Interconnected Transmission Research Articles

Modeling and Analysis of Wide Frequency Band Coaxial TSV Transmission Interconnect.

In this paper, we first build the 3D model of coaxial TSV(CTSV), RDL, and bump of the CTSV interconnect, and extract the equivalent circuit model of each part. Then, we get the S-parameters of the 3D and equivalent circuit model of the CTSV interconnect structure; the validity of the equivalent circuit model is verified by comparing the consistency of the S-parameters. The simulation results show that the maximum errors for the S11 and S21 parameters are 0.4% and 0.18%, respectively, which proves the validity of the equivalent circuit modeling in this paper. Finally, parametric analysis is performed to investigate the effect of different model parameters on the signal-transmission characteristics of the CTSV interconnect.

Semi-automatic line-system provisioning with an integrated physical-parameter-aware methodology: field verification and operational feasibility

We propose methods and an architecture to conduct measurements and optimize newly installed optical fiber line systems semi-automatically using integrated physics-aware technologies in a data center interconnection (DCI) transmission scenario. We demonstrate, for the first time to our knowledge, digital longitudinal monitoring (DLM) and optical line system (OLS) physical parameter calibration working together in real-time to extract physical link parameters for fast optical fiber line systems provisioning. Our methodology has the following advantages over traditional design: a minimized footprint at user sites, accurate estimation of the necessary optical network characteristics via complementary telemetry technologies, and the capability to conduct all operation work remotely. The last feature is crucial, as it enables remote operation to implement network design settings for immediate response to quality of transmission (QoT) degradation and reversion in the case of unforeseen problems. We successfully performed semi-automatic line system provisioning over field fiber network facilities at Duke University, Durham, North Carolina. The tasks of parameter retrieval, equipment setting optimization, and system setup/provisioning were completed within 1 h. The field operation was supervised by on-duty personnel who could access the system remotely from different time zones. By comparing Q-factor estimates calculated from the extracted link parameters with measured results from 400G transceivers, we confirmed that our methodology has a reduction in the QoT prediction errors ( ±0.3dB ) over existing designs ( ±0.6dB ).

P‐76: The Influence of Bending FFC Transmission Line on High‐Speed Signal Channels

Generally, display devices interconnect FFC transmission lines with circuits to form a transmission line network system to achieve data communication between Tcon and Driver. Due to the limitations of the external shape and internal space structure of the display device, the FFC transmission cable presents a curved shape from 0 to 180 degrees during the wiring process. Under the action of spatial electromagnetic fields, the display device will involve the field‐circuit hybrid problem of electromagnetic coupling of the FFC transmission line's bent line and circuit conduction interference, which will cause severe electromagnetic interference(EMI), resulting in deterioration of the high‐speed channel signal at the receiving end and even inability to correctly restore and decode the signal, thus causing signal distortion, which in turn leads to display image distortion or pixel loss.

An enumerative analysis of major power blackouts in Asian region in the last two decades

Power System represents an interconnected network, where generation, transmission and distribution of electrical energy takes place. They are complex systems constituting various components like synchronous generators, motors, transformers, circuit breakers, transmission lines etc. A power system is required to operate in a reliable manner, thus providing continuous power supply of good quality. This requires the power system to be stable. Blackouts can occur due to equipment failure, human errors, natural disasters, overloading / imbalance, cyber-attacks, lack of redundancy etc. When they act in a combined manner/ if one of those issues lead to the other issue, widespread and long - lasting blackouts happen. Severities of the blackouts depend on geographical extent, duration of its existence, financial repercussions, and initial services being broken, public safety. This paper discusses the major blackouts that have occurred in the Asian region, in the last two decades, along with their causes and consequences.

Dynamic analysis of major public health emergency transmission considering the dual-layer coupling of community–resident complex networks

Abstract We construct a dual-layer coupled complex network of communities and residents to represent the interconnected risk transmission network between communities and the disease transmission network among residents. It characterizes the process of infectious disease transmission among residents between communities through the SE2IHR model considering two types of infectors. By depicting a more fine-grained social structure and combining further simulation experiments, the study validates the crucial role of various prevention and control measures implemented by communities as primary executors in controlling the epidemic. Research shows that the geographical boundaries of communities and the social interaction patterns of residents have a significant impact on the spread of the epidemic, where early detection, isolation and treatment strategies at community level are essential for controlling the spread of the epidemic. In addition, the study explores the collaborative governance model and institutional advantages of communities and residents in epidemic prevention and control.

Degradation mechanism of methylene blue by heterogenous electro-Fenton with CeO2/rGO composite cathode

The noble materials have been regarded as the best catalysts for electro-generating H2O2 in electro-Fenton (EF) process, but their high cost is daunting. Herein, a noble-metal-free catalyst of CeO2/reduced graphene oxide (CeO2/rGO) was prepared for electro-generating H2O2 in this study. Due to a synergistic effect between the excellent electronic mobility of CeO2 and the unique interconnected electrical transmission channels of rGO, the CeO2/rGO composite exhibited superior electrocatalytic activity than CeO2 and rGO towards the electro-generation of H2O2. In EF experiments, the degradation rate constant of methylene blue (MB) at the CeO2/rGO cathode (0.025 min–1) was 2.27 times and 2.78 times that of CeO2 (0.011 min–1) and rGO (0.009 min–1), respectively. The investigation of reaction mechanism in EF process showed that the •OH radical was the major contributor, while the •O2– radical played an important role but was not the primary active species. In addition, the vulnerable sites and the possible degradation pathways of MB in EF process were proposed according to the density functional theory (DFT) calculation and experimental results of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry.

Topology and Control Optimization of Bidirectional DC/DC Converter for Electric Vehicles

With the rapid development of intelligent electric vehicles, the number of electrical equipment increases, and the interconnection and energy transmission between on-board DC buses has become urgent. This paper proposes a partial isolated bidirectional converter based on dual active bridge converter. By partial switch sharing, the converter has a simplified structure and can supply energy to DC loads of different voltage levels. The system adopts a hybrid control strategy of pulse width modulation and triple phase shift modulation, and introduces a fundamental phase shift to reduce coupling between variables. The operation process is analyzed, and the models of transmitted power, current stress and soft-switching range under two typical operation modes, corresponding to the full load and light load, are established respectively. Under wide gain and different power distribution conditions, the multi-objective optimization is realized. Finally, the correctness of theoretical analysis is verified by experiments.

Identification of broken conductor faults in interconnected transmission systems based on discrete wavelet transform.

Interconnected transmission systems are increasingly spreading out in HV networks to enhance system efficiency, decrease reserve capacity, and improve service reliability. However, the protection of multi-terminal lines against Broken Conductor Fault (BCF) imposes significant difficulties in such networks as the conventional distance relays cannot detect BCF, as the BCF is not associated with a significant increase in current or reduction in voltage Traditionally, the earth fault relays in transmission lines may detect such fault; Nonetheless, it suffers from a long delay time. Moreover, many of the nearby earth fault relays detect the BCF causing unnecessary trips and badly affecting the system stability. In this article, a novel single-end scheme based on extracting transient features from current signals by discrete wavelet transform (DWT) is proposed for detecting BCFs in interconnected HV transmission systems. The suggested scheme unit (SSU) is capable of accurately detecting all types of BCFs and shunt high impedance faults (SHIFs). It also adaptively calculates the applied threshold values. The accurate selectivity in multi-terminal lines is achieved based on a fault directional element by analyzing transient power polarity. The SSU discriminates between internal/external faults effectively utilizing the time difference observed between the first spikes of aerial and ground modes in the current signals. Different fault scenarios have been simulated on the IEEE 9-Bus, 230 kV interconnected system. The achieved results confirm the effectiveness, robustness, and reliability of SSU in detecting correctly BCFs as well as the SHIFs within only 24.5 ms. The SSU has confirmed its capability to be implemented in interconnected systems without any requirement for communication or synchronization between the SSU installed in multi-terminal lines.

Automatic segmentation of brain glioma based on XY-Net.

Glioma is a malignant primary brain tumor, which can easily lead to death if it is not detected in time. Magnetic resonance imaging is the most commonly used technique to diagnose gliomas, and precise outlining of tumor areas from magnetic resonance images (MRIs) is an important aid to physicians in understanding the patient's condition and formulating treatment plans. However, relying on radiologists to manually depict tumors is a tedious and laborious task, so it is clinically important to investigate an automated method for outlining glioma regions in MRIs. To liberate radiologists from the heavy task of outlining tumors, we propose a fully convolutional network, XY-Net, based on the most popular U-Net symmetric encoder-decoder structure to perform automatic segmentation of gliomas. We construct two symmetric sub-encoders for XY-Net and build interconnected X-shaped feature map transmission paths between the sub-encoders, while maintaining the feature map concatenation between each sub-encoder and the decoder. Moreover, a loss function composed of the balanced cross-entropy loss function and the dice loss function is used in the training task of XY-Net to solve the class unevenness problem of the medical image segmentation task. The experimental results show that the proposed XY-Net has a 2.16% improvement in dice coefficient (DC) compared to the network model with a single encoder structure, and compare with some state-of-the-art image segmentation methods, XY-Net achieves the best performance. The DC, HD, recall, and precision of our method on the test set are 74.49%, 10.89mm, 78.06%, and 76.30%, respectively. The combination of sub-encoders and cross-transmission paths enables the model to perform better; based on this combination, the XY-Net achieves an end-to-end automatic segmentation of gliomas on 2D slices of MRIs, which can play a certain auxiliary role for doctors in grasping the state of illness.

Transportable Energy Storage System Planning for Mitigating Grid Vulnerability

Recently, severe wildfires occurred in some countries like Australia and U.S., and wildfires usually threaten the security of the electricity grids. Therefore, it is crucial to identify the transmission interconnections that have insufficient power transfer capacity and take preventative actions to prevent the overload problem. In this paper, we have proposed a graph theoretic-based network expansion and transportable energy storage system (TESS) planning strategy. Through graph-theoretic analysis, the critical asset and limiting critical cut-set can be identified. Two novel criteria, namely transfer margin ratio (TMR) and adequacy ratio (AR), are proposed in this paper to assess the vulnerability and the reliability of the network based on graph theory. To reduce the vulnerability and to enhance the reliability of the grid, network expansion and TESS planning are proposed as two feasible methods. Therefore, this paper presents a risk-based network expansion and TESS planning strategy, and the investment plans are assessed by TMR and AR to make a final decision. The proposed method is verified in the IEEE 30-bus and IEEE 118-bus systems. The simulation results reveal that a graph theoretic-based planning strategy saves the total cost and reduces the shed loads in contingency.

Natural and socio-environmental factors contribute to the transmissibility of COVID-19: evidence from an improved SEIR model.

COVID-19 has ravaged Brazil, and its spread showed spatial heterogeneity. Changes in the environment have been implicated as potential factors involved in COVID-19 transmission. However, considerable research efforts have not elucidated the risk of environmental factors on COVID-19 transmission from the perspective of infectious disease dynamics. The aim of this study is to model the influence of the environment on COVID-19 transmission and to analyze how the socio-ecological factors affecting the probability of virus transmission in 10 states dramatically shifted during the early stages of the epidemic in Brazil. First, this study used a Pearson correlation to analyze the interconnection between COVID-19 morbidity and socio-ecological factors and identified factors with significant correlations as the dominant factors affecting COVID-19 transmission. Then, the time-lag effect of dominant factors on the morbidity of COVID-19 was investigated by constructing a distributed lag nonlinear model and standard two-stage meta-analytic model, and the results were considered in the improved SEIR model. Lastly, a machine learning method was introduced to explore the nonlinear relationship between the environmental propagation probability and socio-ecological factors. By analyzing the impact of environmental factors on virus transmission, it can be found that population mobility directly caused by human activities had a greater impact on virus transmission than temperature and humidity. The heterogeneity of meteorological factors can be accounted for by the diverse climate patterns in Brazil. The improved SEIR model was adopted to explore the interconnection of COVID-19 transmission and the environment, which revealed a new strategy to probe the causal links between them.

Optimal transmission switching for power system integrating renewable energy based on analytical target cascading

The penetration rate of intermittent renewable energy in power system is gradually increasing, which brings challenges to the optimal dispatch of power system. To solve these problems, a multi-regional interconnected transmission network optimization method based on analytical target cascading is proposed. Firstly, the reactive power regulation characteristics of renewable energy is investigated, and the models of wind turbine and photovoltaic generation are established. Secondly, the power system is decomposed into multiple sub-systems using bus tearing method, and an optimal transmission switching (OTS) model with renewable energies is established. Then, the analytical target cascading (ATC) approach is employed to decompose the model into the main problem and several sub-problems for parallel computation to achieve coordinated optimization of the complex transmission network. Finally, the IEEE 14-bus system and the IEEE 118-bus system are used to verify the proposed model. The results show that the proposed method can deal with the coupling nonlinear problem well and promote the consumption of renewable energy.

Impact of impedance compensation structure in coaxial‐microstrip transition section on near‐field radiation

AbstractCoaxial‐microstrip transition sections are extensively used in radio frequency (RF) circuits, providing electrical interconnection and signal transmission. However, an antipad used for impedance compensation in the coaxial‐microstrip transition section leads to signal return path discontinuity and radiation emission. Accordingly, in this current work, the impact of impedance compensation structure on the near‐field radiation in the coaxial‐microstrip transition section was investigated by theoretical analysis and experimental testing. A 3D electromagnetic field model of a circuit board with an anti‐pad was developed to calculate the S‐parameters and radiation electric field. Based on the characteristics of the electric near‐field probe, a transfer function model was also developed to convert the radiation electric field obtained by the electromagnetic field model into the output voltage for better comparison with the test results. In addition, the effect of the rise time of the input signal on near‐electric field radiation was also studied in this work. The experimental results are in good agreement with the simulation results obtained from the transfer function model. The results of this study provide a better understanding of the electromagnetic radiation characteristics caused by the impedance compensation structure and theoretical support for compensation optimization strategy in engineering.

Optimization of integrated energy system considering transmission and distribution network interconnection and energy transmission dynamic characteristics

The traditional hierarchical scheduling and operational model of transmission and distribution networks has failed to fully utilize the adjustable resources of the entire grid, consequently limiting the integration of renewable energy. To fully excavate the potential of transmission and distribution (T&D) coordination in enhancing the level of renewable energy assimilation and operational efficiency, in this paper, transmission grid and distribution network in the framework of synergetic unit commitment (TDS-UC) considering the dynamic characteristics of the electricity-gas-heat integrated energy system is proposed. The framework developed in this paper allows for the integration of multiple energy sources, including electricity, gas, and heat, into the dispatch strategy of the TG. To improve scheduling flexibility, the dynamic characteristics of the natural gas and heating networks are also considered in the TDS-UC model. A coordinated interactive optimization model for T&D is formulated, taking into account the multi-energy coupling relationship of the IES. To solve the TDS-UC model, a decentralized analytical target cascading algorithm is used to obtain an independent TG optimization problem and multiple ADNs local optimization problems that can be solved in parallel. The proposed model is transformed into an easy-to-solve mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) problem using an improved one-dimensional approximation piecewise linearization method to deal with the non-convexity nonlinear natural gas Weymouth equation. Numerical experiments are conducted on both a T6D2 and a T118D10 test system to demonstrate the efficiency and practicality of the proposed methodology.© 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Feasibility of using phase-shifting transformers to increase the throughput of interconnected power transmission systems

This paper discusses measures aimed at improving the efficiency of power systems by increasing the capacity of power transmission lines. To that end, a FACTS technology based on a phase-shifting transformer was used. The feasibility of using phase-shifting transformers to increase the throughput capacity of interconnected power transmission systems was investigated by determining the maximum allowable cross-section flows of the United Energy System of the Urals – the United Energy System of Siberia. The studied cross-section included 500 kV transmission lines and the extended 220 kV Nizhnevartovskaya GRES – Tomskaya transit. Calculations were performed for normal and various post-emergency schemes using the RastrWin3 software package. The regulation of phas e-shifting transformer branches and the direction of power flow in the section were taken into account. For the considered cross -section, the use of a phase-shifting transformer was shown to provide for the 220 kV transit operation in a closed mode. This i mproved the reliability of power supply in the region and allowed the maximum allowable overflow to be increased by 35 – 71%. In addition, similar calculations were carried out for the option of strengthening the 220 kV transit through the construction of a parallel 500 kV line. The effect of increasing the capacity of this option was established to reach 20 –35%. The decisive factor limiting the maximum permissible cross-section flows during 220 kV transit short circuit in the normal and reinforced versions was found to be the current overload of the head sections. Recommendations on the preferable use of an open transit mode are formulated. In conclusion, the efficiency of power systems can be improved by increasing the transmission capacity of power lines through the use of phase-shifting transformers. A segment of the Unified National Power Grid of Russia, where such devices are technologically expedient, was identified.

Design of Silicon Photonics Integrated Bulk Zigzag and Sinusoidal Structured Mode Conversion Devices Using Genetic Algorithm (GA) Optimization

To increase the optical interconnect transmission capacity, different multiplexing technologies, including wavelength division multiplexing (WDM), polarization division multiplexing (PolDM) and mode division multiplexing (MDM), can be utilized. Among them, MDM is a promising technique in silicon photonics (SiPh) integrated optical interconnects since higher order modes can be easily generated and preserved in SiPh waveguides. In this work, we propose and demonstrate the designs of SiPh-based bulk zigzag and sinusoidal structured MDM mode conversion devices using genetic algorithm (GA) optimization. A traditional periodic zigzag structured mode converter design has many sharp zigzag angles in the periodic structure, which are very sensitive to the fabrication error. Here, first of all, we propose and demonstrate a bulk zigzag structure to achieve MDM mode conversion. The proposed bulk zigzag structure can reduce the zigzag angle error as a large number of zigzag angles in the periodic structure are eliminated. Moreover, we further improve our device by proposing a bulk sinusoidal structure to further eliminate the zigzag angle. Results show that both the proposed bulk zigzag and sinusoidal MDM mode converters can still maintain high transmissions of >86%, while the mode conversion lengths of both devices can be significantly reduced by >60% in the C-band wavelength window. In addition, as there are many degrees of freedom (DOFs) during the design of the SiPh mode converter, including the waveguide width, length, period, zigzag angle, etch depth, duty cycle, etc., the GA optimization algorithm is employed. Here, detailed implementation of the GA optimization is discussed.

United States offshore wind energy atlas: availability, potential, and economic insights based on wind speeds at different altitudes and thresholds and policy-informed exclusions

This study presents the first comprehensive offshore United States wind energy atlas at multiple hub heights above 100 m that accounts for technical, climate, environmental, and social exclusions. The study uses Geographic Information System (GIS) mapping and open-source marine planning data. The atlas accounts for wind speed thresholds, bathymetry, ocean conditions, restrictions (including shipping lanes and military zones that can impede wind projects), regulations (including distance requirements from energy infrastructure, safety hazards, and marine protected areas), and modern wind turbine information (including size, spacing, and energy output). The results indicate that 64% of total (61.5% of contiguous) U.S. coastal area is available for offshore wind development, translating to a maximum possible nameplate capacity of 26,800 GW (7,150 GW for the contiguous U.S.). This far exceeds the U.S. 30 GW by 2030 target and projected capacity needs to power all energy sectors in 2050. The regions with the largest available areas at 150 m hub height and a 7 m/s wind speed threshold include Alaska (∼1,784,300 km2), Hawaii (∼718,600 km2), and the Northern California Coast (∼127,000 km2). The U.S. East and Gulf Coasts have ∼363,200 km2 and ∼137,800 km2 available, respectively. This atlas will enable site selection that maximizes energy generation while minimizing interference with other stakeholders, costs, required port infrastructure investments, and new transmission interconnection distances.

Vehicles communications handover in 5G: A survey

A communications system consists of interconnected telecommunications networks, transmission systems, relay stations, tributary stations, and terminal equipment. Increasing network limits to fulfill the developing needs of consumers has prompted the advancement of cell correspondence networks from 1G to 5G. Many heterogeneous connections request higher information rates, lesser postponements, improved framework limit, and predominant throughput. The accessible range of assets is restricted and should be deftly utilized by mobile network operators (MNOs) to cope with the rising demands. This paper presents a detailed survey on vehicular communications systems, their forms, and handover in each category in 5G networks.

Analysis of the Policy of Moving the National Capital (IKN) with an Energy Increase Strategy: Readiness of Economic and Public Administration Aspects

This article examines the policy of moving the National Capital (IKN) from Jakarta Province to East Kalimantan Province with an energy improvement strategy based on readiness from economic and public administrative aspects. The theory used is agenda-setting theory with descriptive qualitative research methods. The results show that the policy analysis of moving IKN from Jakarta to East Kalimantan can be reviewed based on readiness in economic and public administrative factors. In public administration, the policy of moving IKN to East Kalimantan Province can adjust the concept of a smart city, green city, and international standard. East Kalimantan Province has a diverse economy, with small and medium-sized businesses, fishing, agriculture, plantations, mining, and services all present. Energy improvement strategies include building natural gas transmission networks, bolstering the electrical interconnection transmission network, building large-scale hydropower plants, building installations, and clean energy, and putting energy in place energy-efficient transportation systems. It can be used to optimize these economic aspects. The emission-free idea, the PLTS system's organization, and a public administration system based on technology and information are all necessary proposals to make it simpler for staff members to serve the community.

Mixed Integer Linear Programming Applied to Adaptive Directional Overcurrent Protection Considering N-1 Contingency

This work proposes a methodology for directional overcurrent protection coordination in interconnected transmission systems considering a possible network contingency state. The methodology uses the short-circuit data of the current network topology; however, the maximum load current data in the protection section of each relay is obtained considering the n-1 criterion, already foreseeing the disconnection of some network line. Thus, if a line gets disconnected, other protective devices will not improperly actuate by the redistribution of load currents in the network. The objective is to propose an adaptive protection scheme to redo the coordination for each topological change in the network. To this end, this work considers a smart grid environment with a supervisory system with communication capability between this and the remote devices. To obtain the optimal performance, the coordination problem, originally non-linear and non-convex, is linearized, allowing its formulation as a Mixed Integer Linear Programming problem. The methodology is applied to the 8-bus test system in 3 different cases and the 30-bus test system. Results show that the optimal coordination is obtained in a fast computational processing time, showing the suitability of the methodology for real-time application.