Transmission Power Management Research Articles

Joint wireless energy transmission and dynamic power management for full-duplex relay system

The rapid deployment of fifth-generation (5G) mobile communication systems demands sustainable power solutions. This paper introduces a novel joint design for wireless energy transmission and dynamic power management in full-duplex relay systems, aiming to ensure a continuous power supply for relay nodes. Our approach integrates energy harvesting from RF signals and dynamic battery management, focusing on optimizing throughput via energy allocation and precoding design. Simulation results demonstrate that our scheme significantly outperforms conventional non-battery half-duplex schemes in system throughput. Notably, we observe performance increments in throughput compared to all mentioned traditional methods, highlighting the efficacy of our design in enhancing 5G network sustainability and efficiency. This innovative approach presents a promising solution for effective power management in next-generation mobile networks.

Energy Aware On-Demand Routing Protocol Scheme of DSR Protocol (EAORP)

Recently, there has been a need for connectivity in places with no infrastructure. In order to meet this need, new technology known as MANET is used to fulfil the market demand. Despite the many benefits that MANET will provide, a number of shortcomings still need to be further studied, especially the energy consumption problems, that stand in the way of not allowing widespread acceptance of this technology. Because wireless devices use batteries with a finite amount of power, energy efficiency in these networks becomes a concern. In this paper, we present a design of energy aware on-demand routing protocol (EAORP), a new energy efficient algorithm that aims to overcome the shortcomings of DSR and provide a scalable traffic based and energy aware routing algorithm which aims to address energy issues in DSR by making it more aware and sensitive to nodes' energy, traffic loads, and transmission power management.

A comprehensive review of energy-efficient design in satellite communication systems

Satellite communication systems play a pivotal role in enabling global connectivity, but their energy consumption presents significant challenges in terms of sustainability and operational costs. This comprehensive review explores various aspects of energy-efficient design in satellite communication systems to address these challenges. Beginning with an overview of the fundamentals of energy efficiency in satellite communications, including key metrics and parameters, the review delves into the analysis of energy consumption across different subsystems. Strategies for optimizing energy efficiency in transmission protocols, modulation schemes, power management, and control are examined, along with case studies showcasing successful implementations. Emerging technologies and trends in satellite communication are explored for their potential to enhance energy efficiency. Regulatory and environmental considerations are also discussed, emphasizing the importance of aligning energy-efficient design with regulatory frameworks and addressing environmental impacts. Ultimately, this review highlights the importance of prioritizing energy efficiency in satellite communication system design to mitigate environmental impact, reduce operational costs, and ensure sustainability in an increasingly interconnected world.

A Comparative Study and Analysis of LoRaWAN Performance in NS3

Long Range Wide Area Network (LoRaWAN) is a widely adopted Internet of Things (IoT) protocol due to its high range and lower energy consumption. LoRaWAN utilizes Adaptive Data Rate (ADR) for efficient resource (e.g., spreading factor and transmission power) management. The ADR manages these two resource parameters on the network server side and end device side. This paper focuses on analyzing the ADR and Gaussian ADR performance of LoRaWAN. We have performed NS3 simulation under a static scenario by varying the antenna height. The simulation results showed that antenna height has a significant impact on the packet delivery ratio. Higher antenna height (e.g., 50 m) has shown an improved packet success ratio when compared with lower antenna height (e.g., 10 m) in static and mobility scenarios. Based on the results, it is suggested to use the antenna at higher allevation for successful packet delivery

Cost analysis of ultrawideband transmission in optical networks

We examine the cost associated with increasing traffic on a reference transport network for both single- and multiband systems, with a total transmission bandwidth ranging from 4.8 to 20 THz (S2 + S1 + C + L-band, where S2 and S1 are the two halves of the S-band). The number and cost of amplifiers, transceivers, and fibers are considered. To ensure stable transmission power and simplified network management, we take noise loading into account. The optimal combination of transmission bands—for each system—is evaluated based on the maximization of the capacity calculated from the minimum per-band generalized signal-to-noise ratio of each band. The results reveal that, despite the lower spectral efficiency due to the higher fiber attenuation and band MUX/DEMUX insertion losses, multiband systems can effectively reduce the number of fibers needed, thus postponing the deployment of new fibers. The most cost-effective solution depends on the fiber and S-band amplifier costs and the forecast of the required network capacity. When additional fibers are freely available or fiber costs are minimal, employing a C-band-only system proves to be the most economical choice. As fiber costs increase, additional bands gradually become more appealing, progressing from the C-band-only to the C + L-band, and then to the addition of half of the S-band (S1 + C + L-band) or the whole S-band (S2 + S1 + C + L). Furthermore, multiband transmission systems are more attractive when considering higher traffic loads. We also propose an optimal order of deployment of transmission bands in a pay-as-you-grow approach. The corresponding cost evolution demonstrates that this approach is a viable solution to mitigate excessive costs during the initial stages of a network operation, even though it leads to an increased number of fibers and transceivers used before all transmission bands are enabled. Additionally, we show that the S1- and S2-bands have worse optical performance, making them more suitable for shorter lightpaths. Consequently, operating the S-band in single-hop links and simplifying the add-drop multiplexer architecture could be beneficial.

OPTIMIZATION OF ENERGY CONSUMPTION IN SENSOR NODE BASED ON RECEIVED SIGNAL STRENGTH INDICATOR (RSSI) AND SLEEP AWAKE METHOD

The transmission power management in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) is a critical problem. This research investigated optimizing power consumption based on transmission power (Tx Power) level according to RSSI and periodic transmission time. We investigated the RSSI value by varying Tx Power Level to get the optimum Tx Power Level. We found the optimum periodic transmission time by transmitting the data with various transmission times. By varying the Tx Power Level, we found the optimum Tx Power Level, resulting in the power consumption decreasing by about 42% and the power supply’s lifetime increasing by about 71% in the 280 m distance between the sensor node and gateway, with a 108 Wh power supply. By varying the periodic transmission time, we found that the optimum periodic transmission time is 8 seconds. Combining the optimum Tx Power Level and periodic transmission time, we found that the power supply’s lifetime is 40 times longer. This result is helpful for WSN applications in remote areas.

Enhancing the Performance of Energy Harvesting Sensor Networks for Environmental Monitoring Applications

Fast development in hardware miniaturization and massive production of sensors make them cost efficient and vastly available to be used in various applications in our daily life more specially in environment monitoring applications. However, energy consumption is still one of the barriers slowing down the development of several applications. Slow development in battery technology, makes energy harvesting (EH) as a prime candidate to eliminate the sensor’s energy barrier. EH sensors can be the solution to enabling future applications that would be extremely costly using conventional battery-powered sensors. In this paper, we analyze the performance improvement and evaluation of EH sensors in various situations. A network model is developed to allow us to examine different scenarios. We borrow a clustering concept, as a proven method to improve energy efficiency in conventional sensor network and brought it to EH sensor networks to study its effect on the performance of the network in different scenarios. Moreover, a dynamic and distributed transmission power management for sensors is proposed and evaluated in both networks, with and without clustering, to study the effect of power balancing on the network end-to-end performance. The simulation results indicate that, by using clustering and transmission power adjustment, the power consumption can be distributed in the network more efficiently, which result in improving the network performance in terms of a packet delivery ratio by 20%, 10% higher network lifetime by having more alive nodes and also achieving lower delay by reducing the hop-count.

Bound-based power optimization for multi-hop heterogeneous wireless industrial networks under statistical delay constraints

The noticeably increased deployment of wireless networks for battery-limited industrial applications in recent years highlights the need for tractable performance analysis methodologies as well as efficient QoS-aware transmit power management schemes. In this work, we seek to combine several important aspects of such networks, i.e., multi-hop connectivity, channel heterogeneity and the queuing effect, in order to address these needs. We design delay-bound-based algorithms for transmit power minimization and network lifetime maximization of multi-hop heterogeneous wireless networks using our previously developed stochastic network calculus approach for performance analysis of a cascade of buffered wireless fading channels. Our analysis shows an overall transmit power saving of up to 95% compared to a fixed power allocation scheme in case when the service is modeled via a Shannon capacity. For a more realistic set-up, we evaluate the performance of the suggested algorithm in a WirelessHART network, which is a widely used communication standard for industrial process automation applications. We find that link heterogeneity can significantly reduce network lifetime when no efficient power management is applied. Using extensive simulation study we further show that the proposed bound-based power allocation performs reasonably well compared to the real optimum, especially in the case of WirelessHART networks.

A systematic design and optimization method of transmission system and power management for a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle

The transmission system together with power management will simultaneously affect the fuel economy of the plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) with automated mechanical transmission (AMT). This paper strives to make three contributions to realize systematic design and optimization of the transmission and power management. Firstly, a design of experiment method is proposed to redesign the current transmission system of the PHEV with Optimal Latin Hypercube Design algorithm. Then, a co-optimization method is proposed to insight into the preferable speed ratios of the redesigned transmission system with multi-island genetic and dynamic programming algorithms. Finally, a Pontryagin’s Minimum Principle-based self-identification controller is proposed to realize adaptive power management control, based on a significant finding that the constant solution of the co-state from off-line iteration optimization can be approximately identified by the mean value of the co-state with time-moving in the self-identification controller. Results demonstrate that the current 6-speed ratio AMT can be reduced to 4, the fuel economy of the redesigned transmission system can be improved by 2.9% compared to the current transmission system and the self-identification controller can further improve the fuel economy of the PHEV compared to the conventional PI controller.

Joint spectrum access and transmission power management for energy harvesting cognitive radio sensor networks

In this paper, we investigate the joint optimisation of spectrum access and the transmission power for an energy harvesting cognitive sensor node, which operates in time-slotted fashion with causal knowledge of channel conditions along with the energy harvesting states. Allowing for the sensing imperfection, we formulate this joint optimisation problem as an infinite-horizon discretetime Markov decision process (MDP), in which the cognitive sensor aims at maximising the long-term expected throughput. An optimal policy which specifies the spectrum access decision as well as the power level is proposed. It is indicated that the optimal long-term expected throughput is nondecreasing with the battery available energy. Moreover, we introduce a low-complexity policy and prove that the optimal low-complexity policy has a threshold structure with respect to the battery available energy. An efficient algorithm for deriving the optimal low-complexity policy is introduced. Finally, numerical results are presented to confirm the superiority of proposed policies.

Joint spectrum access and transmission power management for energy harvesting cognitive radio sensor networks

Joint spectrum access and transmission power management for energy harvesting cognitive radio sensor networks

QoE and Energy Aware Resource Allocation in Small Cell Networks With Power Selection, Load Management, and Channel Allocation

With the ever-growing number of mobile users and the rapid growth of wireless data service requirement, quality of experience (QoE) has emerged as an essential indicator for users, service providers, and operators. Meanwhile, to improve coverage and serve users, a lot of small cell base stations (SBSs) must be installed, and a great amount of energy is consumed. However, as far as is known, there are few works that have studied the combinatorial problem of QoE and energy aware SBS management, which jointly implements power selection, load management (SU allocation), and channel allocation. This paper investigates the problem of QoE and energy aware SBS management, which consists of power selection, load management, and channel allocation. In this paper, we resort to cloud technologies to solve such a complicated combinatorial problem and employ an iterative approach in which two subproblems are alternatively assigned and optimized at each iteration, i.e., 1) transmission power and load joint management and 2) channel allocation. We propose a two-dimensional-action extended weakly acyclic game theoretical scheme to optimize the two subproblems distributedly and iteratively. We define a novel two-dimensional-action pure strategy Nash equilibrium (2D-NE) and prove that at least one 2D-NE exists in the proposed game. With the help of cloud, we propose two kinds of better response algorithms to achieve 2D-NE of the proposed game $G_w$ . Moreover, simulation results show that the proposed approach could achieve a good QoE-energy utility performance and a high QoE energy efficiency.

TCP Performance in Multi-Polling Game Theory-Based IEEE 802.11 Networks

AbstractEasy usage and integration with various applications made IEEE 802.11 one of the most used technologies these days, both at home and business premises. Over the years, there have been many additional improvements to the 802.11 standards. Nevertheless, the algorithms and Media Access Control (MAC) layer methods are almost the same as in previous Wi-Fi versions. In this paper, a set of methods to improve the total system capacity is proposed – such as efficient transmit power management based on Game Theory with a custom wireless medium protocol. The transmit power management and wireless medium protocol is verified by both simulation and real application scenarios. The results conclude that the capacity of the proposed wireless medium protocol is overall 20 percent higher than the standard 802.11 wireless medium access protocols. Additional TCP Acknowledgment filtering, which was tested together with the proposed wireless medium access protocol, can provide up to 10-percent-higher TCP throughput in high-density scenarios, especially for asymmetrical traffic cases. The conducted research suggests that efficient power management could result in lighter transmit power allocation rules that are currently set by the local regulators for current Wi-Fi devices. Thus, better propagation characteristics and wireless medium management would lead to an overall higher wireless system capacity.

A Robust and Energy Efficient Cooperative Spectrum Sensing Scheme in Cognitive Wireless Sensor Networks

Cooperative spectrum sensing (CSS) is able to effectively solve the hidden terminal, depth attenuation, multipath shadows and other issues which are not addressed by the single-user sensing. Therefore, it has attracted a large amount of interest and several CSS algorithms have been proposed. However, they are not specifically tailored for cognitive wireless sensor networks (CWSNs) where transmission reliability, power management and interference avoidance are critical issues. In this paper, we propose a robust and energy efficient CSS scheme in CWSNs. Firstly, taking into account the limited energy of sensor node, especially the mobile node, we introduce the nodes of the network into multiple clusters for the CSS in order to save energy consumed in reporting results and exchanging information and extend the lifetime of the network. Secondly, we consider that some cognitive nodes may not work as expected. Hence, facing the problem of faulty nodes in clusters, we propose an evaluation method which considers simultaneously the node reliability and the mutually supportive degree among different nodes to support adapted decisions. Finally, after removing the node of low credibility, the energy efficiency and reliability of each cluster are improved significantly. Simulation results allow to validate that the proposed method outperforms the state of the art in energy efficiency and detection reliability, even in presence of faulty nodes.

A Maximum Transmission Range and Relative Energy Based Multipath Routing Strategy in Manet’s

Manet’s are networks which can be setup on demand where mobile nodes rely on the finite energy. Considering the limited available energy as a restraint numerous methods have been emerged from time-to-time to expand the lifetime of a network by effective utilisation of energy. The highest favoured and competent mechanism to lengthen the lifetime of network is by transmission power management theory which contemplates nearby nodes with merest power level. This scheme doesn’t reduce the energy utilisation and communication overhead of the network. Based on our inquiry it is erect that routing procedure is to be altered relatively than controlling the transmission power and permitting only certain nodes in routing process. Routing mechanism is to be changed based on the assessment of received signal strength and relative remaining energy. Using this only specific nodes in the network are permitted to receive and validate the routing request. Aforementioned form of routing procedure is adopted to Ad-hoc on-demand multipath distance vector (Ad-hoc-OMDV) routing protocol and a maximal transmission range and remaining energy based multipath protocol called AOMDV_RR is proposed and analysed under various dimensions of network. Commendable dissimilarity in capabilities are found and the suggested AOMDV_RR shows better performance than the normal AOMDV with reference to all the selected QoS entities.

How to improve Bit Error Rate and throughput by Resource Manage-ment and affect it on Quality of Service and Modulation and Coding Schemes in Resource Block for LTE

New cross-layer scheduling algorithm to satisfy better Quality of Service (QoS) parameters for real time applications has been proposed in this paper. The proposed algorithm builds on allocating resource blocks (RB) with different modulation and coding schemes (MCS) according to bit error rate (BER). The authors admit that nowadays great attention is paid to Radio resource management algorithms development. Such algorithms improve radio resources application, making the enhanced throughout telecommunication system available to users. Radio resources management includes transmission power management, mobility management, radio resources scheduling etc. Smart radio resource management is the major task of LTE, which enables LTE to become a reliable technology, meeting the broadband mobility requirements in upcoming years. The given algorithm will schedule the available resources to the best advantage and afford users enough data transmission opportunity, even while they freely move. Moreover, the assigned resources QoS would not interfere with already assigned resources.References 8, figures 4.

A Joint Duty-Cycle and Transmission Power Management for Energy Harvesting WSN

In this paper, we propose a global power management approach for energy harvesting sensor nodes. Our approach is based on a joint duty-cycle optimization and transmission power control. By simultaneously adapting both parameters, the node can maximize the number of transmitted packets while respecting the limited and time-varying amount of available energy. We obtain a high-packet delivery by using an original predictive transmission power control that can efficiently adapt the transmission power to the wireless channel conditions. To accurately model the wireless channel and the node communication hardware, a waveform-level radio frequency simulator has been developed. Simulation results show 6.5 times improvement in energy efficiency and a packet reception ratio which is 9 times more efficient than a recently published technique. A 15% increase in energy efficiency, with respect to a fixed transmission power configuration, has also been observed. Finally, the global power management strategy has been validated on a real wireless sensor networks platform. Experimental results are very similar to those obtained in simulations, and thus confirm the efficiency of our power management approach.

ET-OLSR: Energy based Threshold Optimized Link State Routing for MANETs

Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANETs) are the one where each node participating has many roles assigned, that is of a receiver, transmitter and router. Hence, energy in abundance is expected to be expended on each role to achieve the normal working. Also, mobility factor of this infrastructure-less administration forces the nodes to confide on battery energy. Battery being a limited entity fails to fulfill the high demand of energy with time. Scarcity of battery life and the additional energy requirements for supporting network operations (e.g. routing) inside every node, make the energy conservation one of the peer concern in ad hoc networking. Significant research effort has been made on efficient use of energy. Several exemplary techniques include transmission power control, load distribution, power management and sleep mode approach. This paper takes up a new optimized energy consumption algorithm emanated from power management technique to be put into effect on Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR) protocol. The procedure follows a threshold value for each node that indicates whether the node should participate in path discovery for a packet. Eventually, the contrast behavior of OLSR is examined. For that, extensive simulations have been carried with a network setup, such that the nodes less than this specified threshold value get eliminated from route. Comparison graphs plotted for new Energy Threshold OLSR (ET-OLSR) and OLSR conclude that performance of new protocol outshines in terms of energy consumption and packet delivery ratio. General Terms MANET, Mobile Ad hoc Networks, Energy Efficiency

Transmit Power Optimization for Video Transmission Over Slowly-Varying Rayleigh-Fading Channels in CDMA Systems

An optimum transmit power management scheme is proposed for wireless video service in code-division multiple-access systems. The scheme minimizes the transmit power subject to the constraint on the distortion resulted from the loss of each packet and the error propagation effect caused by the motion compensation. It implicitly controls the target bit-error rate (BER) of the video packet according to the importance of the packet. The more important the packet is, the more securely it is transmitted over noisy channel. Furthermore, the scheme adjusts the target BER as if the water filling concept is applied to the problem of minimizing the transmit power. The simulation results show that the proposed scheme considerably outperforms the conventional schemes.

Joint source coding and data rate adaptation for energy efficient wireless video streaming

Rapid growth in wireless networks is fueling demand for video services from mobile users. While the problem of transmitting video over unreliable channels has received some attention, the wireless network environment poses challenges such as transmission power management that have received little attention previously in connection with video. Transmission power management affects battery life in mobile devices, interference to other users, and network capacity. We consider energy efficient transmission of a video sequence under delay and quality constraints. The selection of source coding parameters is considered jointly with transmitter power and rate adaptation, and packet transmission scheduling. The goal is to transmit a video frame using the minimal required transmission energy under delay and quality constraints. Experimental results are presented that illustrate the advantages of the proposed approach.