Transmission Of Immunoglobulin Research Articles

LB01 Maternal antibody response and placental antibody transfer following asymptomatic and symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection

Objective: This prospective cohort study characterized the immune response to the SARS-CoV-2 virus during pregnancy. Study Design: Paired maternal and cord blood samples were collected at the time of delivery from women who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 RNA at any point during pregnancy. Difference in transmission of immunoglobulin G (IgG) and immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies across the placenta were analyzed according to symptomatic vs asymptomatic infection and latency from time of infection to delivery. Sera was tested for the presence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG and IgM antibodies using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) developed against the receptor binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (Suthar et al, 2020). Result(s): A total of 23 paired maternal-infant dyads were included in the study. The mean gestational age at diagnosis was 37.7 weeks' (+/- 1.2, range 31.0 - 40) and the mean gestational age at delivery was 38.4 (+/- 0.3, range 34.4 - 40.1). All maternal delivery serum samples had detectable SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody (n=23) and 91% had detectable SARS-CoV-2 IgM (n = 21). Among cord blood samples, 87% had detectable SARS-CoV-2 IgG (n= 20), while 13% had detectable SARS-CoV-2 IgM antibody (n=3). In stratifying the study sample based on latency from initial SARS-COV-2 test positive to delivery, there were no significant differences in the end point titers of maternal or cord blood IgG or IgM levels (Figure 1). Similarly, no significant differences were found based on indication for testing (asymptomatic testing vs symptomatic/person under investigation - Figure 2). All three cord blood samples with detectable SARS-CoV-2 IgM antibodies were from symptomatic women (Figure 2). Conclusion(s): These data demonstrate that pregnant women in this cohort almost uniformly mounted an IgG and IgM response to SARS-CoV-2, even if asymptomatic at the time of diagnosis;almost all samples showed robust transfer of IgG antibodies into the cord blood. These results form a promising foundation for further investigation into the maternal humoral response to SARS-CoV-2 infection in pregnancy. [Formula presented] [Formula presented]Copyright © 2020

Молозиво и пассивный иммунитет у новорожденных телят: обзор

Transmission of immunoglobulins (Ig) from mother to newborns, classified as passive transmission of immunity, is a critical factor in protecting newborns from infectious diseases. Syndesmochorial structure of the cows placenta prevents the transfer of Ig from the mother to the fetus, so calves are born agammaglobulinemic, that is, without their own Ig, which they receive when consuming colostrum. Obtaining colostrum with high Ig content is the main factor of growth, development and protection of calves in the early postnatal period against pathogens in the environment. Universal media passive immunity is IgG. Violation of passive transfer of Ig leads to an increase in sickness rate and mortality and is considered as an important economic problem for industrial farming. The review discusses the current understanding of the properties, function and importance of cow colostrum in the formation of the immune status of newborn calves and their resistance to disease in the early postnatal period.

Concentration of Immunoglobulins in Microfiltration Permeates of Skim Milk: Impact of Transmembrane Pressure and Temperature on the IgG Transmission Using Different Ceramic Membrane Types and Pore Sizes.

The use of bioactive bovine milk immunoglobulins (Ig) has been found to be an alternative treatment for certain human gastrointestinal diseases. Some methodologies have been developed with bovine colostrum. These are considered in laboratory scale and are bound to high cost and limited availability of the raw material. The main challenge remains in obtaining high amounts of active IgG from an available source as mature cow milk by the means of industrial processes. Microfiltration (MF) was chosen as a process variant, which enables a gentle and effective concentration of the Ig fractions (ca. 0.06% in raw milk) while reducing casein and lactose at the same time. Different microfiltration membranes (ceramic standard and gradient), pore sizes (0.14–0.8 µm), transmembrane pressures (0.5–2.5 bar), and temperatures (10, 50 °C) were investigated. The transmission of immunoglobulin G (IgG) and casein during the filtration of raw skim milk (<0.1% fat) was evaluated during batch filtration using a single channel pilot plant. The transmission levels of IgG (~160 kDa) were measured to be at the same level as the reference major whey protein β-Lg (~18 kDa) at all evaluated pore sizes and process parameters despite the large difference in molecular mass of both fractions. Ceramic gradient membranes with a pore sizes of 0.14 µm showed IgG-transmission rates between 45% to 65% while reducing the casein fraction below 1% in the permeates. Contrary to the expectations, a lower pore size of 0.14 µm yielded fluxes up to 35% higher than 0.2 µm MF membranes. It was found that low transmembrane pressures benefit the Ig transmission. Upscaling the presented results to a continuous MF membrane process offers new possibilities for the production of immunoglobulin enriched supplements with well-known processing equipment for large scale milk protein fractionation.

Isolation of Immunoglobulin from Chicken Egg Yolk using Single-Stage Ultrafiltration with 100-kDa Regenerated Cellulose Membranes

The aim of this work is to develop a membrane-based cost-effective process for the rapid isolation of immunoglobulin from chicken egg yolk. It was found that a single-stage ultrafiltration using a 100 kDa molecular weight cut-off regenerated cellulose membrane could be employed to isolate immunoglobulin from the crude feedstock. The effects of operational parameters (solution pH, ionic strength, stirring speed and permeate flux) on the transmission of immunoglobulin and the presence of impurity protein with molecular weight close to immunoglobulin were quantified using the parameter scanning ultrafiltration technique. Under optimized conditions, the purity of immunoglobulin obtained was about 85 percent after the single-stage ultrafiltration process, and the recovery of immunoglobulin from the feedstock was 91 percent.

Uptake of Passive Immunity by the Compromized Newborn Animal

Circulating immunoglobulins constitute a key element in the host defence against environmental antigens. Before birth, the fetus is well protected from antigens by the protective barrier of the placenta. Just after birth, the newborn must be able to respond immunologically to a massive invasion of potentially harmful antigens and microorganisms from the surrounding environment. However, the innate immune defence is immature at the time of birth and some passive immunization from the mother is required until an active immune system is developed. Humans and certain other species are born with passive immunity in the form of maternal immunoglobulins transferred across the placenta before birth. In the large farm animals, the placenta does not allow transfer of maternal immunoglobulins before birth. The newborns from these species therefore depend entirely on the transmission of immunoglobulins from mother s colostrum transported across the small intestine immediately after birth. In the large farm animals, intestinal immunoglobulin absorption occurs mainly by a non-specific endocytosis of macromolecules, but the details of the absorption process and its cessation after 1-2 days of colostrum exposure ('intestinal closure') remains poorly understood. Little is known about both the feed and animal factors affecting the macromolecule absorptive capacity of the small intestine. This knowledge is important because a poor absorption of immunoglobulins from colostrum is known to increase neonatal disease susceptibility and mortality. The aim of this review is to provide information about the ability of the 'compromised newborn farm animal' to absorp colostral immunoglobulins. Stressful delivery, premature birth, fetal growth retardation and in vitro embryo production are factors that potentially lead to a compromised newborn animal. The available literature indicates that the ability of the small intestine to absorb macromolecules is severely reduced in response to premature birth and also negatively affected by some forms of metabolic and environmental stress after birth. The ability to take up immunoglobulins is also severely impaired, in both premature and term animals, if immunoglobulins are absorbed from diets other than mother's colostrum. On the other hand, fetal growth retardation, in vitro embryo production, or the birth process does not reduce the ability of the newborn intestine to absorb immunoglobulins from colostrum. Knowledge about both the dietand animal-related factors which influence intestinal immunoglobulin uptake is important to improve the clinical care for both the normal and the 'compromized' newborn farm animal.

Effects of thyroxine on the transmission of immunoglobulin across the small intestine of young rats.

Evidence is presented of a relationship in young rats between thyroxine, intestinal digestion, and the ability of these animals to absorb immunoglobulin across the gut. Administration of thyroxine resulted in a marked reduction of IgG transport into the circulation. The period of decreasing absorption coincided with a period of increased efficiency of the digestive system in particular to the increased levels of cathepsin B in the intestinal wall.

The effects of corticosterone and cortisone on the uptake of polyvinyl pyrrolidone and the transmission of immunoglobulin G by the small intestine in young rats.

1. The distribution of polyvinyl pyrrolidone along the intestinal lumen and in the intestinal wall, following oral administration to normal and corticosterone treated rats, was found to be extremely variable. Valid comparisons between the two groups of animals could not be made using this technique. 2. Three, 4 and 5 days after corticosterone treatment there was no significant change in the uptake of 125I-labelled polyvinyl pyrrolidone from standard doses injected into ligated segments of the distal small intestine; nor did the treatment induce precocious replacement of the absorptive cells in this region. Cortisone induced precocious cell replacement, a process which took up to 4 days to complete, and also led to a marked reduction in the uptake of 125I-labelled polyvinyl pyrrolidone from ligated segments of the distal intestine. 3. Three days after treatment with corticosterone (5 mg I.P. at 12 days) there was a marked reduction of labelled immunoglobulin G transport into the blood. Four and 5 days after treatment there was some recovery of the immunoglobulin G transport function. Three days after treatment with cortisone (5 mg I.P. at 12 days) there was closure of the gut to labelled immunoglobulin G. 4. The relevance of these results to antibody transmission and the termination of immunoglobulin transport is discussed.