Transmission In Mobile Ad Hoc Networks Research Articles

Energy Efficient Routing Technique Using Enthalpy Ant Net Routing for Zone-Based MANETS

Routes discovery that can provide reliable data transmission in Mobile Ad-hoc Networks is challenging due to its wireless channel characteristics and dynamic transmission environment. Ad-hoc networks frequently experience link failure because nodes are mobile and their positions are not fixed. The cellular ad hoc community's dynamic nature makes it possible to analyze multi-route routing protocols specifically. One of the most trustworthy and environment-friendly routing methods is the Zone Routing Protocol used in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks. Offering timely and trustworthy communication services, however, depends critically on maintaining the Quality of Service, electricity performance, and outstanding resource management. In this research, we suggested an energy-efficient routing method for zone-based MANETs called enthalpy and net routing. First, a completely fuzzy quarter clustering based on an Energy guide is used to perform the clustering. With the help of fuzzy memberships, the AFCM set of rules permits the input of statistics for each elegance. In the second, the best route is selected using Enthalpy Ant Net Routing (EANR) while taking the following factors into account: community disconnection, channel error, buffer overflow, and contention at the link layer. The results of the experiment show that the collection of rules performs better than many existing algorithms in terms of community longevity, electricity consumption, and other metrics.

Reputation-Based Opportunistic Routing Protocol Using Q-Learning For Manet Attacked By Malicious Nodes: A Survey

Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANETs) have emerged as a viable paradigm for creating dynamic communication between mobile nodes in the absence of a permanent infrastructure. However, since MANETs are inherently decentralized and self-organizing, they are vulnerable to a variety of security concerns, especially when hostile nodes seek to interrupt communication and undermine network operations. As a consequence, developing efficient and robust routing protocols is critical to ensuring dependable and secure data transmission in MANETs. This review study gives an in-depth look into Reputation-Based Opportunistic Routing Protocols (RORPs), which use Q-Learning methods to improve MANET resistance against malicious node assaults. We provide a thorough study of current RORPs, delving into their core design ideas, underlying processes, and comparative performance evaluations. We begin with a comprehensive introduction to the fundamental concepts, issues, and security risks associated with MANETs. Following that, we explore the concepts of reputation-based routing, emphasizing the need of reputation management in discriminating between malicious and genuine nodes. The review then goes into further detail on the incorporation of Q-Learning methods into RORPs, emphasizing on how reinforcement learning mechanisms may adaptively change routing choices depending on the developing network state and the dynamic reputations of participating nodes. This article reviews 38 research papers of opportunistic routing protocol and explores the potential of computer-assisted methods for MANET. We next divide the studied RORPs into categories depending on their approach to reputation computation, learning algorithms, and cooperative enforcement methods. Furthermore, we analyze their strengths and weaknesses in terms of resilience to different sorts of attacks, as well as their influence on network performance measures including packet delivery ratio, end-to-end latency, and throughput.

Deep optimization algorithm for emergency-aware data transmission in Mobile-Ad Hoc Networks

Mobile Adhoc Network (MANET) is a dynamic network with mobility nodes. Emerging applications for MANETs in real-time present numerous research challenges. Specifically, the mobile nodes’ dynamic character hinders the routing efficacy in MANET. Previous algorithms for routing like DSDV DSR, AODV, and are inefficient due to an ineffective route discovery method. Route selection becomes more complex and energy-intensive for large-scale applications, such as air pollution monitoring. For air pollution monitoring applications, this research seeks to improve data delivery while reducing energy consumption. In this work, we proposed DeepOptimizer for achieving optimal data transmission. First, the network is segregated into multiple clusters using the Rough set theory. In the all clusters, Cluster Head is accountable for split a data into normal and emergency. This process is performed by grouping data by K++ means algorithm. For emergency data, Graph-based Route Selection (GRS) algorithm. This is the fast algorithm that selects the optimal route. On the other hand, the normal data transmission route is selected by the Deep-SpikeQNetwok-based Whale Optimization (WO) algorithm. Finally, the network is tested through simulations made in ns-3 based on network lifetime, throughput, energy level, delay and packet delivery ratio.

Cooperative Self-Scheduling Secure Routing Protocol for Efficient Communication in MANET

In wireless transmission, a Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET) contains many mobile nodes that can communicate without needing base stations. Due to the highly dynamic nature of wireless, MANETs face several issues, like malicious nodes making packet loss, high energy consumption, and security. Key challenges include efficient clustering and routing with optimal energy efficiency for Quality of Service (QoS) performance. To combat these issues, this novel presents Cooperative Self-Scheduling Secure Routing Protocol (CoS3RP) for efficient scheduling for proficient packet transmission in MANET. Initially, we used Elite Sparrow Search Algorithm (ESSA) for identifies the Cluster Head (CH) and form clusters. The Multipath Optimal Distance Selection (MODS) technique is used to find the multiple routes for data transmission. Afterward, the proposed CoS3RP transmits the packets based on each node authentication. The proposed method for evaluating and selecting efficient routing and data transfer paths is implemented using the Network simulator (NS2) tool, and the results are compared with other methods. Furthermore, the proposed well performs in routing performance, security, latency and throughput.

MACO-DHKE Based Secure Data Transmission in MANETs

Mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) are the self-sufficient nodes with their unique characteristics, such as open wireless mediums and self-motivated topology, which suffers from security weaknesses. Due to the complexity of the MANET security architecture, it is difficult to detect and prevent security issues in the wired networks. Hence, this paper proposes a secure and QoS-aware data transmission in the MANET that improves the efficiency of the transmission. The optimal route, which is the shortest possible path, is chosen using the modified ant colony optimization algorithm (MACO algorithm) and the secure transmission in MANET is ensured using the Diffie-Hellman key-exchange algorithm (DHKE strategy). The key exchange method is used to improve the security of the transmission of the MANET. This paper shows a high transmission rate on a secure path with a higher PDR and throughput.

IRDFPR-CMDNN: An energy efficient and reliable routing protocol for improved data transmission in MANET

Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANET) are structure less, autonomous wireless networks with mobile nodes that dynamically establish data transmission connections. Due to dynamic topological change, MANET routes are unbalanced and break repeatedly. Hence, providing efficient and reliable data delivery with effective utilization of network resources is a challenging issue to be considered in MANET. This paper proposes an instant-runoff Ranked Decision Forests Probit Regression-based Connectionist Multilayer Deep Neural Network (IRDFPR-CMDNN) for efficient data transmission and higher data delivery with a minimum end-to-end delay. This IRDFPR-CMDNN method performs route identification, data delivery, and route maintenance with more than three layers. Then the mobile nodes are sent to the input layer of the Connectionist Multilayer Deep Neural Network. In hidden layer 1, the Instant-runoff Ranked Decision Forests algorithm is applied for classifying the mobile nodes depending on the residual energy and load capacity. With selected mobile nodes, the Probit Regression is applied for finding the nearest neighboring nodes in the second hidden layer based on the link quality and received signal strength for route path establishment. Then multiple paths for routing are established from source to destination node and start to perform the data transmission. If link failure occurs during the data transmission, another alternative route with better link quality is selected for routing. In this way, energy-efficient data transmission is performed from source to destination with a higher data delivery rate and minimal time consumption. Experimental evaluation is carried out on energy consumption, packet delivery ratio, packet drop rate, throughput, and end-to-end delay with varying numbers of mobile nodes and data packets. Simulation results show that the IRDFPR-CMDNN technique effectively enhances data delivery, throughput and minimizes energy consumption, packet loss rate, delay with respect to conventional methods.

A Bio inspired optimization with Reliable QoS Routing through Efficient Packet Transmission in Mobile ad-hoc Network

A collection of mobile devices is defined as a Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET). Without any prior management these devices can communicate and synchronize with one another. The state of the concerned channel determines how much life energy can be increased. It also extends the node's lifetime while it waits for the control messages to be completed. The nodes' lifespan and packet flow quality are harmed in the current system due to unanticipated energy conservation strategies. It causes post-network collapse due to an energy throughput trade off. This failure causes an increase in overhead and a decrease in Time-to-Live (TTL). In addition to proposing a novel performance modeling in Volunteered Computing MANET and tactile internet, this paper discusses an effective buffer management mechanism. The best execution the nodes can achieve with fractional data is depicted for utilities in general. A switch state promoting Optimized mutual MAC (OMAC) process was presented in this study for node conserving energy and the optimal utilization of accessible nodes before their resource drain to link the space between network efficiency conservation based on minimal overhead. As proof of the proposed solution, simulation results are provided. Compared the simulation outcomes with the existing system using the parameters like latency, quantity, node availability & energy consumption.

SRTE: Security Resource Allocation for Trust Model in Evaluate the Strong Node

Mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is a framework-free as well as self-designing network in which Mobile Nodes (MN) travel freely across the contact spectrum using cellular network interfaces. Through the advancement of wireless technologies, a complex network can better handle data communication protection while improving quality of service (QoS) metrics. MANET is defenceless to security breaches due to the absence of a trusted unified authority. In MANET, the SRTE approach, also known as protection allocation of resources for trust model, is introduced for evaluating strong nodes. Main contribution of the work have four parts: First, to improve secure data transmission in MANET’s environment, the H-ACO-DSR method is introduced. Second part, the HTDMA method is developed for better resource allocation. Third part, the HTCMR is introduced and produce the efficient cluster and trust worthiness in the MANET’s environment. Fourth part, the ABT is used to identify the malicious node and trusted Node in the system. To boost the Qos metric efficiency, the trusted nodes in MANET as well as data transmission are carried out with the trusted MN. Finally, as compared to current approaches, simulation results produce improved PDR and low cost Energy, Average Delay, Routing overhead, and Throughput.

Optimization technique for fault recovery and fast data transmission in MANET

In Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANET), during routing, there may be possibility of route recovery delay and overhead. Also there may be issues due to reduced lifetime of link and node. In order to overcome these issues, in this paper, an optimization technique for fault recovery and fast data transmission in MANET is proposed. In order to avoid the faults due to frequent disconnections and node failures, the path with least mobility and high residual energy is selected for transmission. During data transmission, if majority of the neighbours are changed or if the residual energy is low, then the source will choose any shorter alternate route by applying the optimized recovery mechanism. By simulation results, we show that the proposed technique enhances packet delivery ratio and throughput and minimizes end-to-end delay, energy consumption and control overhead.

Huffman Coding and Multi-Generation Mixing Assisted Network Coding Based MAC for QoS-Centric Secure Data Communication over MANETs

The exponential rise in wireless transmission has gained widespread attention to meet major mobile communication purposes including, Internet of Things (IoT) and Machine-to-Machine (M2M) communications. Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET) has emerged as one of the most viable solution to meet aforesaid mobile communication purposes; however, being decentralized and infrastructure-less network it undergoes adversaries including dynamic topology and security breaches due to malicious node attachment during routing. On the contrary, data security and allied Quality-of-Service (QoS) provision are inevitable in NextGen communication systems. Unlike routing-based security measures, Medium Access Control (MAC) based approaches are found more effective for MANETs. However, most of the classical MAC designs either address QoS or security as standalone objective. Unlike existing MAC solutions, in this paper a state-of-art novel Huffman Coding and Multi-Generation Mixing (MGM) assisted random linear network model-based MAC design (HM2-MAC) is proposed for MANET. Realizing the robustness of the network coding algorithms towards reliable, secure and error-free multicast transmission, we designed HM2-MAC in such manner that Huffman coding helps securing the source data packets, while MGM concept enables reduction in redundant packets to make overall communication resource efficient and secure. Unlike redundant packet-per-generation, MGM concept helps in reducing redundant transmission and hence achieves resource efficiency. Since, in HM2-MAC model the coefficient matrix used to encode the data is known only to the sink, no intermediate node can decode it or can pollute it. It makes multicast transmission more secure over MANET. Additionally, the use of iterative buffer flush technique preserves resources or buffer to accommodate more data for transmission and hence higher throughput. Noticeably, error sensitive packetization and MGM control strengthens our proposed model to retain optimal performance. HM2-MAC has been applied as a sub-layer of native IEEE 802.11 MAC and hence retains backward compatibility towards real-world implementation. MATLAB based simulation revealed that our proposed HM2-MAC protocol achieved almost 99.6% throughput even under varying link-loss patterns, which reveals its robustness to ensure QoS delivery with secure data transmission in MANET.

A Secure Cryptography Based Clustering Mechanism for Improving the Data Transmission in MANET

Providing security to the Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET) is one of the demanding and critical tasks in recent days, due to its dynamic nature. For this reason, the various routing protocols and security mechanisms are developed for the traditional networks. Nonetheless, it still lacks the limitation of increased computational complexity, inefficient security, reduced throughput, and increased delay. To solve these problems, this paper developed a new system, namely, Secure Cryptography based Clustering Mechanism (SCCM) for MANET. It comprised the following stages: secure routing, encryption, signature generation, signature verification, and decryption. After forming the network, the connection between the mobile nodes was formed. After that, the secured routing was created between the source and destination by implementing the AOMDV routing protocol. Then, the original packet was converted into an unknown format by employing an Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) encryption mechanism. Consequently, the signature for the encrypted packet was generated and forwarded to the destination via the Region Head (RH) and other gateway nodes. When the destination node received the packet, it performed the signature verification process for verifying whether the packet is valid or invalid. If it were valid, the receiver would accept the data and decrypt it by using the ECC decryption mechanism; otherwise, it would reject the packet and report to the base station. The simulation results evaluated the performance of the proposed security mechanism by using various measures and compared it with other techniques for proving the superiority.

Ant Colony Based Node Disjoint Local Repair in Multipath Routing in MANET Network

Routes discovery that can provide reliable data transmission in Mobile Ad-hoc Networks is challenging due to its wireless channel characteristics and dynamic transmission environment. Link failure frequently occurs in ad-hoc networks due to nodes' mobile nature, which is not static to their position. The dynamic characteristic of the mobile ad hoc network facilitates multi-path routing protocols as a novel research area. This paper comprises an approach based on ACO acknowledge as NDLR-MP, an ACO-based node-disjoint multi-path routing protocol using AODV protocol. The proposed protocol intends to find all node-disjoint paths from source to destination in a single route discovery process that will conclusively minimize the routing control overhead. In this approach (NDLR-MP), the data packet transportation is initialized just after the first path is determined, wherein all the other secondary routes are also concurrently discovered. Additionally, we have also suggested an efficient local route repair method that redirects the current traffic to an available route if a broken link to the next hop is positioned towards the destination. The proposed route detection and maintenance methods can be considered as performance evaluation metrics. Moreover, results obtained on the Network Simulator (EXata 2.0) have shown the performance and effectiveness of the proposed approach of NDLR-MP in contrast to the AODV protocol, which has significantly amplified the performance of the provided protocol. The parameters like route availability, control overhead, average E-2-E, and PDR are comparing with the existing protocol.

Trust Management-Based Service Recovery and Attack Prevention in MANET

The mobile ad-hoc network (MANET) output is critically impaired by the versatility and resource constraint of nodes. Node mobility affects connection reliability, and node resource constraints can lead to congestion, which makes the design of a routing MANET protocol with quality of service (QoS) very difficult. An adaptive clustering reputation model (ACRM) method is proposed to improve energy efficiency with a cluster-based framework. The proposed framework is employed to overcome the problems of data protection, privacy, and policy. The proposed ACRM-MRT approach that includes direct and indirect node trust computation is introduced along with the master recovery timer (MRT) for achieving an efficient service recovery process, and its service recovery time is calculated through the service execution process. During data transmission in MANET, various types of attacks can occur, of which the Sybil attack is the most dangerous. To address this problem, this paper proposed a method for the detection and prevention of Sybil attacks using a resilient scheme. The proposed method can improve system energy efficiency and address security, safety, and privacy issues of wireless network applications. Finally, the performance of the proposed method is evaluated regarding the time delay, throughput, energy efficiency, control overhead, and detection rate. The simulation results show that the proposed ACRM-MRT method can effectively improve the time delay, throughput, energy efficiency, control overhead, and detection rate compared to the existing methods. Topological change adaptive ad-hoc on-demand multi-path distance vector (TA-AOMDV)and ad-hoc on-demand multi-path distance vector (AOMDV) are simulated on the NS2 platform for the data rate in the range of 4–40 kbps and the number of nodes in the range of 10-100. The proposed method can reduce the service recovery time in the case of faults during service execution and can be used in real-time applications traffics since it is mostly affected by failure through the occurrence of delay and loss of packets.

STATISTICAL MARKOV MODEL BASED NATURAL INSPIRED GLOWWORM SWARM MULTI-OBJECTIVE OPTIMIZATION FOR ENERGY EFFICIENT DATA DELIVERY IN MANET

An interference and collision is a significant problem to be solved in Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET). Few techniques were developed in existing work to perform energy aware routing in MANET. But, handling both interference and collision on route path was remained open issues which increases the energy usage and reduces the throughput of MANET. In order to overcome such limitations, Statistical Markov Model Based Natural Inspired Glowworm Multi-objective Optimization (SMM-NIGMO) technique is proposed. The SMM-NIGMO technique contains three key processes namely interference prediction, optimal node selection, route path identification. The SMM-NIGMO technique at first proposes a Statistical Markov Model to determine the interference level of each mobile node in MANET at the time ‘ ’. After that, SMM-NIGMO Technique designs a Natural Inspired Glowworm Swarm Multi-Objective Optimization (NIGSMO) algorithm to carry out the optimal node selection process in MANET. During this process, SMM-NIGMO Technique finds the mobile nodes with lower inferences and higher residual energy as optimal in dynamic environment. After discovering the best nodes, SMM-NIGMO Technique uses the Request-To-Send (RTS) and Clear-To-Send (CTS) mechanism for identifying the best route path in MANET. During the route path finding process, SMM-NIGMO Technique selects the mobile node to transmit the packets to destination without any collisions. As a result, SMM-NIGMO Technique enhances the performance of energy efficient data delivery in MANET as compared to existing works. The simulation of SMM-NIGMO Technique is performed using parameters such as throughput, energy consumption, packet loss rate and end to end delay. The simulation result depicts that the SMM-NIGMO Technique is able to improve the throughput and also reduces the energy consumption of data transmission in MANET as compared to state-of-the-art works.

Secure and reliable data forwarding using homomorphic encryption against blackhole attacks in mobile ad hoc networks

A mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is a dynamic wireless network without any infrastructures. It is vulnerable to many types of attacks. Thus, security has turned out to be an important factor to facilitate secured communication between mobile nodes in a wireless environment. Recently, many routing protocols have been established. But most of them do not consider the security criteria in their designing. So, practically any node can maliciously disrupt communication of other nodes. Hence, a new approach is proposed in this paper to provide reliable and secure data transmission in MANETs under possible blackhole attacks based on modified ad-hoc on-demand multipath distance vector (AOMDV) protocol. We divide the message into multiple paths to the destination and use homomorphic encryption scheme for cryptography technique. The performance of the proposed scheme is stable with very high packet delivery ratio while that of AOMDV is found to be vulnerable with the intrusion of malicious nodes in the network. Simulation results show that, compared to the original AOMDV scheme, our proposed scheme improves considerably the packet delivery ratio and network throughput in the presence of malicious nodes.

Node pattern state and trust-rate base route selection for reliable data transmission in mobile ad hoc networks

Mobile ad hoc networks (MANET) have plethora of security issues related to its dynamic topology. Black-hole and gray-hole attacks are more commonly impacting issues in the data transmission between nodes in the selected route. This manuscript addresses the proposal of node pattern state and trust-rate (PSTR)-based reliable data transmission in MANET. The method PSTR allows detecting optimal route without the nodes compromised to block-hole and gray-hole attacks. The model is proposed as an extension to the earlier proposed model trust-rate-based cooperative neighbor selection for optimal routing in MANET. The proposed solution scales the optimality of the routes. The test results from the experimental study have shown that the results are very effective when compared to those of the contemporary models. The proposed model focuses on improving the scalability and detection of black-hole and gray-hole attacks under very minimal computational costs.

Ddos Attack Detection and Prevention using Aodv Routing Mechanism and FFBP Neural Network in a Manet

Security is considered as the most important feature in a Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET). There are different types of attacks which may affect the data transmission in MANET but Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attack is one of the complex and harsh worthy in a MANET. In the existing work, it has been found that the researchers have utilized Support Vector Machine (SVM) and fuzzy logic as a classification algorithm to identify the DoS attack in MANET. The problem with SVM and Fuzzy logic is that they are more complex and more time consuming mechanism to detect attackers. Also, in the existing work, Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR) routing protocol is used to find route and it is a searching mechanism which does not include the concept of trust routing table and hence the searching mechanism consumes more energy. To solve the mentioned problems, we are presenting a machine learning approach that is Feed Forward Back Propagation Neural Network (FFBPNN) as a classifier and Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector(AODV) routing protocol for route discovery to shield the network from Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attack. The MANET is trained using FFBPNN. Therefore, when malicious node appears in the network, the node is identified on the basis of the node properties like energy consumption and delay. The route is changed by discarding the malicious nodes from the route and hence the network is protected. The throughputs, PDR have been increased by 60.71%, 53.57% and delay has been reduced by 42.21%.

Secure Data Transmission in Mobile ADHOC Network with Verification of Neighbor Positions

Secure Data Transmission in Mobile ADHOC Network with Verification of Neighbor Positions

A congestion avoidance mechanism in multimedia transmission over MANET using SCTP multi-streaming

Congestion is a challenging problem in Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs) because of resource constraints, and dynamic routing. Congestion control is a big concern in achieving fairness between optimal network resource utilization and end-to-end flow control. In MANETs, with shared resources, when multiple senders contend for the same link bandwidth, data rate by each sender must be adjusted to avoid network overload which causes Quality of Service compromises. Strict ordering of data transmission in Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) causes poorer performance during data transmission in MANETs. Unlike TCP, Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP) has a built-in multi-streaming feature to alleviate this issue caused by strict data ordering when using a single data stream within a transport connection. In this paper, we propose a Congestion Avoidance Mechanism over MANET routing based on Data Priority and Streaming Delay Weights (SDWs) which also utilizes SCTP multi-streaming (namely CAM-SCTP). Our proposal implements a Priority Manager (PM) to effectively select a stream to transmit data based on the data priority and by dynamically computing an SDW value per node. Experimental evaluation of the CAM-SCTP is performed for three different data types. The results show improvement in throughput for all data types while maintaining lower jitter, loss, and overhead.

Cross-layered-based adaptive secured routing and data transmission in MANET

Mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is a self-organising network consisting of a group of nodes connected to each other wirelessly. Due to the self sustaining nature of MANET, it has been used in various applications and provides good communication. However, because of certain features of MANET such as wireless medium, highly dynamic topology, limited resources, etc., the network is easily prone to various attacks which hamper the communication efficiency. The nodes are attacked mainly during the routing process and the data packets are dropped or its authenticity is compromised mostly during the data transmission process. Hence, it is critical to ensure that routing and data transmission process is performed in a secure manner to ensure security of the network. In this paper, we propose to develop a cross-layered-based adaptive secured routing and data transmission technique in MANET. Initially, the multipath routing is performed securely by encrypting every message transmission, to guarantee routing security. Then the highly secured data is transmitted through secure routes to ensure data security. Then the network is examined for intrusions. In this way, network is safeguarded from attacks and hence enhancing network operations.