Message Transmission Research Articles

A Novel Light-Weight Machine Learning Classifier for Intrusion Detection in Controller Area Network in Smart Cars

The automotive industry has evolved enormously in recent years, marked by the proliferation of smart vehicles furnished with avant-garde technologies. These intelligent automobiles leverage cutting-edge innovations to deliver enhanced connectivity, automation, and convenience to drivers and passengers. Despite the myriad benefits of smart vehicles, their integration of digital systems has raised concerns regarding cybersecurity vulnerabilities. The primary components of smart cars within smart vehicles encompass in-vehicle communication and intricate computation, in addition to conventional control circuitry. In-vehicle communication is facilitated through a controller area network (CAN), whereby electronic control units communicate via message transmission across the CAN-bus, omitting explicit destination specifications. This broadcasting and non-delineating nature of CAN makes it susceptible to cyber attacks and intrusions, posing high-security risks to the passengers, ultimately prompting the requirement of an intrusion detection system (IDS) accepted for a wide range of cyber-attacks in CAN. To this end, this paper proposed a novel machine learning (ML)-based scheme employing a Pythagorean distance-based algorithm for IDS. This paper employs six real-time collected CAN datasets while studying several cyber attacks to simulate the IDS. The resilience of the proposed scheme is evaluated while comparing the results with the existing ML-based IDS schemes. The simulation results showed that the proposed scheme outperformed the existing studies and achieved 99.92% accuracy and 0.999 F1-score. The precision of the proposed scheme is 99.9%, while the area under the curve (AUC) is 0.9997. Additionally, the computational complexity of the proposed scheme is very low compared to the existing schemes, making it more suitable for the fast decision-making required for smart vehicles.

Self-organized efficient transmission in dynamic networks

Effective protocols are needed to ensure successful transmission of signals, messages, or parcels through a network of intermediaries. Existing studies often overlook real-world constraints such as limited resources. We investigate the design of efficient and robust transmission strategies in dynamic networks subject to dissipation and resource limited node activity, as in wireless sensor networks. We find that dissipation and randomness can enhance transmission efficiency and network resilience. For a broad family of protocols, a self-organized dynamics assures global connectivity, even in the limit of low density of links, where random networks fail.

Low-Cost IoT-Based Sensors Dashboard for Monitoring the State of Health of Mobile Harbor Cranes: Hardware and Soft-ware Description

A cost-effective IoT-based real-time data acquisition and analysis hardware system was developed to enhance the performance of the mobile harbor cranes using a combination of a cost-effective quality control monitoring sensor dashboard (proximity sensors, angle position sensor, weight sensor, vibration sensor, and wind sensor), embedded microcontroller (Arduino), and embedded computer (Raspberry Pi). Hardware was operated using a specially developed novel Quality Control and Data Acquisition Multiprocessing software (QC-DAS). The QC-DAS can automatically collect and save real-time data of the sensors in a large-capacity SD card, monitor the state of health of the hardware, and transmit the real-time data of the sensors and the working state of the crane to an IoT server. The novelty of the QC-DAS design is that each function is encapsulated in a predefined module that is "immersed" in a message transmission medium. Modules interact by sending and receiving various signals through this medium. Modularity makes system design simpler, faster, and flexible. Thanks to modularity, users may incorporate their data processing modules when new sensors are added to match the system's needs. Thanks to modularity the DC-DAS can operate quality control hardware for any mobile cranes. There are several constraints in the quality control data acquisition system used by the Damietta Port Authority in Damietta, Egypt, SESCO TRANS company which cause the loading and unloading process to be slowed down. As a result, the SESCO TRANS company upgraded its quality control data acquisition system using the QC-DAS. The hardware was deployed for six months, during which the collected data was used to verify the crane's performance. The vibration produced by the slewing of the crane was monitored and compared with the bearing fault frequency limits, during the operation the wind speed was monitored and compared with the critical wind speed to stop the crane operation automatically, and the payloads data of the six months was collected and was used to calculate the working efficiency of the load and unload process of the crane. The results demonstrated that while maintenance costs were decreased, the crane load/unload procedure was improved. The SESCO TRANS company crane operators approved the developed approach and appreciated the achieved results.

Adaptive tunicate swarm optimization with partial transmit sequence for phase optimization in MIMO-OFDM

<span>Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) and orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) are widely utilized in wireless systems and maximum data rate communications. The MIMO-OFDM technology increases the efficiency of spectrum utilization. The peak-to-average-power ratio (PAPR) minimization in MIMO-OFDM is a complex task in wireless communications systems. In this research, an adaptive tunicate swarm optimization with partial transmit sequence (ATSO-PTS) algorithm is proposed for a reduction of PAPR in MIMO-OFDM. The nonsquare-matrix-based differential space time coding (N-DSTC) scheme is used for the encoding and decoding process of MIMO-OFDM. The N-DSTC encoding and decoding are linear error-correcting codes that are utilized for message transmission over noisy channels. The pre-specified quadrate phase shift keying (QPSK) symbol is deployed for the modulation and demodulation scheme. On the receiver side, the serial to parallel (S/P) conversion, and fast Fourier transform (FFT) are accomplished, alongside the received data bits being demodulated to obtain the output bits. The proposed ATSO-PTS method achieves better results according to performance metrices PAPR, bit error rate (BER) and signal-to-noise-ratio (SNR), with values of about 2.9, 0.01 and 0.025, respectively. This ensures superior results when compared to the existing methods of twin symbol hybrid optimization applied to partial transmit sequence (TSHO-PTS), selective level mapping and PTS (SLM-PTS), and particle swarm and grey wolf (PS-GW) with PTS, respectively.</span>

SHIELD: Security-aware Schreduling for Real-Time DAGs on Heterogeneous Systems

Many control applications in real-time cyber-physical systems are represented as Directed Acyclic Graphs ( DAGs ) due to complex interactions among their functional components, and executed on distributed heterogeneous platforms. Data communication between dependent task nodes running on different processing elements are often realized through message transmission over a public network, and are hence susceptible to multiple security threats such as snooping , alteration and spoofing . Several alternative security protocols having varying security strengths and associated implementation overheads are available in the market, for incorporating confidentiality , integrity and authentication on the transmitted messages. While message size and conceptually its associated transmission overheads may be marginally increased due to the assignment of security protocols, significant computation overheads must be incurred for securing the message at the location of its source task node and for unlocking security/message extraction at the destination. Obtained security strengths and associated computation overheads vary depending on the set of protocols chosen for a given message from an available pool of protocols. Given lower bounds on the security demands of an application's messages, selecting the appropriate protocols for each message such that a system's overall security is maximized while satisfying constraints related to the resource, task precedence and deadline, is a challenging and computationally hard problem. In this paper, we propose an efficient heuristic strategy called SHIELD for security-aware real-time scheduling of DAG-structured applications to be executed on distributed heterogeneous systems. The efficacy of the proposed scheduler is exhibited through extensive simulation-based experiments using two DAG-structured application benchmarks. Our performance evaluation results demonstrate that SHIELD significantly outperforms two greedy baseline strategies SHIELDb in terms of solution generation times (i.e., run-times) and SHIELDf in terms of achieved security utility. Additionally, a case study on the Traction Control application in automotive systems has been included to exhibit the applicability of SHIELD in real-world settings.

Seamless Connectivity with Fuzzy-Based Unmanned Aerial Vehicle for VANET in Congested Zone

Providing seamless connectivity during transit in vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) is the most promising and challenging task. In VANET, the vehicles are able to communicate with other vehicles and also with the infrastructure units such as road side unit (RSU). The coverage range of RSU is not sufficient to cover the whole road. The vehicle can drive to an area which is not covered by any of the RSUs, and it is termed as congested zone (CZ). This will extremely lead to traffic congestion and maximize blocking probability. In order to provide connectivity between the road segments and to avoid long delay in message transmission, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are placed in CZs, which act as relay nodes. To enhance the connectivity of the vehicles, a fuzzy-based UAV-assisted handoff scheme (F-UAV-HO) is proposed in this work. By adopting fuzzy, the unwanted participation of UAV is limited in non-congested traffic, thereby saving the battery resource. To validate the proposed work, the simulations are executed in Network Simulator 2.35. The proposed system outperforms other conventional UAV-assisted schemes in congested traffic in terms of average end-to-end delay, PDR and throughput.

Semi‐Quantum Signature Protocol Using EPR Steering and Single Photons

AbstractThis study tackles critical issues in semi‐quantum signature (SQS) protocols to enhance security and efficiency. It revisits Xia et al.’s SQS protocol, which uses EPR steering for security but introduces inconsistencies in a semi‐quantum environment. Xia et al. assume that both the signatory and arbitrator have full quantum capabilities, while the verifier only has partial capabilities, making them a classical participant. However, their protocol requires the verifier to perform eavesdropping checks, necessitating quantum storage, which is not aligned with a semi‐quantum environment. The study proposes a novel SQS protocol using EPR steering and single photons, with pre‐shared keys to determine photon arrangements to address this. This ensures that only the communicating parties know the inspection and message transmission locations, solving the quantum storage issue and enabling efficient eavesdropper detection and identity authentication. This new protocol adheres to semi‐quantum principles and sets a foundation for future advancements in quantum cryptography and secure communication.

Enhancing network security with hybrid feedback systems in chaotic optical communication

This paper presents a pioneering approach to bolstering network security and privacy by implementing chaotic optical communication with a hybrid optical feedback system (HOFS). The current baseline methods in network security are often less feasible for hybrid feedback systems, including limited robustness, compromised security, and synchronization challenges. Therefore, this paper proposes a hybrid approach to address these shortcomings by integrating the HOFS into chaotic optical communication systems (HOFS-COCS) to overcome the baseline challenges. This paper aims to improve network security while significantly maintaining efficient communication channels. Moreover, We designed two algorithms, one for chaotic maps generation and another for text encryption and decryption, to improve security in the hybrid feedback system. Our findings demonstrate through rigorous experimentation and analysis that the proposed (HOFS-COCS) method significantly improves network security by enabling reliable chaos generation, synchronization, and secure message transmission in chaotic optical communication systems. This research represents a significant advancement towards enhanced secrecy and synchronization in chaotic optical communication systems, promising a paradigm shift in network security protocols.

Robust cryptographic scheme for reliable data communication in VANET (RCSRC) using clustering approach

In contemporary times, as accident rates continue to rise, there is a growing interest in vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) as a means to reduce accidents and vehicle damage, as well as enhance public safety. VANETs facilitate the transmission of messages within predefined areas to ensure system safety and efficiency. However, ensuring message authenticity in such a dynamic environment presents a significant challenge, with previous research focusing less on security aspects. Some previous protocols send plain message, which leads to the compromise of the message confidentiality. Although few algorithms work on security, they involve the communication to the trusted authority, which lead to increased latency. Thus, in this paper we propose a robust cryptographic scheme for reliable data communication in VANET which minimizes the involvement of trusted authority and uses communication ID of vehicle for communication in place of real entities. Security analysis of the proposed scheme is showing the sturdiness of the proposed protocol again various types of safety spasms. The evaluation of its performance includes assessing communication cost and time, revealing the proposed algorithm's efficiency compared to others.

Implementation of Software for Learning Message Transmission Using Morse Code

The article presents the implementation of software for training message transmission using Morse code. This is a method of sign coding when letters of the alphabet, numbers, punctuation marks and other symbols are represented as sequences of short and long signals called dots and dashes. It is intended for transmission over serial communication channels. A unique feature of Morse code is the ability to be encoded and decoded by humans without the use of special terminal devices. The paper shows a software implementation of processing input characters using a telegraphic key, it includes: various mathematical requirements and conditions that allow you adjusting to each user, provided that his input speed will either fall or remain unchanged. However, it is possible to adjust the minimum duration threshold in such a way that the system will slowly adapt to a slow increase in input speed. At the same time, the higher the value of the minimum threshold, the faster the adaptation is; however, it will fall within the limit of the maximum input speed that the device can recognize. During the implementation of the program, a flow chart of message transliteration, signal reception and transmission was developed. The whole program implements the following functions: a simple and intuitive translator, with audio output, a simulator for consolidating the skill of entering Morse code using a key; consolidating the skills of recognition and decoding by ear. To create the final application for training, the Processing toolkit was chosen, since its key parameter when choosing a development tool has a simple writing syntax to increase the speed of writing code, as well as the ability of the environment to work with the communication channel of the microcontroller.

Ways to Organize and Identify Steganographic Channels in IP Networks

The article is devoted to an overview of network steganography methods that can be used to build hidden message transmission channels in IP networks, as well as methods aimed at identifying such hidden channels. The article gives the concept of a stegocontainer, and provides classification of network steganography methods. The article discusses the following methods of organizing hidden channels: the method of changing the contents of network packet headers, the Transcoding Steganography (TranSteg) method, the delay modulation method, the Lost Audio Packet Steganography (LACK) method, the Retransmission Steganography (RSTEG) method. In the review of the method of changing the contents of network packet headers, the principle of implementing changes in values in some service fields of IP (Internet Protocol) and TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) packet headers, which do not lead to data transmission failure, are considered. In the overview of the TranSteg method, the principle of transcoding the contents of network packets delivering real-time traffic is considered in order to free up space in the packet, which will be used to transmit hidden information. In the review of the delay modulation method, the principles of hidden message encoding are considered, which is carried out by changing the delay value of sending packets in the network. In the review of the LACK method, the mechanism of deliberate retention of RTP packets with an embedded steganographic message is considered. In the review of the RSTEG method, the principle of TCP segment exchange is considered, which provides the possibility of transmitting a steganogram. A number of parameters are given by which it is possible to conclude that there is a hidden channel in the network. The applicability of statistical methods and the methods with a classifier for detecting hidden channels in IP networks is considered. The expediency of implementing statistical methods and methods with a classifier in integration with systems for capturing and analyzing network traffic is indicated.

Secure and efficient trust enabled routing in mobile ad hoc network using game theory and grey wolf optimisation techniques

AbstractMobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs) are crucial wireless networks for military, corporate, and emergency use, yet they are vulnerable to disruptions from malicious nodes. The presence of malicious nodes can lead to message transmission and routing disorganisation, and network performance is effectively compromised. Game theory‐based fuzzy secure clustering (GTFSC) improves performance metrics in low‐scale and high‐scale networks. This protocol's novel ability to dynamically scale performance measures as nodes expand improves efficiency and adaptability. While improving performance metrics, the proposed algorithm also efficiently identifies malicious nodes and re‐routes the transmission, excluding the found malicious nodes. For any MANET system, secure and successful data transmission is paramount. The proposed protocol integrates various algorithms to fulfil its aim of customised EGT, GWO, and fuzzy clustering. Black hole attacks, grey hole attacks, Sybil attacks, and data tampering attacks are all considered to provide comprehensive attacks on MANET. Every node is assigned trust values, which get updated on data transmission. Fuzzy Clustering is employed to identify malicious nodes. Evolutionary Game Theory (EGT) optimises network organisation by designating cluster heads and clusters as nodes. Additionally, the proposed protocol leverages the Grey Wolf Optimisation Routing Algorithm (GWO), which establishes efficient routes from the source to the sink node. The analysis result shows maximum performance with a packet delivery ratio of around 98%, throughput of 90% end‐to‐end delay reduced by 15%, and energy consumption reduced by 18%, respectively, compared to an existing protocol.

Передача двоичных сообщений ортогонализованными частично перекрывающимися сигналами

Frequency efficiency, noise immunity and implementation complexity are the most important parameters for the transmission of binary messages. One of the directions for increasing frequency efficiency is the conscious or controlled introduction of intersymbol interference into the transmitted signal with an acceptable reduction in noise immunity and complication of implementation. The article analyzes the transmission of binary messages by orthogonalized narrow-band partially overlapping signals. The formation of the transmitted signal and processing of the received signal are considered. The probability of error when exposed to interference in the form of white noise is determined. The transmission noise immunity was assessed using simulation. The considered method of transmitting binary messages provides good frequency efficiency without the use of a spectrum shaper with high noise immunity.

ENHANCING QUALITY OF SERVICE IN MANET ENVIRONMENTS WITH CRYPTOGRAPHIC SECURE MECHANISMS TO SECURE SUSTAINABLE SMART CITIES

The utilization of wireless sensor networks to gather, process, and act upon data may be a powerful tool in the development of a city-wide communication network that can accommodate many applications, ultimately leading to smart city solutions. Several challenges might be encountered by a smart city network. These include the need to adapt the network's coverage area to suit various applications, uneven distribution of nodes, a rise in message volume, the use of several communication technologies, and heterogeneity in both nodes and messages. There are many different facets of smart cities that are being studied, and certain applications are being created in each of them. Several options for smart city sensor networks are outlined in this article, which uses a survey format. Applications like ridesharing, emergency medical services, and others that depend on real-time traffic data supplied by the smart traffic domain are used to examine message transmission problems in this study. The versatility and speed with which Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs) may set up networks have led to their widespread use. Because mobile nodes function best in tandem and have faith in one another, we take a look at MANET routing algorithms and how they handle message transmission for this service.

Exploring the Relationship Between Cyberbullying and Technology Addiction in Adolescents.

The present study aims to investigate the relationship between cyberbullying/victimization and technology addiction among Turkish adolescents. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted with 572 adolescents between the ages of 14 and 18. The study employed the Bullying and Cyber Bullying Scale for Adolescents (BCS-A) to evaluate cyber victimization (BCS-A VCSs) and cyberbullying (BCS-A BCSs) subdimensions, in conjunction with the Technology Addiction Scale (TAS). Among adolescents, 38.5% exhibited a moderate level of technology addiction. The results revealed positive and weak correlations between TAS scores and BCS-A VCSs (p < 0.001), as well as between BCS-A VCSs and BCS-A BCSs scores at a moderate level (p < 0.001). The study revealed that exposure to inappropriate content, encountering humiliating expressions on social media, sending inappropriate messages or videos to friends, and facing threats were significant predictors of BCS-A VCS scores. Furthermore, the transmission of inappropriate messages or videos, the encounter of cyberbullying victims, the exclusion of friends from online platforms, the experience of distress caused by humiliating expressions, and the sharing of private content were identified as significant predictors of the total BCS-A BCSs score. The study demonstrated a correlation between elevated technology addiction and involvement in cyberbullying or victimization among adolescents. Moreover, the study identified significant predictors of cyberbullying and cyber victimization. It is recommended that health professionals develop intervention programs for safe technology use and the prevention of cyberbullying and victimization. These programs should aim to raise societal awareness, particularly among parents and teachers.

МАТЕМАТИЧЕСКАЯ МОДЕЛЬ ПРОЦЕССА ДОСТАВКИ ТЕЛЕМЕТРИЧЕСКИХ СООБЩЕНИЙ В СИСТЕМЕ МЕДИЦИНСКОГО ИНТЕРНЕТА ВЕЩЕЙ

Currently, research and development are relevant aimed at increasing the efficiency of transmission of telemetry messages in wireless remote monitoring systems used by medical workers to provide timely assistance to patients under observation. The technical basis for transmitting such messages is provided by medical Internet of Things systems. The article is devoted to the development of a mathematical model of the process of delivering telemetric messages in such a system. In the course of the study, analytical expressions were obtained that make it possible to estimate the average delivery time of messages from the patient’s sensory device to the healthcare worker’s wireless device, depending on the response intervals of the retransmission timers installed in the transmitting and receiving elements of the system. The results obtained allow us to theoretically substantiate the choice of retransmission timeout values that ensure minimization of the average message delivery time at the current level of bit error intensity.

Моделювання систем реального часу з використанням RUDP протоколу передачі даних

The efficiency of real-time systems makes them applicable in various fields by utilizing protocols for data transmission. Well-known transport layer protocols include Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and User Datagram Protocol (UDP), which facilitate such transmission. However, there are challenges in using these protocols [1] in real-time systems where data rapidly changes during application execution. Exclusively using one of these protocols adversely affects the stable operation of the application and increases the risk of data obsolescence. The objective of this work is to develop and model a data transmission subsystem for real-time systems that utilizes the Reliable UDP (RUDP) protocol [2] for data synchronization. Implementing the RUDP network protocol in the subsystem addresses network issues such as delay, packet loss, and duplication in the most optimal way during real-time data synchronization between sensors and the server, reducing the load on bandwidth. The tasks of the developed subsystem, consisting of a server and a client, include: reading user-specified system data, reliable message transmission between the server and the client using sockets for RUDP protocol operation, ensuring the most optimal message delivery in case of packet loss, subsystem operation modeling compared to well-known UDP and TCP protocols. The simulation results reveal that the maximum time spent by the subsystem is 2.03 seconds for the RUDP protocol and 6.22 seconds for the TCP protocol. Therefore, RUDP is recommended for data transmission in the future. In the event of message loss, retransmission occurs exponentially, calculated using the proposed formula. If the initial transmission occurs immediately, subsequent times exponentially increase but remain collectively less than the transmission time for the TCP protocol.

A Network Performance Analysis of MQTT Security Protocols with Constrained Hardware in the Dark Net for DMS

In the context of the internet of things, and particularly within distributed measurement systems that are subject to high privacy risks, it is essential to emphasize the need for increasingly effective privacy protections. The idea presented in this work involves managing critical traffic through an architectural proposal aimed at solving the problem of communications between nodes by optimizing both the confidentiality to be guaranteed to the payload and the transmission speed. Specifically, data such as a typical sensor on/off signal could be sent via a standard encrypted channel, while a sensitive aggregate could be transmitted through a dedicated private channel. Additionally, this work emphasizes the critical importance of optimizing message sizes to 5 k-bytes (small payload messages) for transmission over the reserve channel, enhancing both privacy and system responsiveness, a mandatory requirement in distributed measurement systems. By focusing on small, encrypted payloads, the study facilitates secure, timely updates and summaries of network conditions, maintaining the integrity and privacy of communications in even the most challenging and privacy-sensitive environments. This study provides a comprehensive performance analysis of IoT networks using Dark Net technologies and MQTT protocols, with a focus on privacy and anonymity. It highlights the trade-offs between enhanced security and performance, noting increased latency, reduced bandwidth, and network instability when using TOR, particularly with cipher suites like AES256-GCM-SHA384 and DHE-RSA-CHACHA20-POLY1305. The research emphasizes the need for further exploration of alternative protocols like LWM2M in secure IoT environments and calls for optimization to balance privacy with performance in Dark-Net-based IoT deployments.

Correction to: Secure and efficient message transmission in MANET using hybrid cryptography and multipath routing technique

Correction to: Secure and efficient message transmission in MANET using hybrid cryptography and multipath routing technique

An efficient beam sweeping scheme with backup paging occasions in NR-Unlicensed Spectrum

With the increasing demand of user applications and the shortage of cellular spectrum, New Radio (NR) access to Unlicensed Spectrum (NR-U) is getting significant attention. Listen Before Talk (LBT) procedure is used to sense unlicensed channel availability prior to transmission. The transmissions are subjected to LBT procedure failure, which brings extra delay as they are postponed to the next available transmission opportunity. This excess delay also affects time-critical procedures, such as paging. The directional communication in NR requires beamforming, which further complicates paging procedure as additional paging message transmissions are needed to cover all the beams. In this work, we propose an NR-U paging mechanism (called FF_BP) consisting of Full and Fast Paging Cycles with Backup Paging Occasions (POs). Full Paging uses a normal NR-U paging cycle and broadcasts a paging message on all the beams. On the other hand, Fast Paging, which targets delay-sensitive mobile users, uses a shorter paging cycle and broadcasts a paging message on selected beams only. The Backup POs deal with LBT procedure failure impairments while paging broadcast on selective beams reduces paging resource usage. We analyze FF_BP using a discrete-time semi-Markov chain model and validate the model by extensive simulations. The simulation results show that FF_BP outperforms several baseline mechanisms in terms of average paging delay and paging resource usage.