Data Frame Transmission Research Articles

Performance Modeling and Analysis of BASUR-CARQ Protocol Based on Interrelay Interference Cancellation

To recover the performance loss of nodes in half-duplex mode, this paper proposes a buffer-aided successive relay protocol based on cooperative automatic repeat request mechanism (BASUR-CARQ). Based on the fact that interrelay interference (IRI) will occur when relay nodes transmit or receive simultaneously, an interference cancellation operator is proposed to determine whether the interference is eliminated to reduce the outage probability. Moreover, a delay model for data frame transmission is proposed based on CARQ mechanism, and a closed-form expression for the average delay is derived. A 6-state discrete-time Markov chain (DTMC) model is developed to obtain the system throughput, and a closed-form expression for the system energy efficiency under M-ary modulation is derived. Finally, the simulation results show that with the setting of parameters that can balance the main performance, the delay performance of BASUR-CARQ protocol is significantly enhanced compared to the traditional protocols, and the throughput of BASUR-CARQ protocol is also optimized at high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Meanwhile, the energy efficiency of BASUR-CARQ protocol is significantly improved for the successive relay communication system without interference cancellation technique.

A survey on network admission control solution in 6LoWPAN using cryptographic mechanism

This paper introduces a robust network admission control (NAC) solution tailored specifically for 6LoWPAN Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN), aiming to enhance the overall security infrastructure. By implementing stringent measures, this solution not only safeguards legitimate nodes but also fortifies the network against potential security threats originating from unauthorized nodes attempting to communicate with both legitimate nodes and the Internet. The solution enhances security through innovative features for administrative nodes, including node presence detection and robust authentication. It incorporates data filtering to swiftly identify and discard unauthorized frames, strengthening network resilience. Established protocols like Neighbor Discovery and DSDV facilitate seamless integration. This strategic utilization minimizes the reliance on additional control messages, thereby optimizing the network's efficiency and resource utilization. The solution utilizes cryptographic methods, particularly the XOR algorithm, to enhance data security in wireless sensor networks. This algorithm ensures authenticity, integrity, and freshness of transmitted data frames, providing robust protection against manipulation and bolstering network security. The proposed network admission control solution addresses security risks in 6LoWPAN WSN and integrates advanced features for a strong and efficient overall security infrastructure in wireless sensor networks.

Statistical Model of Accurately Estimating Service Delay Behavior in Saturated IEEE 802.11 Networks Based on 2-D Markov Chain

To accurately estimate the service delay behavior of IEEE 802.11 networks, this paper comprehensively considers four main factors that affect the performance of IEEE 802.11 networks and establishes a service delay model with statistical characteristics. We analyzed the operation mechanism of 802.11 DCF, using the backoff stage and the backoff counter to portray the dynamic change characteristics of the system regarding the data frame transmission states. Afterward, we calculated the one-step transition probability of these states, establishing a 2-D Markov model, including the ICS procedure and the backoff procedure. Based on this model, we constructed steady-state equations to derive a relationship between the transmission probability and collision probability for each node transmission queue. By analyzing the ICS delay and the backoff delay, we obtained the probability generating function (PGF) of the average idle time. The analytical expressions of other service delays, such as the successful transmission time and collided transmission time, were derived to obtain the PGF of the total service delay. In the numerical simulation, we compared the first two statistical moments of the PGF with the Nav model, and it was found that our delay evaluation results were significantly better than the traditional evaluation results. The average service delay of the Nav model in all the scenarios was larger than that of the proposed model due to the lack of the ICS procedure in the Nav model. Since a DIFS duration is generally much shorter than a random backoff duration, our model saves the bandwidth and improves transmission efficiency.

Concurrent Low-power Listening: A New Design Paradigm for Duty-cycling Communication

In this article, we explore a new design paradigm of duty-cycling mechanism that supports low-power devices to fully turn channel contention into transmission opportunities. To achieve this goal, we propose Concurrent Low-power Listening (CLPL) to enable contention-tolerant and concurrent media access control (MAC) for widely deployed low-power devices. The fundamental principle behind CLPL is that frequency modulated receiver can reliably demodulate the strongest signal even if cochannel interference and noise exist. By using CLPL, a sender inserts a series of tailor-made signals (namely, wake-up signal) between adjacent data frames to awaken appointed receiver, making it capable to receive the next data frame. According to system-defined maximum transmission power level, CLPL adopts an adaptive algorithm to adjust the transmission power of wake-up signals so that its signal strength is above receiver sensitivity and will not interfere with the other data frames in transit. By exploiting the spatial-temporal correlation, we further develop a light-weight wake-up signal detection method to enable a waiting sender to accurately identify the current channel condition. Then, it schedules the sender’s data frame transmissions by overlapping with those wake-up signals, without conflicting with existing data frame transmissions. We have implemented the prototype of CLPL and conducted extensive experiments on a real testbed. In comparison with the state-of-the-art low-power MAC schemes, such as ContikiMAC, A-MAC, BoX-MAC, and opportunistic scheme ORW, CLPL can improve the throughput by 2–6 times and halve the end-to-end transmission delay.

Collision-Based Window-Scaled Back-Off Mechanism for Dense Channel Resource Allocation in Future Wi-Fi

Wireless local area networks (WLANs), known as Wi-Fi, are widely deployed to meet the enhanced needs of data-centric internet applications, such as wireless docking, unified communications, cloud computing, interactive multimedia gaming, progressive streaming, support of wearable devices, up-link broadcasts and cellular offloading. Wi-Fi networks typically adopt the Distributed Coordination Function (DCF)-based Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance (CSMA/CA), which uses the Binary Exponential Back-off (BEB) algorithm at the MAC layer mechanism to access channel resources. Currently deployed Wi-Fi networks face huge challenges towards efficient channel access for denser environments due to the blind exponential increase/decrease of a contention window (CW) procedure that is inefficient for a higher number of contending stations. Several modifications and amendments have been proposed to improve the performance of the MAC layer channel access based on a fixed or variable CW size. However, a more realistic network density-based channel resource allocation solution is still missing. An efficient channel resource allocation is one of the most critical challenges for future highly dense WLANs, such as High-Efficiency WLAN (HEW). In this paper, we propose a Channel Collision-based Window Scaled Back-off (CWSB) mechanism for channel resource allocation in HEW. In our proposed CWSB, all contending stations select an optimized CW size for each back-off stage for collided or successfully transmitted data frames. We affirm the performance of the proposed CWSB mechanism with the help of an Iterative Discrete Time Markov Chain (I-DTMC) model. This paper evaluates the performance of our proposed CWSB mechanism in HEW Wi-Fi networks using an NS3 simulator in terms of the normalized throughput and channel access delay compared to the state-of-the-art BEB and a recently proposed mechanism.

CAN Tx Frame Implementation using Verilog

This article discusses the concept of CAN protocol and its implementation in verilog language. Initially the CAN protocol description is given in brief with the block diagram, later its design, implementation in verilog code is presented. The CAN transmission (Tx) data Frame is realized using verilog code, this is achieved by defining individual sub-blocks verilog codes and combining these to get the CAN transmission of data frame. In the year 1986, CAN data link layer protocol was introduced in SAE conference. In 1993, CAN protocol and high speed physical layer were internationally accredited as ISO 11898. As on today it has 11898-1 to 4 standard documents. The CAN 1.0, 2.0 versions were initially had fixed data rate for the entire frame. In 2012, CAN-FD (Flexible data rate) protocol was introduced. This will allow data phase a second higher bit rate, along with this restriction of 8 bytes is extended up to 64 bytes.In this paper CAN Tx data frame is realized using Xilinx 14.7 version using verilog language.

Design of Monitoring System for Electric Vehicle Charging Facilities Based on Cloud Platform

Faced with the increasingly severe pressure of traditional energy consumption and environmental problems, electric vehicles have become the hotspot and trend of the development of the world automobile industry due to their energy-saving and environmental protection characteristics. The cloud platform in the paper was introduced into the monitoring system of electric vehicle charging facilities, and a model of electric vehicle charging facility monitoring system based on cloud platform was proposed. Aiming at the difficulty of charging facility monitoring system in large concurrent data processing, a M/M/C queuing theory model was presented. Data concurrency control algorithm. The transmission process of the data frame in the monitoring system was analyzed, and the concurrent processing algorithm was applied to the large charging station for analysis experiments. The experimental results showed that the proposed algorithm not only satisfied the real-time and concurrency requirements of data frame transmission, but also proved that the gateway optimization method could accurately derive the optimal number of gateways.

Fast tag identification for mobile RFID robots in manufacturing environments

Purpose In manufacturing environments, mobile radio frequency identification (RFID) robots need to quickly identify and collect various types of passive tag and active tag sensor data. The purpose of this paper is to design a robot system compatible with ultra high frequency (UHF) band passive and active RFID applications and to propose a new anti-collision protocol to improve identification efficiency for active tag data collection. Design/methodology/approach A new UHF RFID robot system based on a cloud platform is designed and verified. For the active RFID system, a grouping reservation–based anti-collision algorithm is proposed in which an inventory round is divided into reservation period and polling period. The reservation period is divided into multiple sub-slots. Grouped tags complete sub-slot by randomly transmitting a short reservation frame. Then, in the polling period, the reader accesses each tag by polling. When tags’ reply collision occurs, the reader tries to re-query collided tags once, and the pre-reply tags avoid collisions through random back-off and channel activity detection. Findings The proposed algorithm achieves a maximum theoretical system throughput of about 0.94, and very few tag data frame transmissions overhead. The capture effect and channel activity detection in physical layer can effectively improve system throughput and reduce tag data transmission. Originality/value In this paper, the authors design and verify the UHF band passive and active hybrid RFID robot architecture based on cloud collaboration. And, the proposed anti-collision algorithm would improve active tag data collection speed and reduce tag transmission overhead in complex manufacturing environments.

Design and Demonstration of a TDD-Based Central-Coordinated Resource-Reserved Multiple Access (CRMA) Scheme for Bidirectional VLC Networking

The sharply growing demand for increased transmission capacity and bandwidth in last meter and last mile access networks together with the commercialization of fifth generation (5G) wireless systems has been opening up new opportunities for non-radio frequency (RF)-based wireless technologies. Visible light communications (VLC) technology is a potential candidate for access networking in 5G, which offers a higher spectral efficiency than RF-based Femtocell networks by three orders of magnitude. This paper proposes an all wireless optical bidirectional VLC multiple access scheme for pure VLC network access points in terminals. Centralized coordination is adopted to reduce the system complexity. And reservation of resource is introduced to guarantee collision avoidance during data frame transmission. The proposed multiple access scheme introduces special system parameters to achieve the balance of system throughput and access latency. The feasibility of the proposed scheme is verified by both theoretical analysis and experimental investigation. We show that the proposed scheme is suitable for a bidirectional pure VLC access network and can be used as a supplement in the IEEE 802.11 bb for 5G+bidirectional VLC application scenarios.

A load-adaptive fair access protocol for MAC in underwater acoustic sensor networks

To address time unfairness access problems in the dynamic channel, an underwater adaptive contention window (CW) adjustment backoff algorithm (QL-UACW) based on Q-learning is presented in this paper. That algorithm employs the concept of reinforcement learning to adaptively adjust the competition window by autonomously learning the network communication process. Based on QL-UACW and in order to address space unfairness access issues of nodes location, a load adaptive hybrid media access control (MAC) protocol with competition for the same directional nodes and time slot allocation for different directional nodes called SDHA is also presented. The protocol divides the nodes into co-nodes and counter-nodes according to the relative communication directions of the nodes. The co-nodes use competition protocol and the counter-nodes use time slot allocation protocol to solve the hidden terminal problem of node communication in order to prevent space access unfairness. Theoretical and simulation analysis show that the QL-UACW algorithm effectively improves the fairness of node access channels, reduces the collision rate of data frames, and increases network throughput. Additionally, the SDHA protocol is proven to provide advantages in normalized network throughput, average end-to-end delay, and the success rate of data frame transmission.

Evaluation of Data Compression Techniques for Video Transmission over Wireless Sensor Networks

Video transmission over WSN is a challenging task because, video data is inherently huge in size and its transmission requires high bandwidth and processing requires more memory and more power. Presently majority of the research work in this area is focused on improving battery life, optimizing network parameters and increasing energy efficiency. The area of best suitable compression scheme for WSN is rarely being explored. This paper focuses on finding out a suitable compression technique for video transmission over WSN. Wireless sensor network (WSN) is an ad-hoc network of sensor nodes, where each node is able to communicate with every other node in the network in single hop or multi-hop manner. It is a low cost, low power and low bandwidth network with each node having limited battery life and limited memory. In order to overcome these challenges, initially image compression is applied on each frame extracted from given video. To find out most suitable compression technique for WSN, the various existing 2D image transforms like DCT, KLT, Slant, Hartley, Hadamard and DST are compared based upon their energy compaction property. The transform that gives more energy compaction is best suitable for WSN. Thus, after selecting a suitable transform for WSN domain, it is applied to obtain compressed video frames. Zigbee protocol based hardware setup is used for serial transmission of RGB video data frames between the nodes. Different parameters are evaluated for received image frames and transmitted image frames. Experimental evaluation shows that zigbee hardware set up improves the reliability and efficiency of video data transmission. This type of WSN set-up can be used for capturing video in any remote and hard-lying (border, mountains, forest) area, where any other types of networks are not available.

Bio-Inspired Approach for Inter-WBAN Coexistence

When wireless body area networks (WBANs) using the same channel transmit superframes (SFs) simultaneously, they interfere with each other. To resolve this problem, we propose a co-channel inter-WBAN coexistence method adopting bio-inspired models. The proposed method avoids the inter-WBAN interference by distributing the timing at which each WBAN sends its SF in a distributed manner. We also identify the position of a contention-free period in an SF whereby the time slots in the period do not overlap with any time slots in the SFs of the coexisting WBANs. In addition, we show that the proposed method can limit the number of WBANs interfering with each other during a contention access period. Through simulation studies, we show that the proposed method can adapt to changes in the density and topology of the coexisting WBANs. We also show that in contrast to other conventional methods, our method guarantees that the data frames sent during a contention-free period in an SF are free from collisions regardless of the number of coexisting WBANs. Thus, the proposed method enhances the throughput of a WBAN by increasing the successful data frame transmission rate.

Priority-Based Medium Access Control for Wireless Body Area Networks With High-Performance Design

The wireless body area network (WBAN) has attracted considerable attention. Two main problems exist in WBANs: 1) the quality of service (QoS) requirements and 2) the energy efficiency of data transmission. To solve the above problems, in this paper, we carefully design the sensor priority according to the importance degree, sampling rate, timeout condition, and remaining energy. Then, considering the priority of the node and the channel factors, a utility function is introduced to characterize the value of a node transmitting data frames in a specific time period. Next, we model the time slot allocation problem, where the objective is to maximize the total utility of the data transmission of all nodes in a specified period of time by adjusting the transmission time and the transmission duration of each node. Finally, according to the problem model, we propose a time slot allocation scheme based on a greedy strategy, which effectively reduces the time complexity of the direct solution to the problem. In this scheme, nodes with higher priority are arranged to transmit data frames in the time slots with better channel conditions. The experimental results show that the proposed scheme achieves substantial improvements in QoS and energy efficiency relative to the comparison schemes.

Single CCA for IEEE 802.15.4 networks: a cross layer energy model

For data frame transmissions in beacon-enabled mode, an IEEE 802.15.4 node performs two consecutive clear channel assessments (CCAs) to sense the channel after back off. Here, the authors study what would happen if the medium access control (MAC) layer performs only one CCA instead. Although it is apparent that the frame transmission cycle would be shortened with single CCA, it is not straightforward to assess the effect of single CCA on the overall transmission energy. A Markov chain-based MAC operation model is therefore constructed to analyse single-CCA-based MAC layer parameters. A combined physical (PHY) and MAC layer energy model is formulated next. It was found that the single CCA-based MAC outperforms its standard double CCA-based counterpart from the energy efficiency perspective.

CAN ID Shuffling Technique (CIST): Moving Target Defense Strategy for Protecting In-Vehicle CAN

New vehicles have become increasingly targeted for cyber-attacks as their rate of digitalization is accelerated. Research on vehicle hacking has highlighted the security vulnerabilities of in-vehicle controller area networks (CANs) as the biggest problem. In particular, a CAN does not offer access control, authentication, or confidentiality, so it fails to prevent reconnaissance operations conducted by an adversary. Because its static configuration (CAN ID, data frame transmission cycle, and data field format) is used in an in-vehicle network environment, the adversary can conduct reconnaissance and easily acquire information to be used for an attack. One of the moving target defense strategies, network address shuffling (NAS), is an extremely practical security solution that can prevent in-vehicle CAN reconnaissance acts. In this paper, we propose a CAN ID shuffling technique using NAS. Our proposed security solution aims to increase the cost burden for the adversary to analyze CAN data frames. To evaluate the performance of the proposed security solution, we conducted an evaluation based on a labcar. Our proposed security solution may be implemented without altering the unique characteristics of the CAN standard. Hence, it can be used as a practical countermeasure to solve the problems affecting in-vehicle CANs.

Improving Reliability of Emergency Data Frame Transmission in IEEE 802.15.6 Wireless Body Area Networks

Wireless body area networks (WBANs) are formed by tiny and intelligent sensor devices that are implanted within the tissue or attached on the surface of the human body to acquire both periodic as well as emergency physiological data. WBANs should be capable of reporting physiological emergency events to the doctors and care-givers reliably and as quickly as possible. In this paper, we propose and analyze an efficient channel access scheme for nodes carrying emergency data frames so as to improve the reliability of emergency data frame transmission. We also present an analytical model to compute the average delay and reliability experienced by emergency data frames, under the proposed scheme. Extensive analytical and simulation results are presented to establish that the proposed emergency handling scheme leads to significant improvement in reliability over the default scheme specified by IEEE 802.15.6.

Improving the performance of hybrid multiple access scheme in millimeter wave wireless personal area networks

IEEE 802.15.3c standard for millimeter wave (mmWave) wireless PAN (WPAN) specifies a hybrid medium access control (MAC) protocol consisting of contention based and contention free channel access schemes, with corresponding durations termed as contention access period (CAP) and channel time allocation period (CTAP). While CTAP is used for the transmission of isochronous data streams, CAP is used for the transmission of control messages such as channel time allocation (CTA) requests. In this paper, we propose an improvement for the hybrid MAC protocol specified by 802.15.3c, considering transmission of asynchronous data streams over the uplink from the devices (DEVs) to the pico net coordinator (PNC). The proposed scheme advocates transmission of asynchronous data frames during CAP as well as CTAP. The CTA requests which are normally transmitted during CAP would be piggybacked on the data frames. Using the theory of discrete time Markov chain (DTMC), we present an analytical model to evaluate the network throughput and average frame delay under the proposed scheme. The results establish that the proposed scheme improves the network throughput while reducing the average delay considerably. The analytical results are corroborated by extensive simulation studies.

Channel observation‐based scaled backoff mechanism for high‐efficiency WLANs

A channel observation-based scaled backoff (COSB) mechanism for the carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance of high efficiency wireless local area networks (WLANs) is devised. The proposed protocol modifies the blind scaling of contention window (W) in binary exponential backoff (BEB) scheme of currently deployed WLANs. COSB is employed to adaptively scale-up and scale-down the W size during the backoff mechanism for collided and successfully transmitted data frames, respectively. It can achieve higher throughput and shorter delay compared to the conventional BEB mechanism in highly dense WLANs.

Acknowledgement Corruption: A New Aspect of Physical Layer Capture in IEEE 802.11 Networks

Even if a collision occurs in IEEE 802.11 network, a transmission may be successfully decoded at the receiver if the signal strength of one transmission is sufficiently stronger than the other transmission. This phenomenon is called “Physical Layer Capture” (PLC). While existing works have considered PLC between data frames, in this paper we investigate the case that an ACK frame collides with the unfinished transmission of other data frames after the occurrence of PLC between data frames. As a result of this collision, the ACK frame may be corrupted and the corresponding data frame needs to be retransmitted. We call this phenomenon “ACK Corruption” (AC). We identify the characteristic of AC via extensive experiments and simulations. Our study reveals that AC can occur in all IEEE 802.11 variants and its chance is dependent upon the relative signal strength between the stations and the MCS setting used. Further, we devise a way to avoid AC occurrence and evaluate its effectiveness.

Runtime Estimation of the Number of Active Devices in IEEE 802.15.4 Slotted CSMA/CA Networks with Deferred Transmission and No Acknowledgment Using ARMA Filters

We propose a novel method for estimating the number of active devices in an IEEE 802.15.4 network. Here, we consider an IEEE 802.15.4 network with a star topology where active devices transmit data frames using slotted carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance (CSMA/CA) medium access control (MAC) protocol without acknowledgment. In our proposed method, a personal area network (PAN) coordinator of a network counts the number of events that a transmission occurs and the number of events that two consecutive slots are idle in a superframe duration, and the PAN coordinator broadcasts the information through a beacon frame. Each device can count the number of slots that each device is in the backoff procedure and the number of the first clear channel assessment (CCA) that each device performs whenever it performs the first CCA after the backoff procedure. Then, each device estimates the number of active devices in the network based on these counted numbers and the information from PAN coordinator with the help of an autoregressive moving average (ARMA) filter. We evaluate the performance of our proposed ARMA‐based estimation method via simulations where active devices transmit data frames in IEEE 802.15.4 slotted CSMA/CA networks. Simulation results show that our proposed method gives estimation errors of the number of active devices less than 4.501% when the actual number of active devices is varying from 5 to 80. We compare our proposed method with the conventional method in terms of the average and standard deviation for the estimated number of active devices. The simulation results show that our proposed estimation method is more accurate than the conventional method.