Transmission Of Brucellosis Research Articles

Risk factors in transmission of brucellosis from animals to humans in Saudi Arabia

A case-control study was undertaken to determine for the first time the specific aetiology of animal to human transmission of brucellosis in Saudi Arabia. Cases consisted of all patients with brucellosis attending the primary care clinic of the Riyadh Al-Kharj Hospital programme in central Saudi Arabia. A sample of individually matched controls was selected concurrently from patients attending the same clinic for unrelated problems. Cases and controls responded to a 48 item questionnaire on exposure to established risk factors for brucellosis. Greatest risk was found to be associated with indirect contact with animals (the consumption of unpasteurized dairy products), as opposed to direct contact with animals. When specific animal products were considered, greatest risk was associated with the consumption of milk and laban (buttermilk), as opposed to cheese or uncooked liver. When specific animal species were considered, greatest risk was associated with products derived from sheep and goats as opposed to camels and cattle. When direct contact with animals was considered, the study found a very high risk associated with assisting in animal parturition, but no significant risk associated with other direct (unspecified) animal contact.

Effect of antibiotic therapy and strain-19 vaccination on the spread of brucella melitensis within an infected dairy herd

Treatment of 16 reactor cows with a combination of oxytetracycline and streptomycin and strain-19 vaccination of the remaining 79 seronegative cows from a Brucella melitensis-infected herd stopped the transmission of brucellosis within the herd, even though reactor and non-reactor cows were kept together for 2 years. The antibiotic treatment produced cessation of excretion in 5 out of 11 B. melitensis-excretor cows and diminished the number of Brucellae excreted to the environment. Only the elimination of reproductively-inactive dry cows was necessary to maintain adequate levels of production.

Simulation of host—parasite interactions within a resource management framework: impact of brucellosis on bison population dynamics

We describe development of a simulation model representing bison (host)—bbrucellosis (parasite) interactions within a natural resource management framework. We document three phases in model development which focus on the simulation of bison population dynamics in (1) a brucellosis-free herd, (2) a brucellosis-infected herd, (3) and infected herd subjected to different vaccination schemes. The first phase represents bison populations dynamics based on age-specific rates of natural mortality and natality and rates at which animals are harvested. The second phase represents the influence of brucellosis-induced abortions, brucellosis transmission, and naturally acquired immunity. The third phase represents acquired immunity to brucellosis (or lack thereof) due to immunization, which is a function of vaccine efficacy and the percentage of bison to which the vaccine can be delivered. The model accurately simulated historical changes in herd size, annual recruitment, population age structure, and survivorship of individual cohorts over a 17-year period in a brucellosis-free bison herd on the National Bison Range, U.S.A. (Phase I). The model also accurately simulated historical changes in herd size, and predicted the most likely year of infection, in a bison herd in Grand Teton National Park, U.S.A., that contracted the disease during a 20-year period (Phase II). Finally, the model was used to evaluate a proposed bison brucellosis management plan for the Grand Teton National Park herd which involves annual vaccination of female calves (Phase III). Simulations suggested that, after 20 years, the proportion of the herd infected with brucellosis might be reduced from 69% (current level) to between 50% and 20%, depending on the (currently unresolved) vaccine efficacy.

Role of predators in reindeer brucellosis in Alaska

Brucellosis caused by Brucella suis type 4 is endemic in Alaskan reindeer {Rangifer tarandus) herds. Predators and small mammals were collected on the fawning grounds of a known-infected herd during the springs of 1977 — 1984. Serologic reactions were detected in red foxes (Vulpes vulpes), arctic foxes (Alopex lagopus), grizzly bears (Ursus arctos) and arctic ground squirrels (Spermophilusparryii). Brucella suis type 4 was isolated from red and arctic foxes. Red foxes were orally challenged with B. suis type 4 in controlled experiments. Shedding of the organism was detected in fecal samples several days post-challenge. Antibody titers were detected up to several months post-challenge, and B. suis type 4 was isolated from several tissues at necropsy. Reindeer confined with infected foxes became infected. Transmission of brucellosis among reindeer and their predators needs to be addressed in a brucellosis control program.

Three New "Early Neolithic" Sites in Western Iran

Previous articleNext article No AccessResearch ConclusionsThree New "Early Neolithic" Sites in Western IranPhilip E. L. Smith and Peder MortensenPhilip E. L. Smith Search for more articles by this author and Peder Mortensen Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Current Anthropology Volume 21, Number 4Aug., 1980 Sponsored by the Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/202503 Views: 9Total views on this site Citations: 7Citations are reported from Crossref Copyright 1980 The Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological ResearchPDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:Mohammad Eghbal Chehri Archaeological Survey Report on Paleolithic Sites of Harsin County in the Central Zagros, Iran, Near Eastern Archaeology 85, no.33 (Aug 2022): 180–191.https://doi.org/10.1086/720752Julien Riel-Salvatore, Andrew Lythe, Alejandra Uribe Albornoz, Peter F. Biehl New insights into the spatial organization, stratigraphy and human occupations of the Aceramic Neolithic at Ganj Dareh, Iran, PLOS ONE 16, no.88 (Aug 2021): e0251318.https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0251318Sajjad Alibaigi, Abdoljabar Salimiyan THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL LANDSCAPE OF THE NEOLITHIC PERIOD IN THE WESTERN FOOTHILLS OF THE ZAGROS MOUNTAINS: NEW EVIDENCE FROM THE SAR POL-E ZAHĀB REGION, IRAN-IRAQ BORDERLAND, Iraq 82 (Oct 2020): 15–39.https://doi.org/10.1017/irq.2020.7Qun Zhang, Peng Liu, Hui-Yuan Yeh, Xingyu Man, Lixin Wang, Hong Zhu, Qian Wang, Quanchao Zhang Intentional cranial modification from the Houtaomuga Site in Jilin, China: Earliest evidence and longest in situ practice during the Neolithic Age, American Journal of Physical Anthropology 169, no.44 (Jun 2019): 747–756.https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.23888Guillaume Fournié, Dirk U. Pfeiffer, Robin Bendrey Early animal farming and zoonotic disease dynamics: modelling brucellosis transmission in Neolithic goat populations, Royal Society Open Science 4, no.22 (Feb 2017): 160943.https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.160943Behzad Balmaki, Kamal Aldin Niknami, Mohammad Reza Saeedi Harsini Analyzing Typical Characteristics of Central Zagros Potteries during the Chalcolithic Period, Archaeological Discovery 01, no.0202 (Jan 2013): 23–31.https://doi.org/10.4236/ad.2013.12002 REFERENCES, (Jan 1982): 273–296.https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-425020-8.50014-9

Significance of urine in transmission of canine brucellosis.

When inoculated by various routes with approximately 10 (or 10") Brucellacanis organisms, all adult dogs became infected. When dogs were inoculated with approximately 10 organisms by different routes, the positive rate of infection by the route ofinoculation was as follows: 2/2 (No. infected/No. inoculated) (intravenous), 2/2 (sub-cutaneous), 2/4 (conjunctival), 074 (oral) and 073 (intravaginal). Five male dogs were in-oculated orally with 3.2Xl0 B. canis organisms and examined weekly for urine. Theorganisms were first detected in their urine a few weeks after the onset of bacteremia.Then a high concentration of these organisms was usually excreted continuously. Five4-week-old puppies born from a B. canis-free bitch were housed together with these in-fected males in an isolated facility for 18 weeks. One of them became infected. The trans-mission of brucellosis to the puppy seemed to have been caused by a contact with B. canis-contaminated urine.

Saving the Last of the Free-Roaming Buffalo

Who knows when bison (buffalo) first loomed on North American continent? But by 1700 some 60 million of beasts were thundering their way across Western grasslands and wallowing in bluegrass of Shenandoah Valley. Then white man came, tramping buffalo paths westward. By mid-1800's thousands of buffalo were slain to supply meat for builders of Union Pacific Railroad. William F. Cody (Buffalo Bill) earned dubious fame for killing 4,280 buffalo in 18 months. By 1889, 60 million free-ranging bison had been snuffed to 800. Two hundred of these survivors were in Yellowstone National Park. Today, almost a century later, numbers of free-ranging bison are about same as in 1889-700 in Yellowstone, 100 in Henry Mountains of Utah and 100 in Alaska. These numbers imply that animals placed on national and state preserves are safe from extinction. But events of recent months suggest this is not necessarily case. Free-ranging buffalo in Yellowstone might be eliminated, provided Wyoming, Montana and Idaho ranchers get their way regarding control of a disease that afflicts cattle and For 30 years now these ranchers, state livestock and sanitary boards and U.S. Department of Agriculture have been investing millions of dollars (presently $30 million annually) to eradicate a bacterial disease, brucellosis, from livestock. The disease has cost livestock industry millions of dollars in past in aborted calves and milk loss. Cattle in Wyoming, Montana and Idaho have now been declared virtually free of disease. Southern and southwestern states were slower to enter brucellosis eradication program, but they are catching up with Wyoming, Montana and Idaho. The USDA has set 1975 for complete eradication of brucellosis from American livestock. After that cattle will no longer be vaccinated against disease. No longer will cattle have to be tested prior to sale. The problem is that a number of Yellowstone buffalo are known to harbor Brucella abortus, bacterium that causes brucellosis. The ranchers know it. The Yellowstone biologists know it. The biologists, in see bacteria as natural buffalo vectors that provide natural checks on buffalo reproduction. The ranchers are afraid that buffalo roaming out of park onto their ranch lands will infect their Once vaccine is withdrawn, says Dean Prosser, secretary of Wyoming Stock Growers Association in Cheyetine, our herds will be susceptible to disease. will be no protection. James Yorgason of Wyoming Game and Fish Commission disagrees. There have been no known cases of bison transmitting disease to cattle in area. He is joined by Yellowstone research biologist Mary Meagher: There have never been any documented cases of brucellosis transmission between bison and cattle. Nonetheless, USDA veterinarian Gerald Fichtner counters, Ranchers do not have a lot of sympathy for argument 'we cannot test them.' A lot of them cleaned up their herds without anyone proving dangers of transmission to them. Last March, Yellowstone biologists, USDA officials, state livestock and game officials, state veterinarians, and cattlemen representatives met at Yellowstone to find a solution to potential buffalo-cattle threat. Supporters of ranchers suggested that Yellowstone bison be trapped and penned and that animals with brucellosis then be killed. The others would then be returned to park wilderness. This effort, they felt, would clear up disease in what they saw as the only known active reservoir of Brucella infection in entire United States in either bovine or buffalo. The Yellowstone biologists replied that such a measure would wipe out last free-ranging buffalo in Yellowstone (and last free-ranging, naturally regulated bison in United States, since those in Utah and Alaska are managed by hunting). Mary Meagher explained it would be a horrendous job to round up bison from thousands of miles of wilderness. In fact, she said, under most favorable conditions in any area, we would probably be able to trap no more than 75 percent, which would mean killing off those we could not trap. The job could easily take 10 years, she said,

Brucellosis in Northern Ireland. A serological survey.

SUMMARYA serological survey for brucella antibodies has been carried out in Northern Ireland in an attempt to assess the effects of the brucellosis eradication programme in cattle which has been in progress since 1959. One thousand eight hundred and ninety four sera from blood donors, from farmer's lung tests, and from various groups occupationally exposed to cattle were examined by the serum agglutination test, the anti-human globulin (A.H.G.) (Coombs) test and the complement-fixation test.The incidence of brucellosis in Northern Ireland is now less than it was 20 years ago, but is similar to that reported in a recent survey in England. It now appears that the principal method of transmission of brucellosis in the province is by occupational exposure rather than by drinking infected milk. Though it may be too early to make a serological assessment of the effects on human infections of brucellosis eradication in cattle, this survey provides a basis for future evaluation.We thank Prof. O. L. Wade, Prof. P. C. Elmes and Dr W. R. Kerr for their encouragement and helpful advice; the Medical Officers of Health in Antrim, Armagh, Down and Fermanagh, Londonderry, and Tyrone, and in Belfast and Londonderry County Borough for help in obtaining blood samples; Dr M. C. Huth of the Northern Ireland Blood Transfusion Service, for sera; Dr D. W. R. Mackenzie and Miss H. E. Cairns for sera from the Mycology Diagnostic Laboratory; Dr J. H. Connolly for sera from the Virus Reference Laboratory, and for helpful advice; the farm workers and veterinary surgeons for volunteering blood samples; the technical staff of the Veterinary Research Laboratories for carrying out the tests.

Isolation of Brucella suis from Air of Slaughterhouse

BRUCIELLOSIS is considered an occupational disease, since its chief mode of transmission to humans is by direct contact with infected animals or their tissues,. Outbreaks among slaughterhouse worke,rs have been common, and transmission ha,s been assumed to b,e by direct contact. Airborne transmission of brucellosis has been considered of minor import,ance (1). Rosebury and associates (2), who produced Brrcella infection experimentally in guinea pigs by the aeria,l route, showed that Brucella suis is unique compared with several other nonsporulating organisms tested; that is, it is not destroyed by drying to the degree that others are. Its yield in aerosol form was found to be both relatively high and consist,ent. During a recent epidemic of brucellosis among the employees of a swine-slaughtering plant in Iowa,, 128 persons were affected over a period of approximately 9 months. Because epidemiologic evidence (whic-h will b,e reported elsewhere) suggested tha,t airborne transmission from hog to man may have been a prominent factor in ithis epidemic, attempts were nmade to recover Brncella from the air of the plant. Isolation of Brrcella from the air under field conditions had not be-en previously reported. Since the highest attack rates occurred among the employees of the kill and casings department, air sampling was confined to the room in which they worked. Very turbulent air conditions prevailed in this room, which was approximately 300 feet long by 100 feet wide by 20 feet high. Hot air and steam mixed at several ports in the room with cold air coming from the outside. Many floor fans were placed at different points within the room. Ceiling and wall exhaust fans carried off some of the hot air and steam. At various points in the room where different procedures were employed in dressing the carcass and processing the viscera, heavy aerosols were conceivably produced. With the probafbility of such heavy aerosols and marked air turbulence, it seemed likely that airborne particles were being carried to all parts of -this room. The devices used to sample the air of the kill room included the all-glass impinger, the Andersen sampler, the slit sampler (3), settling plates, and 300 cotton swab samples taken from machinery, floors, equipment, and'carcasses. Air samples and swab samples from surfaces were, taken during 1 week in February 1960, while plant operations were in full force. Air sampling began in the morning and continued throughout the workday. The Andersen and slit samplers were operated at an airflow rate of 1 cubic foot per minute. Agar plates were exposed in the samplers for 10-minute inDr. Harris, Mr. Gorman, and Dr. Held are with the Public Health Service. Dr. Harris, formerly with the Technical Development Laboratories, is presently with the Virology Research Resources Branch, National Cancer Institute. Mr. Gorman is a bacteriologist at the Technical Development Laboratories, Communicable Disease Center, Savannah, Ga. Dr. Held is with the Epidemiology Branch, Communicable Disease Center, Atlanta, Ga. Dr. Hendricks is a public health veterinarian at the Iowa State Department of Health, Des Moines.

Some observations on natural transmission of ovine brucellosis

Abstract Extract The observations of Crawford (1949 Crawford, R. C. 1949. Proc. N.Z. Soc. anim. Prod., 11: 143–143. [Google Scholar]) in the Gisborne district of N.Z. have shown that pathological lesions of the testes and epididymes were encountered in 10 per cent. of a large number of rams examined by scrotal palpation. From rams forwarded to Wallaceville, McFarlane et al. (1952b Buddle, M. B. 1955. N.Z. vet. J., 3: 10–10. [Taylor & Francis Online] , [Google Scholar]) isolated the causal organism both from affected genitalia and from semen. A morphologically similar organism was demonstrated in diseased foetal membranes of ewes by McFarlane et al. (1952a Crawford, R. C. 1949. Proc. N.Z. Soc. anim. Prod., 11: 143–143. [Google Scholar]). Buddie and Boyes (1953 Hartley, W. J., Jebson, J. L. and McFarlane, D. 1954a. N.Z. vet. J., 2: 80–80. [Taylor & Francis Online] , [Google Scholar]) were able to establish the identity of the organism from rams and ewes as a possible mutant of Brucella melitensis.