in a balanced position are usually more efficient. This study provides new evidence of inland ports promoting regional development, as well as a basis for policy-making for future inland ports.

Market positioning of internal combustion engines and battery electric motors

In order to examine the current market situation of combustion and battery electric engines in vehicles and to determine the type of strategy for the development of the automotive market, a SWOT analysis was carried out. Internal strengths and weaknesses as well as external opportunities and threats on the market of internal combustion and electric vehicles were assessed. The most important areas of their operation have been designated. A weighting system and a rating scale were selected. The results of the analysis showed that combustion vehicles belong to a conservative market area which promotes the designs that have been thriving for years and maximizes their advantages. Battery electric vehicles belong to an aggressive market area, with the strategy based on a quick response to consumer needs, allowing for the maximization of profits while maintaining innovation. The future of the transport sector will be determined by the focus on the promotion of ecological transport elements.

Pan-cancer structurome reveals overrepresentation of beta sandwiches and underrepresentation of alpha helical domains

The recent progress in the prediction of protein structures marked a historical milestone. AlphaFold predicted 200 million protein models with an accuracy comparable to experimental methods. Protein structures are widely used to understand evolution and to identify potential drug targets for the treatment of various diseases, including cancer. Thus, these recently predicted structures might convey previously unavailable information about cancer biology. Evolutionary classification of protein domains is challenging and different approaches exist. Recently our team presented a classification of domains from human protein models released by AlphaFold. Here we evaluated the pan-cancer structurome, domains from over and under expressed proteins in 21 cancer types, using the broadest levels of the ECOD classification: the architecture (A-groups) and possible homology (X-groups) levels. Our analysis reveals that AlphaFold has greatly increased the three-dimensional structural landscape for proteins that are differentially expressed in these 21 cancer types. We show that beta sandwich domains are significantly overrepresented and alpha helical domains are significantly underrepresented in the majority of cancer types. Our data suggest that the prevalence of the beta sandwiches is due to the high levels of immunoglobulins and immunoglobulin-like domains that arise during tumor development-related inflammation. On the other hand, proteins with exclusively alpha domains are important elements of homeostasis, apoptosis and transmembrane transport. Therefore cancer cells tend to reduce representation of these proteins to promote successful oncogeneses.