Translation Speed Research Articles

Quantifying and Visualizing Severe Thunderstorm Motion Uncertainty for Improved Decision Support

Abstract Forecasts and observations of thunderstorm motion are key components of severe thunderstorm communication and decision support for preparedness and protective behaviors, as all National Weather Service (NWS) Storm Prediction Center (SPC) convective watches and NWS warnings contain information about storm translational speed and direction of motion. The goal of this research was to quantify uncertainty in thunderstorm motion using the information contained in NWS watch and warning products. Analyzing severe thunderstorm and tornado watches and warnings from 2008 to 2020, we matched and compared forecasted storm motions given in NWS warnings with those given in SPC watches. Translational speed deviations between watches and warnings exhibited symmetry, with about one-third of warning speeds falling within ±2.5 m s−1 of forecasts. Directional deviations were also symmetrical, with one-third of warning directions within ±9° of forecasts. However, when stratified to account for translational speed, the comparisons revealed greater directional uncertainty for slower-moving storms. Temporal analysis revealed faster and rightward translations in warnings during the latter half of watch durations. Using the distributions of speed and directional deviations, we developed new visualizations to represent both mean storm motion vectors and associated uncertainty sectors, aiding interpretation of motion uncertainties. Quantifiable storm motion uncertainty also can inform estimated ranges of storm arrival times, potentially enhancing NWS communication and decision support with key partners and a range of publics for safer outcomes during severe weather events.

Automated programming approaches to enhance computer-aided translation accuracy

With the continued development of information technology and increased global cultural exchanges, translation has gained significant attention. Traditional manual translation relies heavily on dictionaries or personal experience, translating word by word. While this method ensures high translation quality, it is often too slow to meet the demands of today’s fast-paced environment. Computer-assisted translation (CAT) addresses the issue of slow translation speed; however, the quality of CAT translations still requires rigorous evaluation. This study aims to answer the following questions: How do CAT systems that use automated programming fare compared to more conventional methods of human translation when translating English vocabulary? (2) How can CAT systems be improved to handle difficult English words, specialised terminology, and semantic subtleties? The working premise is that CAT systems that use automated programming techniques will outperform traditional methods in terms of translation accuracy. English vocabulary plays a crucial role in translation, as words can have different meanings depending on the context. CAT systems improve their translation accuracy by utilising specific automated programs and building a translation corpus through translation memory technology. This study compares the accuracy of English vocabulary translations produced by CAT based on automatic programming with those produced by traditional manual translation. Experimental results demonstrate that CAT based on automatic programming is 8% more accurate than traditional manual translation when dealing with complex English vocabulary sentences, professional jargon, English acronyms, and semantic nuances. Consequently, compared to conventional human translation, CAT can enhance the accuracy of English vocabulary translation, making it a valuable tool in the translation industry.

АНАЛИЗ ПРОИЗВОДИТЕЛЬНОСТИ ХМЕЛЕСУШИЛКИ С ЧАСТИЧНОЙ РЕКУПЕРАЦИЕЙ ТЕПЛОВОЙ ЭНЕРГИИ

Drying is an integral part of the technological process of commercial hop production. Depending on the production volume and the level of automation of the process, there are several ways to dry hop cones, including convective, microwave and sublimation. At the same time, dryers have different ratios of quality and productivity. Reducing energy costs for drying hops is an important area in the development of hop growing. In this regard, modernization and analysis of the productivity of hop dryers is a pressing issue in the current conditions of rising production costs. The aim of the research is to analyze the productivity of the MXS-25 hop dryer, modernized by installing a heat pump in the air circulation circuit and having adjustable heat recovery. The air temperature in the drying chamber was successfully controlled in the range of 60 ± 2 ° C. The preheating time required to achieve the air temperature was approximately 0.5 hours, which corresponds to approximately 5% of the total hop drying time. Comparison of the measured and calculated energy consumption values showed that the experimental values were in the range of 10.2 kWh to 11.5 kWh, averaging approximately 10.85 kWh during the experiment. Accordingly, the calculated values were in the range of 8.9 kWh and 10.2 kWh, averaging 9.55 kWh. A series of experiments comparing the drying performance using partial recovery showed that with an increase in the ambient temperature to 24 °C, the maximum relative moisture separation rate reached 6.23 kg/(kWh) with a bypass ratio of 0.86, which was higher than that of 5.54 kg/(kWh) for drying with full recovery. The partial heat recovery system is superior to the full recovery system in terms of energy efficiency and increased hop drying performance.

Stalling North Atlantic Tropical Cyclones

Abstract Tropical cyclone (TC) translation speed influences rainfall accumulation, storm surge, and exposure to high winds. These effects are greatest when storms stall. Here, we provide a definition and climatology of slow-moving or stalling TCs in the North Atlantic from 1900 to 2020. A stall is defined as a TC with a track contained in a circular area (“corral”) with a radius of ≤200 km for 72 h. Of the 1274 North Atlantic TCs, 191 storms met this definition (15%). Ten are multistalling storms or those that experienced more than one stall period. Hurricane Ginger in 1971 stalled the most with four separate stalls. Stalling TC locations are clustered in the western Caribbean, the central Gulf Coast, the Bay of Campeche, and near Florida and the Carolinas. Stalling was most common in October TCs (17.3% of October total) and least common in August (8.2%). The estimated annual frequency of stalls significantly increased over the satellite era (1966–2020) by 1.5% yr−1, and the cumulative frequency in the number of stalls compared to all storms also increased. Stalling storms have a significantly higher frequency of major hurricane status than nonstalling storms. Storms are also more likely to stall near the coast (≤200 km). Approximately 40% (n = 77) of the stalling TCs experienced a period of rapid intensification, and five did so within 200 km of a coastal zone. These results will aid emergency managers in regions that experience frequent stalls by providing information they can use to better prepare for the future. Significance Statement The forward movement of a tropical cyclone can influence rainfall, storm surge height, and exposure time to high wind speeds. Storms that slow down or stall can increase total damage by prolonging the exposure time to intense conditions. This study aims to define a stalling storm and then provide a geographic snapshot into our historical experience with these storms. There have been a consistent number of stalling storms over time, with a modest increase starting in the satellite era, likely as a product of increased observational capabilities. Stalls tend to occur in similar places over time and happen more frequently later in the hurricane season (October) when compared to the middle (August). Emergency managers can use this information to identify the likely location and timing for stalls throughout the North Atlantic tropical cyclone season.

Phosphorylation of P-stalk proteins defines the ribosomal state for interaction with auxiliary protein factors.

Ribosomal action is facilitated by the orchestrated work of trans-acting factors and ribosomal elements, which are subject to regulatory events, often involving phosphorylation. One such element is the ribosomal P-stalk, which plays a dual function: it activates translational GTPases, which support basic ribosomal functions, and interacts with the Gcn2 kinase, linking the ribosomes to the ISR pathway. We show that P-stalk proteins, which form a pentamer, exist in the cell exclusively in a phosphorylated state at five C-terminal domains (CTDs), ensuring optimal translation (speed and accuracy) and may play a role in the timely regulation of the Gcn2-dependent stress response. Phosphorylation of the CTD induces a structural transition from a collapsed to a coil-like structure, and the CTD gains conformational freedom, allowing specific but transient binding to various protein partners, optimizing the ribosome action. The report reveals a unique feature of the P-stalk proteins, indicating that, unlike most ribosomal proteins, which are regulated by phosphorylation in an on/off manner, the P-stalk proteins exist in a constantly phosphorylated state, which optimizes their interaction with auxiliary factors.

Versatile Dual Reporter to Identify Ribosome Pausing Motifs Alleviated by Translation Elongation Factor P.

Protein synthesis is influenced by the chemical and structural properties of the amino acids incorporated into the polypeptide chain. Motifs containing consecutive prolines can slow the translation speed and cause ribosome stalling. Translation elongation factor P (EF-P) facilitates peptide bond formation in these motifs, thereby alleviating stalled ribosomes and restoring the regular translational speed. Ribosome pausing at various polyproline motifs has been intensively studied using a range of sophisticated techniques, including ribosome profiling, proteomics, and in vivo screening, with reporters incorporated into the chromosome. However, the full spectrum of motifs that cause translational pausing in Escherichia coli has not yet been identified. Here, we describe a plasmid-based dual reporter for rapid assessment of pausing motifs. This reporter contains two coupled genes encoding mScarlet-I and chloramphenicol acetyltransferase to screen motif libraries based on both bacterial fluorescence and survival. In combination with a diprolyl motif library, we used this reporter to reveal motifs of different pausing strengths in an E. coli strain lacking efp. Subsequently, we used the reporter for a high-throughput screen of four motif libraries, with and without prolines at different positions, sorted by fluorescence-associated cell sorting (FACS) and identify new motifs that influence the translational efficiency of the fluorophore. Our study provides an in vivo platform for rapid screening of amino acid motifs that affect translational efficiencies.

Role of met-oceanic response to the intensification of tropical cyclones: A comparative analysis on cyclone Tauktae and Yaas

The present study investigates the physical response of surface met-ocean variables during the tropical cyclones (TCs) Tauktae (14–19 May) and Yaas (23–28 May) along the eastern Arabian Sea and western Bay of Bengal respectively using multi-platform datasets. This study synthesizes scientific understanding of the complex interplay between TCs, Marine heat waves (MHWs), and vertical wind shear; and focuses on their combined effects on ocean dynamics. The TC Tauktae developed and rapidly intensified without encountering any MHW event and required longer lifespan (∼3 days) to reach its peak as an Extremely Severe Cyclonic Storm (ESCS). Conversely, prolonged MHW event, persisting for five-fold duration (26 days), significantly influenced the intensification of TC Yaas into a Very Severe Cyclonic Storm (VSCS) within a shorter duration (∼1.5 days). TC Yaas intensified due to vertical wind shear, which transported heat and moisture from the Arabian Sea, creating favorable environment for its growth and development. Furthermore, the low vertical wind shear preceding Yaas provides favorable conditions for the persistence of MHW events. The presence of an anticyclonic eddy along the track played a crucial role in the intensification of TC Tauktae and Yaas. Before TC Yaas, elevated shortwave radiation and reduced longwave radiation played a significant role in sustaining the MHW event, unlike TC Tauktae. After the landfall of TC Yaas, the barrier layer thickness and mixed layer heat content were still high, whereas these were low in case of Tauktae. This signifies that higher translational speed of TC Yaas, relative to Tauktae, leads to reduced churning effects within the ocean, allowing for the retention of a substantial amount of heat within the mixed layer.

A machine learning approach uncovers principles and determinants of eukaryotic ribosome pausing.

Nonuniform local translation speed dictates diverse protein biogenesis outcomes. To unify known and uncover unknown principles governing eukaryotic elongation rate, we developed a machine learning pipeline to analyze RiboSeq datasets. We find that the chemical nature of the incoming amino acid determines how codon optimality influences elongation rate, with hydrophobic residues more dependent on transfer RNA (tRNA) levels than charged residues. Unexpectedly, we find that wobble interactions exert a widespread effect on elongation pausing, with wobble-mediated decoding being slower than Watson-Crick decoding, irrespective of tRNA levels. Applying our ribosome pausing principles to ribosome collisions reveals that disomes arise upon apposition of fast-decoding and slow-decoding signatures. We conclude that codon choice and tRNA pools are evolutionarily constrained to harmonize elongation rate with cotranslational folding while minimizing wobble pairing and deleterious stalling.

Архитектура создания самообучающегося колледжа

The competence approach has firmly gained its place in the world educational paradigm, distinguishing rigid (professional) and flexible (supra professional) skills. But the high speed of technological changes will significantly transform the landscape of the modern labor market, when within the next decades up to a quarter of traditional professions will disappear, and hard skills will be significantly transformed after them. The most important competitive advantage will be the speed of perception and translation of new knowledge, as well as competencies formed on their basis. The key competences for continuous development will be flexible competences (soft skills), some of which will be enriched with basic hard skills. The traditional conservatism of the educational system, the long period of formation of educational standards of training becomes a certain brake on the training of specialists of the future. If rigid skills can be formed based on the existing production base (jobs of the future, which do not exist yet), flexible skills can be formed now. This actualizes the idea of creating self-learning spaces in secondary vocational education institutions. Copying Chris Argyris' idea will not find a positive response, given our realities and the specifics of the Millennial generation, Z generation and later α generation, it will be a good idea to create self-learning spaces in secondary vocational education institutions. The author's developments on the implementation of approaches to the formation of the model of a self-learning college in the institution of secondary vocational education are presented. This approach can be useful for secondary vocational education organizations developing educational, managerial and financial strategies in order to unpack the expertise of the teaching community.

The Future of the Translation Profession in the Era of Artificial Intelligence. Survey Results from Polish Translators, Translation Trainers, and Students of Translation

Technological advancements in computer science have led to the progressive change of the translation profession. In particular, this concerns machine translation, which has fundamentally changed the role of the translator. AI-driven tools, such as neural machine translation systems, have significantly improved translation speed and accuracy, with the translator role resembling that of an editor or proofreader. While translators have viewed the technological progress as a threat to their jobs, machine translation comes with some persistent issues, such as bias or inaccuracies stemming from insufficient context understanding and cultural nuances. Accordingly, the question of the future of human translation is more complex than it may initially appear. This paper presents the results of a pilot study on the perception of the future of the translation profession in the era of artificial intelligence.

Composited sea surface responses to tropical cyclones in the Bay of Bengal during 2003–2020

Tropical cyclones (TCs) in the Bay of Bengal (BoB) caused significant changes in the sea surface as they passed through the sea. To quantitatively study the differences in oceanic responses caused by TCs during pre-monsoon and post-monsoon seasons in the BoB from 2003 to 2020 and the varying importance of TC intensity and translation speed in modulating oceanic responses, the oceanic environmental parameters affected by TCs were composited and analyzed. The spatial distributions show that the responses of sea surface temperature (SST) rather than chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) concentrations and sea surface salinity (SSS) coincided with the maximum response centers of the wind power index (WPi). All the temporal changes in SST, Chl-a, and SSS indicated that the changes induced by TCs began approximately 2–3 days before TC passage, continued to increase during cyclone passage, and then slowly returned to the initial state after at least 8 days. Compared with TC intensity, TC translation speed generally played a less important role in influencing the ocean responses of SST, Chl-a and SSS. This result is somewhat different from previous results in which the response of Chl-a was correlated with TC translation speed rather than TC intensity in the northern Indian Ocean. In addition, the SSS response was positively proportional (R = 0.886) to the TC translation speed in the BoB, which was different from that in the Northwest Pacific. The differences in the responses during pre-monsoon and post-monsoon seasons were mainly in terms of quantity, as all the composited results were similar. In addition, they were more pronounced in their responses but less significant in their correlations during pre-monsoon.

The effects of thumb position on backhand disc golf throws of a mid-range disc

In disc golf, having a comfortable and proper grip on the disc is crucial to achieving optimal throw dynamics, and the placement of the thumb is a key component of the grip. This research investigated the relationship between thumb position on a mid-range disc and the resulting angular speed, translational speed, and torque generated during the throw. Using a Discraft Buzzz disc equipped with a TechDisc sensor, measurements were obtained for throws made using five different thumb positions, starting near the outer edge of the disc (p = 1) and ending near the center of the disc (p = 5). Participants were sorted into two skill level groups that were determined based on their Professional Disc Golf Association rating. Each participant performed five throws at each thumb position with maximum effort, and angular and translational speeds of each throw were measured. The results varied between skill groups, but collective data displayed a general linear correlation between angular and translational speeds achieved across all thumb positions. While angular speed and applied torque were observed to be maximum for the thumb position with the largest radial distance from the center of the disc (p = 1), thumb positions located ∼3–5 cm radially inward from the outer edge (p = 2 and p = 3) resulted in the highest translational speeds. In general, a universally favorable thumb position was determined as that resulting in simultaneously large values of both angular and translational speeds for all participants, which occurred closest to the p = 2 position (∼3 cm from the outer edge).

Glycosylation of tRNA Optimizes Translation Speed and Post-embryonic Growth

Glycosylation of tRNA Optimizes Translation Speed and Post-embryonic Growth

Glycosylation of tRNA Optimizes Translation Speed and Post-embryonic Growth

Glycosylation of tRNA Optimizes Translation Speed and Post-embryonic Growth

Construction of English corpus oral instant translation model based on information security and deep learning

In order to improve the quality of translation, avoid translation ambiguity and accurately present the content of the source language, supported by the concept of deep learning and guaranteed by information security, an instant oral translation model is constructed for English corpus. The aim of this study is to enhance the efficiency and accuracy of oral translation systems through the application of deep learning algorithms. Specifically, we employ a sample training mechanism tailored to the unique characteristics of oral translation, allowing for separate training of system interaction and translation data. Furthermore, by redesigning the interaction hardware, this research comprehensively redefines the hardware structure of the translation system, marking a significant step towards improving the usability and performance of such systems. After obtaining and processing effective security sensitive information, language resources are managed by using database management system, which fundamentally improves the level of network information security. The performance of the existing oral automatic translation system (Test Group 1) and the system designed in this paper (Test Group 2) is tested by experiments, and the results are as follows: (1) The translation system designed here has better interactive performance, and it is better than Test Group 1. (2) The adaptive index value of Test Group 1 is 1, and that of Test Group 2 is 0.5, which proves that the adaptive ability of system algorithm of Test Group 2 is better than that of Test Group 1. (3) When comparing the translation speed, the translation time of Test Group 2 is only 70.7 s, while that of Test Group 1 is 130.6 s, so the proposed translation system is obviously superior to that of Test Group 1.

A Slowdown in Translation Speed of Western North Pacific Tropical Cyclones Undergoing Rapid Intensification

AbstractThis study examines long‐term trends in western North Pacific (WNP) tropical cyclones (TCs) experiencing rapid intensification (RI) from 1971 to 2022. Although there is only a weak slowdown for all intensifying WNP TCs, the average translation speed for RI TCs has significantly decelerated over the RI main development region (7.5°–25°N, 115°–160°E). This slowdown is primarily due to increasing RI probabilities for slower‐moving TCs. By contrast, the RI probability of faster‐moving TCs remains virtually unchanged. These differences in RI trend probabilities between slow‐moving and fast‐moving TCs are primarily linked to a deepening of the WNP mixed layer. TC‐induced sea surface temperature cooling tends to weaken when the mixed layer is deep. During the intensification stage, the deeper mixed layer is more critical for slower‐moving TCs than for faster‐moving TCs. Our findings suggest that RI probabilities for slow‐moving WNP TCs may continue to increase in a future warming climate.

N1-Methylpseudouridine and pseudouridine modifications modulate mRNA decoding during translation

The ribosome utilizes hydrogen bonding between mRNA codons and aminoacyl-tRNAs to ensure rapid and accurate protein production. Chemical modification of mRNA nucleobases can adjust the strength and pattern of this hydrogen bonding to alter protein synthesis. We investigate how the N1-methylpseudouridine (m1Ψ) modification, commonly incorporated into therapeutic and vaccine mRNA sequences, influences the speed and fidelity of translation. We find that m1Ψ does not substantially change the rate constants for amino acid addition by cognate tRNAs or termination by release factors. However, we also find that m1Ψ can subtly modulate the fidelity of amino acid incorporation in a codon-position and tRNA dependent manner in vitro and in human cells. Our computational modeling shows that altered energetics of mRNA:tRNA interactions largely account for the context dependence of the low levels of miscoding we observe on Ψ and m1Ψ containing codons. The outcome of translation on modified mRNA bases is thus governed by the sequence context in which they occur.

Circular Asymmetry of Ocean Mesoscale Eddy

Abstract In the global ocean, mesoscale eddies frequently deviate from a circular shape [circular asymmetry (CA)]. On average, anticyclonic eddies display slightly larger asymmetry than that of cyclonic eddies. Both types of eddies exhibit larger asymmetry during the periods of generation and extinction and smaller asymmetry during the intermediate periods. CA’s spatial distribution is dominantly controlled by the eddy’s rotational speed, radius, meridional displacement, and the background oceanic circulation. A decrease in rotational speed, an increase in radius, moving poleward (toward the equator), and/or moving into regions with smaller (larger) mean dynamic topography can enhance the asymmetry of anticyclonic (cyclonic) eddies. A weak advective nonlinearity of the eddy, represented by the ratio of the eddy’s rotational speed to its translation speed, also helps to enhance the asymmetry. Eddy with an asymmetric structure may be important for marine mixing processes. Significance Statement Mesoscale eddies are often assumed to be circular and symmetric. However, global observations reveal that eddies frequently diverge from a circular shape, displaying circular asymmetry (CA). The asymmetric structure of eddy is poorly investigated in the global ocean, especially in regions close to the strong oceanic currents. This study reported the evolution of eddy’s asymmetric structure and its spatial distribution. Statistical results show that CA is dominantly controlled by the eddy’s rotational speed, radius, meridional displacement, and the background oceanic circulation. This study provides a new perspective on the evolution of eddy’s structure and may be important in oceanic mixing.

Highly architectural MEW scaffolds with superior performance

Melt electrospinning writing (MEW) combines the fundamental principles of electrospinning, a fiber forming technology, and 3D printing. The process, however, is highly complex and the quality of the fabricated structures strongly depends on the interplay of key printing parameter settings including processing temperature, applied voltage, collection speed, and applied pressure. These parameters act in unison, comprising the principal forces on the electrified jet: pushing the viscous polymer out of the nozzle and mechanically and electrostatically dragging it for deposition towards the collector. This article will reveal the correlation between the printing process parameters and the fiber morphology for curved printing fibers below the critical translation speed (CTS), and prepare controllable curved scaffolds by adjusting the electric field strength, which have fully interconnected pores and allow cells to migrate and proliferate. Furthermore, the study verified the advantages of these scaffolds through mechanical and in vitro culture experiments. The results showed that compared with the linearly printed scaffolds, the curved printed scaffolds exhibited better mechanical properties and enhanced cell attachment and proliferation.

Fidelity of global tropical cyclone activity in a new reanalysis dataset (CRA40)

AbstractThis study systematically evaluated global tropical cyclone (TC) activity in a new global atmospheric reanalysis dataset named the “40‐year Global Reanalysis” (CRA40) against the best track data. For comparison, four state‐of‐the‐art reanalyses—ERA5, JRA55, CFSR, and MERRA2—were also assessed. The results showed that there is a general underestimation of global TC genesis frequency and intensity in both CRA40 and other reanalyses. A detailed investigation of spatial distribution, seasonality, interannual variation, and long‐term trend for TC genesis frequency, as well as pressure–wind relationship for TC intensity, revealed similarities and differences among these reanalyses datasets. Overall, CRA40 does not exhibit clear advantages over other reanalyses in these aspects, but its biases are also not more pronounced. However, regarding TC translation speed, CRA40 outpeforms other reanalyses, evident by its high level of consistency with the observation in the zonal average pattern, meridional distribution at peak latitudes, and interannual variation, suggesting its reasonable capability in capturing large‐scale atmospheric characteristics. Our findings indicate that the use of CRA40 is appropriate for conducting TC‐related studies, within the scope of its limitations.