Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol Research Articles

Modelling and analysis of nuclear reactor system coupled with a liquid metal battery

AbstractTraditionally, nuclear power plants in the U.S. provide baseload power to the power grid because they have less flexibility for ramping their output power than natural gas peaking plants. However, achieving climate goals to reduce the consumption of fossil‐based natural gas places pressure on nuclear power plants and other power generators to ramp up their power output to balance grid generation with demand. This paper presents the modelling and performance analysis of a nuclear reactor system (NRS) coupled to a liquid‐metal battery (LMB) to improve its dynamic response and enable its black start capability. The NRS and LMB thermal behaviour are modelled in Dymola, while the electrical dynamics of the LMB and power grid are modelled in RTDS‐RSCAD. Both simulation platforms are coupled and share their thermal and electrical data using a Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) communication protocol. The dynamic performance of the NRS‐LMB integration is tested on the IEEE 9 bus, which demonstrates its ability to respond and provide frequency and voltage regulation. The black start capability of the NRS‐LMB is also evaluated by simulating a grid outage and using the LMB to supply the auxiliary loads required to bring the NRS back online as soon as possible. The results show that coupling an NRS to an LMB improves the system dynamic performance and enables it to black start after being disconnected from the grid for several days.

TCP/IP stack transport layer performance, privacy, and security issues

Transmission Control Protocol/ Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) is the backbone of Internet transmission. The Transport Layer of the TCP/IP stack, which includes TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) and UDP (User Datagram Protocol) protocols, plays a crucial role in ensuring reliable communication between devices over a network. To come up with measures that make networks more secure, it is important to learn about the vulnerabilities that exist in the transport TCP/IP stack and then have an understanding of the typical attacks carried out in such layer. This paper explores how the TCP Protocol works, the TCP/IP 3 Way Handshake, TCP Header Structure, the typical vulnerabilities and the classical attacks of transport layer TCP/IP, tools, and solutions adopted to prevent and reduce the chances of some of these attacks. The findings indicated that the major TCP/ IP stack transport layer threats include Finger printing, SYN Flood, TCP reassembly and sequencing, IP Spoofing, TCP session hijacking, RST and FIN denial of service attack, Ping of Death, Low Rate/ Shrew Attacks. Their preventive measures and mechanisms are discussed.

Full-duplex wireless light communication using green laser diodes

The integration of wireless light communication into a wireless fidelity (Wi-Fi) module and gateway enables real-time integrated communication networks that satisfy practical application demands. In particular, wireless green light communication tools can operate underwater and in free-space environments. Here, we design, fabricate, and characterize a full-duplex light communication system using green laser diodes (LDs). Operating within the transmission control protocol/internet protocol (TCP/IP), full-duplex wireless data transmission is confirmed in underwater and free-space environments at a communication rate of 10 Mbps. Through connections to a Wi-Fi module and gateway, the system is accessed by the network via the TCP/IPv4 internet scheme, and real-time video transmission is demonstrated.

Real‐time implementation for vulnerability of power components under switching attack based on sliding mode

AbstractIn recent years, cyber security‐related studies in the power grid have drawn wide attention, with much focus on its detection, mainly for data injection type of attacks. The vulnerability of power components as a result of attack and their impact on generator dynamics have been largely ignored so far. With the aim of addressing some of these issues, the authors propose a novel approach using real‐time sliding surface‐based switching attack (SA) construction. This approach targets the circuit breaker, excitation system, and governor system of the generator. The vulnerability of these power components to cyber‐physical attacks and assessment of their potential impact on the stability of generator are discussed. The study is presented to show the progression of cascading generator dynamics on account of single or multiple time instants of SA launched on these power components. The results are discussed according to criteria in terms of deviations in rotor speed of the generator and identify some of possible combinations of power components that are most critical to grid stability. The proposed study is implemented on standard IEEE 3‐machine, 9‐bus network in real‐time digital simulator via transmission control protocol/internet protocol (TCP/IP) communication network established as cyber‐physical system. The sliding surface‐based SA algorithm developed in MATLAB is launched from another computer.

Detecting and Preventing of DDoS Attack in Cloud Computing Environment Based on Hybrid Technique (Cloudflare and WAF)

The adoption of cloud computing has revolutionized data storage and processing globally. Nevertheless, the need for a close watch on security is paramount. Hence, the aim of this paper, to develop a cloud security model that detects and prevents the risks of Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks in cloud computing systems which are gravely potent and, on the increase, today. This was done using two approaches: analyzing Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) header features of incoming packets in cloud computing environment in order to detect and classify spoofed IP address during DDoS attack via a custom-made Web Application Firewall (WAF); and the integration of the cloud resources with Cloudflare. The result shows that a total of 1,625,192 packets were transmitted in a short period which were captured and analyzed via Wireshark. Several TCP errors were observed over a very short time interval which indicated successful DDoS attack effectively crashing the system. The result varied when the custom-made WAF was put in place, and the attacking lab machine launched a TCP syn flood attack against the web server on port http port 80. A total of 2,353,585 packets were transmitted in a short period which were captured and analyzed using Wireshark and contained less TCP errors indicating successful mitigation of DDoS attacks. When the resources were hosted online and integrated with Cloudflare, integrity checks were successful before the resources were loaded, indicating complete mitigation of attacks. Keywords: Bandwidth, Botnet, Cloudflare, Wireshark and Zombie

Deep-ultraviolet light communication in sunlight using 275-nm LEDs

Emerging deep-ultraviolet (DUV) light communication with attractive features fulfills the increasing demand for novel wireless communication without electromagnetic interference or solar noise influence. Here, we propose, manufacture, and characterize a solar-blind full-duplex light communication system using 275-nm DUV light-emitting diodes (LEDs). Four DUV LEDs connected in series form a unit, and the transmitter consists of an array of three independent units, which can be synchronously controlled using a main processing unit to modulate the emitted light. A solar-blind filter is inserted in front of the receiver due to the lack of an ultraviolet photodetector. Both the transmitter and receiver are encapsulated together to manufacture a full-duplex DUV light communication system, which can independently transmit and receive data with a maximal communication distance of 7 m at the same time. All users within a 46 m2 area of the system have access to the DUV communication network through an integrated wireless module. Real-time video is demonstrated and different types of files could be shared. Based on Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP), the system is finally performed in sunlight with a transmission rate of 10 Mbps and a packet loss rate of 1.28%.

Real-time optimized wireless networked control system with cooperative network protocols

In this paper, we present a real-time optimized fuzzy fuzzy proportional integral derivative (FPID)-controlled wireless networked system for a high-torque direct current (DC) motor. The main challenge faced by such systems is the delay in the wireless networked control system (WNCS). We employed a powerful FPID controller tuned using particle swarm optimization (PSO) technique to compensate for the delay. The system is tested on a network using the TrueTime simulator with different parameters. The results show that the system exhibits a very stable response, with the FPID controller compensating for the delay effectively. Increasing the number of nodes negatively impacts the system's performance, resulting in higher overshoot, longer settling time, and longer rise time. Moreover, the choice of bandwidth share and sampling time significantly affects the system's stability and real-time response. The use of transmission control protocol/internet protocol (TCP/IP) or user datagram protocol (UDP) protocols with Node MCU is necessary to transfer data from the Arduino Microcontroller to MATLAB, as MATLAB TrueTime simulator does not support direct serial communication. In conclusion, this study highlights valuable insights into the performance of the proposed system, demonstrating the need for further improvements in the system's design and control algorithms to achieve stable operation.

Efficient congestion control in communications using novel weighted ensemble deep reinforcement learning

In this paper, we introduce Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) for congestion control in the Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) networks. We propose a weighted ensemble DRL model that combines four DRL models Deep Q-Learning (DQN), Proximal Policy Optimisation (PPO), Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient (DDPG), and Twin Delay DDPG (rlTD3). These four models are designed with varying action spaces for efficient congestion control in an Active Queue Management (AQM) system. The proposed model outperformed single DRL models and established congestion control algorithms like Random Early Detection (RED) in normal and stress testing. The proposed model improved throughput by 4% and delays by 10.52% compared to DQN and 2.92% compared to DDPG. The proposed model has shown promising results in managing congestion in dynamic network environments and handling high-traffic loads.

A novel Ethernet based processing system for remote source harmonic detection

This work is carried out to objectively establish a new method to detect harmonics and measure the total harmonic distortion (THD) in a remote source, such as a high voltage transformer. The proposed approach utilized embedded design techniques to construct an embedded processor system with Ethernet intellectual property core to acquire data from a remote harmonics source. The designed system has several notable merits, namely, it is portable that can be applied in the work field, and it avoids workers from being subject to a hazard high voltage shock as well as its simplicity and high accuracy. The harmonics detection and analysis are achieved by inserting a microcontroller system near the high voltage transformer to acquire the necessary data and transmit it to a remote embedded processor system that is used to detect and analyze the harmonics. The microcontroller and the processor systems are connected by a wide-area network (WAN) through Ethernet and transmission control protocol/internet protocol (TCP/IP) protocols. The processor system is accommodated to perform 128 points fast Fourier transform for harmonics detection. Matlab simulations are used to validate the results. It is found that the results match very accurately the simulation results with an error of less than 0.02%.

Design and Suitability Analysis of FPGA-Based TCP/IP Offload Module for Control Systems of FBRs

Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) offload modules play a crucial role in India’s first commercial fast breeder reactor (PFBR) distributed digital control system architecture by providing networking capabilities to the real-time control systems used in safety-critical and safety-related applications of the PFBR. These modules enable operators to remotely control various mechanisms, facilities, and process loops via real-time control systems from the main control room display stations. The malfunctioning of these modules may hamper the overall plant’s availability; hence to improve further upon safety, security, reliability, and performance, these modules have been indigenously developed for upcoming fast breeder reactors in India. This paper proposes methods to justify the suitability of these communication modules as per the D-25 design guidelines issued by the Atomic Energy Regulatory Board of India. The design and testing aspects are covered, including an approach toward hardware descriptive language-based design and testing with respect to the IEEE standard and the TCP/IP protocol specifications. Module design validation based on ethernet frame transactions is detailed in this paper. The test platform design, which includes the diagnostics software design for CPUs designed with these TCP offload modules, and the design of a graphical user interface to detect and record TCP connection anomalies are detailed. The network interface response to postulated events of TCP packet corruption, packet drop, packet delay, out-of-order packets, duplicate packets, and heavy traffic is characterized.

Model-based hardware in the loop control of collaborative robots: Simulink and Python based interfaces

ABSTRACT Collaborative robots are growing exponentially, with applications in the most diverse domains and operating side by side with humans in unstructured and changing environments. Such a scenario requires robot programmers to develop complex applications, integrating Artificial Intelligence (AI), sensing and control, both rapidly and efficiently. Python and model-based design software packages such as Simulink are widely used in engineering, and when it comes to robotics those tools are very important for robot design, simulation and the development of control algorithms before the implementation on the real robot. Python is widely used in AI while Simulink supports several hardware components, facilitating rapid deployment of the developed programs on the target hardware. In this study, a novel Python library (iiwaPy) and SimulinkIIWA are presented to interface KUKA iiwa robots. The iiwaPy is based on the Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) and the SimulinkIIWA on the User Datagram Protocol (UDP). Both support robot motion control (point-to-point and real-time) at the joint level and the end-effector (EEF) level, as well as the monitoring of the robot state (position, orientation, torques feedback). Open-source code and example applications are provided showing the flexibility and the ease of use of the proposed interfaces.

Co-simulation methods for train braking dynamics

The development of train dynamics models usually started with simplified empirical air brake models. Fluid dynamic air brake models are sometimes required for train dynamics simulations to utilise their advantages in physical descriptions and model scalabilities. Due to the high complexity of fluid dynamic air brake models, the most economic approach to add such models to train dynamics simulation is via co-simulations. This paper presents three methods that can be used for co-simulations of train braking dynamics. These models are based on Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP), Open Multi-Processing (OpenMP), and Message Passing Interface (MPI) techniques, respectively. Requirements for co-simulations of train braking dynamics are discussed. Code structures regarding how to implement these techniques for train braking dynamics simulations are presented and discussed. Demonstrative simulations using dummy programs are presented to show the effectiveness of these methods. Comparatively, OpenMP, MPI, and TCP/IP have an increasing level of complexity for implementations as well as commination time overhead. OpenMP and MPI also allow parallel computing to increase computing speeds. For the case of train braking dynamics simulations, the authors’ recommendation regarding the optimum application sequence is OpenMP, MPI, and TCP/IP.

Turning any bed into an intensive care unit with the Internet of things and artificial intelligence technology. Presenting the enhanced mechanical ventilator.

The recent Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic displayed weaknesses in the healthcare infrastructures worldwide and exposed a lack of specialized personnel to cover the demands of a massive calamity. We have developed a portable ventilator that uses real-time vitals read from the patient to estimate -- through artificial intelligence -- the optimal operation point. The ventilator has redundant telecommunication capabilities; therefore, the remote assistance model can protect specialists and relatives from highly contagious agents. Additionally, we have designed a system that automatically publishes information in a proprietary cloud centralizer to keep physicians and relatives informed. The system was tested in a residential last-mile connection, and transaction times below the second were registered. The timing scheme allows us to operate up to 200 devices concurrently on these lowest-specification transmission control protocol/internet protocol (TCP/IP) services, promptly transmitting data for online processing and reporting. The ventilator is a proof of concept of automation that has behavioral and cognitive inputs to cheaply, yet reliably, extend the installed capacity of the healthcare systems and multiply the response of the skilled medical personnel to cover high-demanding scenarios and improve service quality.

Performance evaluation of route optimization management of producer mobility in information-centric networking

<p class="MDPI17abstract"><span lang="EN-US">Named data networking (NDN) is a network service evolving the Internet's host-based packet delivery model. The idea of NDN is to use named data for routing, which specifies what they are looking for, instead of using location addresses that determine where they expect it to be provided. This architecture is expected to solve many issues that are currently faced by transmission control protocol/internet protocol (TCP/IP) architecture, such as scalability, robustness, mobility, security, and etcetera. One of the problems is about handling producer mobility. Considering the explosion growth rate of Internet connection in public transport vehicles, this is a challenge that needs to be overcome. Therefore, we have proposed a new scheme called route optimization management of producer mobility (ROM-P) with new features such as distributing anchor points and caching by using the same data name and com-paring our previous scheme, efficient producer mobility support (EPMS). This paper shows the analysis result between the ROM-P and EPMS by using simulation. All simulations were conducted using ndnSIM 2.4 NS-3 based. Throughout the simulation ROM-P shows a promising development in better performing compares to EPMS.</span></p>

Transmission Control Over Satellite Network for Marine Environmental Monitoring System

The transmission of huge amounts of data generated from various sensors is the basis and prerequisite for the analysis and prediction of the marine ecosystem. The special geographical conditions of the ocean determine that its data transmission is different from the common terrestrial data transmission. In this study, a marine environmental monitoring network architecture is proposed to collect environmental data from marine ecosystems using a heterogeneous network constructed by a multi-hop network and a satellite network. Considering the characteristics of satellite networks, such as high bandwidth delay product (BDP), long latency and high bit error rate, this work proposes a transmission scheme that improves the transmission performance of Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP)-based Internet networks over satellite networks. The improved scheme increases the monitoring data transmission rate, distinguishes between random data loss and congested data loss, rationalizes the threshold in fast recovery, and improves the overall transmission performance of the marine environmental monitoring network. The experimental results show that the proposed scheme can greatly improve the transmission performance of the monitoring network compared with traditional transmission protocols. The network model proposed in this study makes full use of current advanced network technologies, including multi-hop networks, wireless sensor networks, and satellite networks to expand the monitoring area at sea. This study provides a useful reference for the network model and data transmission for ocean monitoring.

Recent upgrading of the nanosecond pulse radiolysis setup and construction of laser flash photolysis setup at the Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology in Warsaw, Poland

Abstract Modification of pulse radiolysis (PR) setup and construction of a new laser flash photolysis (LFP) setup at the Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology (INCT) is described. Both techniques are dedicated to studying fast reactions in real time by direct observation of transients. Time resolution of the PR setup at INCT was ~11 ns, limited by the duration of the electron pulse. Implementation of a new spectrophotometric detection system resulted in a significant broadening of experimental spectral range with respect to the previous setup. Noticeable reduction of the noise-to-signal ratio was also achieved. The LFP system was built from scratch. Its time resolution was ~6 ns, limited by the duration of a laser pulse. LFP and PR were purposely designed to share the same hardware and software solutions. Therefore, components of the detection systems can be transferred between both setups, significantly lowering the costs and shortening the construction/upgrading time. Opened architecture and improved experimental flexibility of both techniques were accomplished by implementation of Ethernet transmission control protocol/Internet protocol (TCP/IP) communication core and newly designed software. This is one of the most important enhancements. As a result, new experimental modes are available for both techniques, improving the quality and reducing the time of data collections. In addition, both systems are characterized by relatively high redundancy. Currently, implementation of new equipment into the systems hardly ever requires programming. In contrast to the previous setup, daily adaptations of hardware to experimental requirements are possible and relatively easy to perform.

WPFD: Active User-Side Detection of Evil Twins

The bothersome evil twin problem has an active user-side remedy in the form of the Wireless Packet Forwarding Detector (WPFD). The evil twin issue can lead to further security problems, including man-in-the-middle (MITM) attacks. Open public Wi-Fi connections have provided potential answers to this issue, although they often need more data that people either cannot get or are too pricey for regular users. The solution that we created does not require these standards. It allows users’ notebooks to be used to check for evil twins. We have succeeded in developing a user-side detection system that can successfully identify the presence of an evil twin. The packet forwarding behavior generated by the evil twin and the TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) protocol are both used by the WPFD. It can identify evil twins without a hitch when we utilize accessible Wi-Fi settings in public spaces or IoT smart homes with unencrypted WLANs (Wireless Local Area Network). However, neither additional data nor a wireless network administrator’s assistance is needed. We compare our work to various publications on popular Rogue Access Points (APs) or IoT (Internet of Things) smart homes. The WPFD does not require any extra setup to install on the host of any end user. According to experimental findings, the WPFD true positive and true negative rates are 100% even when Received Signal Strength Index (RSSI) is 45%.

An accurate retransmission timeout estimator for content-centric networking based on the Jacobson algorithm

Accurately estimating of Retransmission TimeOut (RTO) in Content-Centric Networking (CCN) is crucial for efficient rate control in end nodes and effective interface ranking in intermediate routers. Toward this end, the Jacobson algorithm, which is an Exponentially Weighted Moving Average (EWMA) on the Round Trip Time (RTT) of previous packets, is a promising scheme. Assigning the lower bound to RTO, determining how an EWMA rapidly adapts to changes, and setting the multiplier of variance RTT have the most impact on the accuracy of this estimator for which several evaluations have been performed to set them in Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) networks. However, the performance of this estimator in CCN has not been explored yet, despite CCN having a significant architectural difference with TCP/IP networks. In this study, two new metrics for assessing the performance of RTO estimators in CCN are defined and the performance of the Jacobson algorithm in CCN is evaluated. This evaluation is performed by varying the minimum RTO, EWMA parameters, and multiplier of variance RTT against different content popularity distribution gains. The obtained results are used to reconsider the Jacobson algorithm for accurately estimating RTO in CCN. Comparing the performance of the reconsidered Jacobson estimator with the existing solutions shows that it can estimate RTO simply and more accurately without any additional information or computation overhead.

Predlog realizacije razvodnih postrojenja velikih data centara

Large Data Centers (DCs) needs significant energy that enables uninterruptible and quality power supply for equipment and devices in the building. Connection between DC and Power System (PS) is realized through substations (SSs). Good design of SSs and connections between them, proper equipment dimensioning as well as enabling supervisioning and management of equipment in SSs are basis for achieving high reliability and redundancy in electrical energy power supply. The paper is divided in three parts. In the first part is given a proposal for SSs realization for different voltage levels. There are described components and devices of which SSs are composed and connections between them. Second part refers to protection systems for transformers, busbars and power lines. Special emphasis is on supervision and management for SSs equipment and systems that are described in the third part of paper. In the electrical power part the proposal for a 2N + 1 design of the redundant power supply for DC from PS is given. Challenge for protection system is to enable switch-off one or a few in the many transformers in the case of failure so that on all voltage levels, remaining transformers stay functional without interruption. Functional transformers equally take over the power load of one or more transformers that are in malfunction and turn off from busbars. In the case when one busbar or a busbar system is in fault, it is necessary to enable uninterruptible power supply of the DC through functional busbar systems. Substations equipment is connected to centralized supervisory and management system (SMS) realized according to IEC 61850 standard and Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) architecture. The paper provides a brief view of protocols in IEC 61850 standard and TCP/IP stack that are used in the SMS design. A vision of future automation development and application of artificial intelligence in SSs is presented at the end of the paper.

Деякі підходи підвищення ефективності функціонування інформаційно-комунікаційної системи Державної прикордонної служби України

The article proposes an approach to the development of a methodology for increasing the efficiency of the functioning of special purpose electronic communications systems, especially the electronic communications system of the State Border Guard Service of Ukraine. The State Border Service of Ukraine is a subject of integrated border management. Information and communication systems, in particular, the information and communication system of border control are actively used in the operational and service activities of the State Border Guard Service to ensure the performance of the assigned functions. The technical basis for the transmission of information in the information and communication system is the system of electronic communications. The electronic communications system of the State Border Guard Service of Ukraine is built in the form of a complex network topology of the “star” type and uses the Transmission Control Protocol/Internet protocol (TCP/IP) stack for data transmission and, mainly, static routing, therefore, it does not provide the automatic recovery in the event of a violation of the existing route. Thus, for a certain time, a separate segment of the electronic communications system does not transmit information, as a result of which violations may occur at the state border. In the existing methods for evaluating the effectiveness of the functioning of the electronic communications system, such indicators as performance, stability, reliability of transmission, safety of data transmission are used. But those methods do not take into account the indicator of the dependence of tasks on the network. The study proposes to develop a methodology that would take into account the specified indicator of operational and service activity dependence in the system of indicators of the effectiveness of the electronic communications system. After entering into the system of efficiency indicators of the electronic communications system for special purposes, the operational and service activity efficiency indicator is proposed to calculate the updated efficiency of the electronic communications system when applying one or another routing protocol, network topology options and choose the best one. Key words: State Border Guard Service of Ukraine; integrated information and communication system “Hart”; information and communication system; operational and service activity; electronic communications system.