Transmission Control Protocol CUBIC Research Articles

A survey of transmission control protocol variants

TCP (Transmission Control Protocol), is a reliable connection oriented end-to-end protocol. It contains within itself, mechanisms for ensuring reliability by requiring the receiver to acknowledge the segments that it receives. The network is not perfect and a small percentage of packets are lost enroute, either due to network error or due to the fact that there is congestion in the network and the routers are dropping packets. TCP ensures reliability by starting a timer whenever it sends a segment. If it does not receive an acknowledgement from the receiver within the ‘time-out’ interval then it retransmits the segment. In this paper a review of various TCP is carried out. There are a number of TCP variants for application in the management of network efficiency in terms of network congestion and transmission efficiency. These variants include: - TCP Tahoe, TCP Reno, TCP New Reno, TCP Vegas, TCP SACK, TCP FACK, TCP Asym, TCP RBP, Full TCP and TCP CUBIC. Therefore, the main objective of this paper is to study the tcp types on the network performance variances. All have different features and advantages but with maximal throughput as main objective, which are termed as the clones of TCP, have been incorporated into TCP/IP protocol for handling congestion efficiently in different network scenarios.

Intelligent TCP Congestion Control Scheme in Internet of Deep Space Things Communication

In deep space missions, large-scale deep space information and continuous sensory data are generated, processed, and exchanged over Internet of deep space things (IoDST). Ensuring reliable communication in IoDST requires resolution of challenges engendered by the unique characteristics of IoDST, including long propagation delays, link outages, high error rates, and asymmetric bandwidths. Thus, transmission control protocol (TCP) layer functionalities are crucial for ensuring reliable IoDST communications. However, existing TCP congestion control (CC) protocols present poor performance in IoDST communications, owing to the dependence of traditional window-based CC approaches on pre-configured rules to adjust transmission rate against the aforementioned unique characteristics. In this paper, we propose an intelligent CC scheme called optimistic actor–critic-based TCP congestion control (OAC-TCPCC) to solve the problems of the challenging link conditions in IoDST. OAC-TCPCC dynamically determines optimal congestion window for data transmission over IoDST communication links to maximize the TCP throughput performance and minimize file transfer time. Simulation results reveal that OAC-TCPCC improves the TCP throughput performance by up to 27%, 79%, 92%, 477%, 643%, and 766%; and reduces file transfer time by up to 16%, 37%, 50%, 48%, 58%, and 79%, compared to DRL-CC, TP-Planet, FAST TCP, TCP Peach, TCP BBR, and TCP CUBIC, respectively.

Towards Stability Analysis of Data Transport Mechanisms: A Fluid Model and Its Applications

The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) utilizes congestion avoidance and control mechanisms as a preventive measure against congestive collapse and as an adaptive measure in the presence of changing network conditions. The set of available congestion control algorithms is diverse, and while many have been studied from empirical and simulation perspectives, there is a notable lack of analytical work for some variants. To gain more insight into the dynamics of these algorithms, we: (1) propose a general modeling scheme consisting of a set of functional differential equations of retarded type (RFDEs) and of the congestion window as a function of time; (2) apply this scheme to TCP Reno and demonstrate its equivalence to a previous, well known model for TCP Reno; (3) show an application of the new framework to the widely-deployed congestion control algorithm TCP CUBIC, for which analytical models are few and limited; and (4) validate the model using simulations. Our modeling framework yields a fluid model for TCP CUBIC. From a theoretical analysis of this model, we discover that TCP CUBIC is locally uniformly asymptotically stable -- a property of the algorithm previously unknown.

A Sustainable Solution to Support Data Security in High Bandwidth Healthcare Remote Locations by Using TCP CUBIC Mechanism

Long distance high bandwidth networks are spanning several continents and many remote Healthcare centers are centralizing their data centers for economic reasons. For the best performance of their data centers, TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) performance and data security are the main critical issues in these network scenarios. TCP performance is directly related to its congestion control mechanism which is responsible for detecting and reacting to the overload traffic on the network. Data security is related to the security mechanism being used by sender and receiver nodes during communication. Linux users, which have rapidly increased in the last five years and most of the Healthcare data centers are being deployed on the Linux operating system, focus the researchers to work on Linux to enhance its performance and security accordingly. The Linux operating system uses TCP CUBIC as a congestion control mechanism with TCP during communication. TCP CUBIC became the default congestion control mechanism of Linux in 2006 after kernel 2.6.18. TCP CUBIC is fundamentally a loss based TCP congestion control mechanism and at each packet loss detection, it reduces its Congestion Window ( $cwnd$ c w n d ) size 20 percent instead of 50 percent as in trademark congestion control mechanism Standard TCP. The aim of this paper is to design a new security mechanism that will work with TCP CUBIC to achieve the maximum possible performance and security over the network link. In this paper, Network Simulator 2 (NS-2) is used to compare the performance of TCP CUBIC with state-of-the-art mechanisms in long and short Round Trip Time (RTT), high bandwidth network scenarios. Results show that when new security mechanism is used with TCP CUBIC, overall better performance in the form of protocol fairness, TCP friendliness, goodput, and convergence time is achieved over the network link.

Loss Based Congestion Control Module for Health Centers Deployed by Using Advanced IoT Based SDN Communication Networks

Many healthcare centers are deploying advanced Internet of Things (IoT) based on Software-Defined Networks (SDNs). Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) was developed to control the data transmission in wide range of networks and provides reliable communication by using many caching and congestion control schemes. TCP is predestined to always increase and decrease its congestion window size to make changes in traffic. Nowadays, about 50% IoT based SDN traffic is controlled by TCP CUBIC, which is the default congestion control scheme in Linux operating system. The aim of this research is to develop a new content-caching based congestion control scheme for advanced IoT enabled SDN networks to achieve better performance in healthcare infrastructure network environments. In this research, Congestion Control Module for Loss Event (CCM-LE) is proposed to enhance the performance of TCP CUBIC in advanced IoT based on SDN. Network Simulator 2 (NS-2) is used to simulate the experiments of CCM-LE and state-of-the-art schemes. Results show that the performance of CCM-LE outperforms by 19% as compared to state-of-the-art schemes.

End-to-End Loss Based TCP Congestion Control Mechanism as a Secured Communication Technology for Smart Healthcare Enterprises

Many smart healthcare centers are deploying long distance, high bandwidth networks in their computer network infrastructure and operation. Transmission control protocol (TCP) is responsible for reliable and secure communication of data in these medial infrastructure networks. TCP is reliable and secure due to its congestion control mechanism, which is responsible for detecting and reacting to the congestion in the network. Many TCP congestion control mechanisms have been developed previously for different operating systems. TCP CUBIC, TCP Compound, and TCP Fusion are the default congestion control mechanism in Linux, Microsoft Windows, and Sun Solaris operating systems, respectively. The earliest congestion control mechanism Standard TCP acts as the trademark congestion control mechanism. The exponential growth of congestion window ( $cwnd$ ) in slow start phase of the TCP CUBIC causes burst losses of packets, and TCP flows did not share available link bandwidth fairly. The prime aim of this paper is to enhance the performance of TCP CUBIC for long distance, high bandwidth secured networks to achieve better performance in medical infrastructure, concerning packet loss rate, protocol fairness, and convergence time. In this paper, congestion control module for slow start is proposed, which reduces the effect of the exponential growth of $cwnd$ by designing the new limits of $cwnd$ size in slow start phase, which in turn decreases the packet loss rate in healthcare networks. NS-2 is used to simulate the experiments of enhanced TCP CUBIC and state-of-the-art congestion control mechanisms. Results show that the performance of enhanced TCP CUBIC outperforms by 18% as compared with the state-of-the-art congestion control mechanisms.

Fairness Evaluation and Comparison of Current Congestion Control Techniques.

Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is used by many applications on the Internet for the reliable data transmission. TCP does not able to utilize the available link bandwidth quickly and efficiently in High bandwidth short distance (HBSD) and high bandwidth long distance (HBLD) networks. Many congestion control techniques also known as TCP variants are developed to solve these problems in different network environments. In this paper an experimental analysis is done for the performance evaluation of TCP CUBIC, TCP Compound, TCP Reno and High speed TCP in term of Inter and Intra Protocol fairness by using Network Simulator 2 (NS-2). Results show that the performance of TCP CUBIC pathetically down and TCP Compound and TCP Reno shows good performance in term of protocol fairness. However, these congestion control techniques still need more improvement for the utilization of available link bandwidth in HBLD networks and other network resources.

LTE 기반 모바일 DaaS 환경에서 비디오 스트리밍을 위한 Linux TCP 구현물의 실험적 성능 분석

Recent network environment has been rapidly evolved to cloud computing environment based on the development of the Internet technologies. Furthermore there is an increasing demand on mobile cloud computing due to explosive growth of smart devices and wide deployment of LTE-based cellular networks. Thus mobile Desktop-as-a-Service(DaaS) could be a pervasive service for nomadic users. In addition, video streaming traffic is currently more than two-thirds of mobile traffic and ever increasing. All such trends enable that video streaming in mobile DaaS could be an important concern for mobile cloud computing. It should be noted that the performance of the Transmission Control Protocol(TCP) on cloud host servers greatly affects Quality of Service(QoS) of video streams for mobile users. With widely deployed Linux server platforms for cloud computing, in this paper, we conduct an experimental analysis of the twelve Linux TCP variants in mobile DaaS environments. The results of our experiments show that the TCP Illinois outperforms the other TCP variants in terms of wide range of packet loss rate and propagation delay over LTE-based wireless links between cloud servers and mobile devices, even though TCP CUBIC is usually used in default in the current Linux systems.

Transport Protocol Throughput Fairness

Interest continues to grow in alternative transport protocols to the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP). These alternatives include protocols designed to give greater efficiency in high-speed, high-delay environments (so-called high-speed TCP variants), and protocols that provide congestion control without reliability. For the former category, along with the deployed base of ‘vanilla’ TCP – TCP NewReno – the TCP variants BIC and CUBIC are widely used within Linux: for the latter category, the Datagram Congestion Control Protocol (DCCP) is currently on the IETF Standards Track. It is clear that future traffic patterns will consist of a mix of flows from these protocols (and others). So, it is important for users and network operators to be aware of the impact that these protocols may have on users. We show the measurement of fairness in throughput performance of DCCP Congestion Control ID 2 (CCID2) relative to TCP NewReno, and variants Binary Increase Congestion control (BIC), CUBIC and Compound, all in “out-of-the box” configurations. We use a testbed and endto- end measurements to assess overall throughput, and also to assess fairness – how well these protocols might respond to each other when operating over the same end-to-end network path. We find that, in our testbed, DCCP CCID2 shows good fairness with NewReno, while BIC, CUBIC and Compound show unfairness above round-trip times of 25ms.