Translucent Containers Research Articles

Stability of Vitamin D3 in fortified yoghurt and yoghurt drink (Doogh).

Background:Vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency are recognized as a worldwide problem with serious consequences. Fortification of foods with Vitamin D is a certain approach to improve serum Vitamin D status if the stability of vitamin in the foodstuffs was controlled. The purpose of this study was to examine the stability of Vitamin D3 added to low-fat yogurt and yogurt drink “Doogh” during the products shelf-life.Materials and Methods:Two kinds of Vitamin D3, water- and oil-dispersible forms, suitable for food fortification, were compared to find out whether they show different stability in the products. The products were packed in opaque or translucent containers. The content of Vitamin D3 was determined by high performance liquid chromatography method.Results:Vitamin D was not affected by the heat treatment (pasteurization) and other processes (homogenization and fermentation). Both water- and oil-dispersible forms were stable during the shelf-life of yogurt samples packed in opaque containers. The Vitamin D3 content of yogurt fortified with water-dispersible form and packed in translucent containers was not stable during the shelf-life and significantly reduced after 1, 2, and 3 weeks of storage compared to the day 0. The Vitamin D3 content of samples fortified with the oil-dispersible form packed in the same container was only stable after 1-week and significantly reduced after 2 and 3 weeks of storage. The Vitamin D3 content of Doogh packed in the opaque containers remained stable during the shelf-life while it was not stable in the samples packed in translucent containers.Conclusion:The results suggested that both forms of Vitamin D are suitable for fortification, and opaque container is a better choice for packaging of the product.

Effects of Light on Riboflavin and Ascorbic Acid in Freshly Expressed Human Milk

Millions of dollars each year is spent funding dairy research to better understand every aspect of milk processing, storage, handling, and shelf life. The dairy industry has shown that in animal milks vitamin C is photo-oxidized when exposed to light, which can cause a cascade of other nutrients that may be affected. Expressed human breast milk has had limited research published, mainly recommendations for storage duration secondary to bacterial growth, with scant research on nutrient quality during handling compared to the animal models. In this study, freshly expressed human milk was placed in containers of varying color/UV sensitivity and exposed to light over 6 hours. The laboratory analysis showed riboflavin and ascorbic acid concentrations rapidly decreased in clear containers. The containers wrapped in foil and those of amber color appear to have prevented the photo-oxidation of riboflavin and ascorbic acid. The concentrations of riboflavin and ascorbic acid consistently decreased over a relatively short space of time when stored in translucent containers. The control of photo-oxidation is an important component of maintaining nutrient quality, particularly in foods intended for infants. Minimizing light exposure would provide protection to the nutrients that are susceptible to oxidation. More research is needed to update recommendation for handling expressed human milk to ensure integrity of fragile nutrients in expressed human milk. The authors concluded that amber and other darkened containers that can prevent photo-oxidation of the breast milk could prevent degradation of certain nutrients in stored expressed human milk and possibly the shelf-life. While more research is needed to further identify harmful and helpful aspects of breast milk storage, these findings can establish a foundational understanding and new perspective on human breast milk handling.

CONTAINER OPACITY AND MEDIA COMPONENTS INFLUENCE ROOTING OF POTTED PHALAENOPSIS AND DORITAENOPSIS ORCHIDS

CONTAINER OPACITY AND MEDIA COMPONENTS INFLUENCE ROOTING OF POTTED PHALAENOPSIS AND DORITAENOPSIS ORCHIDS

Light Intensity Effects on Embryos, Prolarvae, and First-Feeding Stage Larvae of the Summer Flounder, Paralichthys dentatus

The effects of light intensity and salinity on eggs and yolk sac larvae of the summer flounder, Paralichthys dentatus, were examined under controlled, laboratory conditions. Fertilized eggs (early gastrula stage), obtained by induced spawning of captive broodstock, were stocked (53 eggs/L) into forty-eight 5-L, cylindrical translucent containers under light intensities of 0 (constant dark), 500, 1,000 and 2,000 lux and at salinities of 26,31 and 36g/L. Temperature was 19°C and photoperiod was 12 L: 12 D. Although hatching success (x = 94%) and larval survival (x = 85%) were not influenced by light intensity or by salinity within the ranges tested, significant (P< 0.05) additive effects on larval growth were observed. At the 97% yolk sac absorbed stage (114-131 hours post-fertilization = hpf), at the first-feeding stage (129.5-135 hpf), and at yolk exhaustion (153.5-159 hpf), notochord lengths were generally maximal at low light intensity (500 lux) and high salinity (36 g/L), and minimal at high intensity (2,000 lux) and low salinity (26 g/L). Yolk utilization efficiency declined (P< 0.01) with increasing light intensity, presumably due to light-induced activity. Largest first-feeding larvae were produced under a low light intensity (500 lux) and a high salinity of 36 g/L. Assuming that largest larvae have highest survival potential under culture, then a low light intensity of 500 lux and salinity of 36 g/L are recommended for incubation summer flounder eggs and yolk sac larvae. In a second experiment, the effects of a broader range of light intensities (50,100,250,500,750,1,000 and 2,000 lux) on growth of first-feeding stage larvae were studied through day 15 post-hatching (d15ph) at 36 g/L salinity. Fertilized eggs were stocked into twenty-one 19-L rectangular, opaque aquaria at a density of 14/L, yielding an initial larval density of 12/L. Temperature was 19°C and photoperiod was 12 L:12 D. S-type rotifers, enriched with Nannochloropsis oculatafor 16-24 hours, were fed at a concentration of 10 ind./mL beginning on day 2 post-hatch. N. oculatawas also added at approximately 300,000 cells/mL. Highly significant (P <0.001) effects of light intensity on growth were evident from d9ph, with a clear trend toward higher growth at lower light intensities. On day 15 post-hatch, mean (SE) notochord lengths ranged from a minimum of 3.88 (0.05) mm at the highest intensity (2,000 lux) to a maximum of 5.84 (0.18) mm at the lowest intensity (50 lux). Survival to day 15 post-hatch averaged 80.2% (range = 66.4-97.3%) among treatments, with no significant differences. Excessive light intensities may increase larval activity and metabolic rates and lower prey capture and utilization efficiency. The results demonstrate that light intensity, even within a seemingly narrow ecological range, has pronounced effects on growth of both pre-feeding and early feeding stage summer flounder larvae under intensive culture. Optimal growth of these early life stages occurred under low illumination levels, presumably consistent with shelf waters where eggs and early larvae of this species prevail in nature.

Temperature Effects on Eggs and Yolk Sac Larvae of the Summer Flounder at Different Salinities

Abstract The combined effects of temperature and salinity on eggs and yolk sac larvae of summer flounder Paralichthys dentatus were examined under controlled laboratory conditions. Fertilized eggs (early gastrula stage), obtained by induced spawning of captive broodstock at 17°C and 36 g/L salinity, were stocked (60 eggs/L) into forty-five 5-L translucent containers at temperatures of 16, 20, and 24°C and at salinities of 22, 28, and 34 g/L. Light intensity was 500 lx, and photoperiod was 12 h light: 12 h dark. At 16°C and 20°C, hatching rate was moderate to high (57.8-99.0%) at all salinities; at 24°C, hatching rate was high at 34 g/L (75.2%) but poor at 28 g/L (0%) and 22 g/L (30.5%), indicating a high-temperature-low-salinity inhibition (P < 0.001). At the first feeding stage and at the stage when 97% of the yolk sac was absorbed (YSA), notochord lengths increased (P < 0.05) with decreasing temperature, from a minimum at 24°C to a maximum at 16°C. Yolk utilization efficiency appeared to show a similar ...

Stability and bactericidal activity of chlorine solutions.

To determine the stability of sodium hypochlorite (diluted household bleach) when stored for 30 days in various types of containers and to determine the efficacy of low concentrations of free available chlorine to inactivate test bacteria. Laboratory-based study. Solutions of standard household bleach were prepared using tap water or sterile distilled water at dilutions of 1:100, 1:50, and 1:5. Chlorine concentrations were measured, and then the solutions were placed into five polyethylene containers and left at room temperature (20 degrees C) under various conditions (translucent containers with light exposure and with or without air; brown opaque container without light or air exposure). Samples for chlorine and pH determinations were taken at time 0 and on days 7, 14, 21, 30, and 40. Bactericidal activity of chlorine solutions was assessed using the Association of Official Analytical Chemists Use-Dilution Method. Test bacteria included Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and Salmonella choleraesuis. Chlorine concentrations at 30 days varied from the 40% to 50% range for 1:50 or 1:100 dilutions stored in containers other than closed brown containers to 83% to 85% for the 1:5 dilution stored in closed but non-opaque containers to 97% to 100% for 1:50 or 1:5 solutions stored in closed brown containers. The lowest concentration of sodium hypochlorite solution that reliably inactivated all the test organisms was 100 ppm. These data suggest that chlorine solutions do not need to be prepared fresh daily, as is recommended currently, and the lowest concentration of chlorine that reliably inactivates S aureus, S choleraesuis, and P aeruginosa is 100 ppm.

Stability and Bactericidal Activity of Chlorine Solutions

To determine the stability of sodium hypochlorite (diluted household bleach) when stored for 30 days in various types of containers and to determine the efficacy of low concentrations of free available chlorine to inactivate test bacteria.Laboratory-based study. Solutions of standard household bleach were prepared using tap water or sterile distilled water at dilutions of 1:100, 1:50, and 1:5. Chlorine concentrations were measured, and then the solutions were placed into five polyethylene containers and left at room temperature (20 degrees C) under various conditions (translucent containers with light exposure and with or without air; brown opaque container without light or air exposure). Samples for chlorine and pH determinations were taken at time 0 and on days 7, 14, 21, 30, and 40. Bactericidal activity of chlorine solutions was assessed using the Association of Official Analytical Chemists Use-Dilution Method. Test bacteria included Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and Salmonella choleraesuis.Chlorine concentrations at 30 days varied from the 40% to 50% range for 1:50 or 1:100 dilutions stored in containers other than closed brown containers to 83% to 85% for the 1:5 dilution stored in closed but non-opaque containers to 97% to 100% for 1:50 or 1:5 solutions stored in closed brown containers. The lowest concentration of sodium hypochlorite solution that reliably inactivated all the test organisms was 100 ppm.These data suggest that chlorine solutions do not need to be prepared fresh daily, as is recommended currently, and the lowest concentration of chlorine that reliably inactivates S aureus, S choleraesuis, and P aeruginosa is 100 ppm.

Light Intensity and Salinity Effects on Eggs and Yolk Sac Larvae of the Summer Flounder

Abstract The effects of light intensity and salinity on eggs and yolk sac larvae of summer flounder Paralichthys dentatus were examined under controlled laboratory conditions. Fertilized eggs (early gastrula stage), obtained by induced spawning of captive broodstock, were stocked (53 eggs/L) into forty-eight 5-L translucent containers under light intensities of 0 (constant dark), 500, 1,000, and 2,000 lx and at salinities of 26, 31, and 36 g/L. Temperature was 19°C and photoperiod was 12 h light:12 h dark. Light intensity and salinity produced significant (P < 0.05) additive effects on larval growth. At the stage when 97% of the yolk sac was absorbed (114–131 h postfertilization, hpf), at the first-feeding stage (129.5–135 hpf), and at yolk exhaustion (153.5–159 hpf), notochord lengths were generally maximal at low light intensity (500 lx) and high salinity (36 g/L) and minimal at high intensity (2,000 lx) and low salinity (26 g/L). Yolk utilization efficiency declined significantly (P < 0.01) with increa...

Orientation flight behavior in honeybees released from open or covered containers ? after or without displacement

Bees captured at the feeding site were released either at a novel site or at the site at which they had been captured. Containers used during transport were either open or covered, thus allowing or preventing, respectively, free view of the panorama. Shortly before release, each bee, regardless of the covering mode used during displacement, was either (i) granted a view of the release site, (ii) allowed to see only overall brightness by covering the container with translucent drawing paper, or (iii) denied any view of the release site. Orientation flights performed by each bee upon release were recorded. Irrespective of whether they had been transported in open or covered containers, bees granted a view of the release site prior to release usually flew away without performing orientation flights, whereas bees prevented from viewing the release site performed intensive orientation flights. An intermediate intensity of orientation flights was displayed by bees leaving translucent containers. Assuming that the intensity of orientation flight is a measure of the state of orientation of the released bee, we conclude that view of the release site, but not view of the environment during displacement, is crucial for orientation.