Transitional Positions Research Articles

국제개발협력 분야 경과적 일자리 근로자에 대한 사회적 지지가 직무소진에 미치는 영향 분석

The purpose of this study is to examine the influence on job burnout of KOICA Program Coordinators, one
 of transitional jobs generated by South Korea's Official Development Assistance(ODA) program. Transitional
 jobs, one of the direct job creation projects, are expected to have stepping-stone effects, facilitating the
 transition to better jobs with more work experience and capacity. However, there have been less interest and
 analysis on work condition and positive organizational behavior of transitional workers, especially in the field of
 international development cooperation, in spite of their contribution toward aid effectiveness and their potential
 as key human resources in the future. In this respect, this study analyzed the influence of perceived support
 from Coordinators' supervisor and organization on their job burnout, and how subfactors of
 self-determination--autonomy, competence, and relatedness-- moderate these effects. Specifically, the analysis
 used 86 valid responses from a survey conducted on Coordinators who worked for more than one year
 between 2011 and 2020, and a OLS Regression was performed. The findings indicate that percieved support
 from superiors has a direct and significant effect on alleviating job burnout, and all self-determination
 subfactors also have positive moderating effects that amplified this alleviation. These insights deepen the
 understanding of the work environment and burnout among workers in transitional positions, underscoring the
 significance of perceived supervisor support and self-determination factors in managing their job burnout. This
 study extends the research domain of organizational behavior toward transitional jobs in international
 development cooperation and offers implications for the necessary to establish organizational management
 strategy promoting their positive work experiences.

Модификация парадигмы социокультурного развития локальных сообществ в зеркале модернизации

The article deals with the problem of the evolution of socio-cultural development, analyzes the trends of socio-cultural transformation of local communities of Eurasia. The use of socio-cultural, systemic approaches allows us to formulate the fundamental principles of explaining and understanding the dynamics of socio-cultural development. In the course of the evolution of culture and sociality, there arise contradictions associated with the confrontation between liberal standards and traditional values. In the process of global and local structuring, traditional sociocultures are modified into intermediate forms characterized by transitional positions. The Eurasian socio-cultural space is in a state of expansion, diffusion, there is a state of anomie. There is a gap in the construction of the socio-cultural environment between the past and the present, historically formed socio-cultural structures and institutions are disintegrated. The balance of the socio-cultural space is disturbed. The mechanism of socio-cultural synthesis based on the traditional system of values is deformed and ceases to work. The breakdown of traditional socio-cultural ties and relations worsens the reproduction of the social and human capital of communities. The processes of compression, convection of the socio-cultural world, on the one hand, determine attempts to preserve the foundations of socio-culture, while, on the other hand, the pressure of liberal concepts on socio-cultural development is noted, which contributes to the expansion of the socio-cultural space, being the basis of the emerging paradigm of socio-cultural development. In their design, the models of socio-cultural space development combine tradition, modernity and the archaic as the basic structures of an evolving local community. The principle of coherence helps to ensure the identification of all components and modifications of the socio-cultural system. The practical significance of the research lies in the designation and explanation of the dynamics of the development of the Eurasian socio-cultural space in the context of globalization processes affecting the content, pace, forms and results of evolution, which determines the need to create planning and management mechanisms that would contribute to the preservation of the traditions of socio-cultural development of local communities.

Securing legal reforms to the use of force in the context of police militarisation in Uganda: The role of public interest litigation and structural interdict

This article argues that the failure by the Ugandan government to put in place clear regulations governing the use of force and firearms by the police and armed security forces, particularly during joint police and military operations, as part of arrest and crowd control operations, threatens to violate the right to life, the right to freedom from inhumane treatment, the right to assemble and the right to a remedy under the Ugandan Constitution. It argues that the constitutional, statutory law and case law framework in Uganda can facilitate public interest litigation in order to secure the adoption by the Ugandan government of comprehensive and internationally-accepted standards on the use of force and firearms by police and armed security forces. The article draws on a recent progressive decision of the High Court in James Muhindo & 3 Others v Attorney-General, and the Human Rights Enforcement Act of 2019 to expound on the proactive potential of article 50 of Uganda's Constitution to deliver expedited institutional and human rights-oriented reforms and to afford the courts oversight functions in the implementation of these reforms through structural interdict. These aspects of the public interest litigation framework in Uganda offer a pathway to civilian-led reform in a highly state-controlled, politicised and militarised police and security sector over which Ugandans otherwise have no civilian oversight. Thus, the article explores the potential of public interest litigation as an empowering tool in competing approaches to state formation in transitional contexts and positions public interest litigation as a transformative response to militarisation in a fragile state.

Single cell transcriptomics of human epidermis identifies basal stem cell transition states

How stem cells give rise to epidermis is unclear despite the crucial role the epidermis plays in barrier and appendage formation. Here we use single cell-RNA sequencing to interrogate basal stem cell heterogeneity of human interfollicular epidermis and find four spatially distinct stem cell populations at the top and bottom of rete ridges and transitional positions between the basal and suprabasal epidermal layers. Cell-cell communication modeling suggests that basal cell populations serve as crucial signaling hubs to maintain epidermal communication. Combining pseudotime, RNA velocity, and cellular entropy analyses point to a hierarchical differentiation lineage supporting multi-stem cell interfollicular epidermal homeostasis models and suggest that transitional basal stem cells are stable states essential for proper stratification. Finally, alterations in differentially expressed transitional basal stem cell genes result in severe thinning of human skin equivalents, validating their essential role in epidermal homeostasis and reinforcing the critical nature of basal stem cell heterogeneity.

Biomass and Taxonomic Structure of Microbial Communities in Soils of the Right-Bank Basin of the Oka River

The data have been presented on the microbial biomass content and on the abundances and taxonomic structure of bacterial and archaeal communities in the upper horizons of gray forest (Eutric Retisol (Loamic, Cutanic, Humic)) and alluvial-meadow (Fluvic Gleyic Phaeozem (Loamic, Pachic)) soils of the autonomous, transitional, and accumulative positions of the slope landscape, corresponding to the fallow, small-leaved forest, and meadow ecosystems. Soil microbial biomass was measured by DNA quantification and chloroform fumigation-extraction; the archaeal and bacterial abundances were estimated using the FISH method; and the structure of microbial communities was analyzed via high-throughput 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing (DNA metabarcoding). The microbial biomass and the abundances of metabolically active bacterial and archaeal cells correlated with the organic carbon (Corg) and total nitrogen (Ntot) contents, increasing along the slope from the autonomous to accumulative landscapes, and decreasing with depth throughout soil profiles. The alluvial-meadow soil of the accumulative landscape was characterized by a sharp decrease in the relative abundance of Verrucomicrobia, as well as by the increase in the relative abundance of Proteobacteria and Firmicutes compared to the gray forest soil of the autonomous and transitional positions. The number of operational taxonomic units and α-diversity indices correlated significantly with C/N, Corg, and Ntot and were almost independent of the soil pH. Thus, location in landscape (catena) determined not only the physicochemical but also the microbiological properties of soil, forming the spatial heterogeneity of the microbial community structure and abundance.

What are you waiting for?

When I was hired as an assistant professor in 1969, mandatory retirement at age 65 was the law of the land for tenured faculty members. I was 26 years old at the time, so that seemed impossibly far away. But by the time I was 50, two amendments to federal law had removed all age limits. I could stay in my tenured position forever! That's how, in 2011, I found myself still an active professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in Cambridge at age 68. I might still be in my tenured job today, if not for a meeting that year with the official who administered my federal research funding. ![Figure][1] ILLUSTRATION: ROBERT NEUBECKER > “Professors older than 65 were blocking the way of many young scholars.” The official asked me to investigate how eliminating mandatory retirement had affected the availability of positions for new assistant professors. The question struck me as important but not personally relevant—until my colleagues and I got our results. Our initial intuition was that there would be no substantial long-term effect. We expected to find that the number of open positions dipped just after the law's two changes. After all, the number of available tenure-track faculty slots is essentially fixed—at MIT, there are approximately 1000. To create room for a new faculty member, an existing one has to leave. But after a brief dip, we thought, retirements should return to normal, creating room for new recruits. One word for such intuition: wrong! Through modeling, we discovered that eliminating the retirement age had reduced the number of new slots for MIT assistant professors by 19%, from 57 to 46 per year. Put simply, without a mandatory retirement age, senior faculty members are much slower to leave. When our paper was published, I viewed it as just another finding. But eventually, I had serious reflections about what the results really meant. Around that time, I had hired a postdoc named Navid Ghaffarzadegan. He was a superlative young scholar. Yet he worried that, like many postdocs, he might not be able to get the tenure-track position he sought. There are simply too many applicants seeking too few positions. And I began to realize that I and other professors older than 65 were blocking the way of many young scholars who seek academic careers. I started to wonder whether it was time for me to step aside, but the idea of leaving the job I had been tied to for so long was hard to swallow. (In the meantime, Navid secured that tenure-track position and is now an associate professor with tenure.) Then, the dean of the engineering school heard about our paper and asked me to go over the details with him. It must have resonated with him, because he briefed the department heads about the need for a flexible after-tenure option that would vacate a position and open the way for a new hire. They soon invented “professor, post-tenure,” tossing out an earlier option with the horrendous name “professor without tenure, retired,” or PWOTR, pronounced “pee-water.” Once “professor, post-tenure” was announced in 2016, I found it increasingly attractive. It wasn't the same as “emeritus”—not full retirement. I could retain my office, teach and supervise students, and be a principal investigator on research grants—all with great flexibility. I would get to choose which projects I wanted to do and be paid accordingly, up to 49% of my previous salary. I could also access retirement and pension funds. My wife and I would be able to spend more time together and with our children and grandchildren. Decision made! I submitted my tenure resignation in 2017. I've enjoyed every minute since, busy as ever but only on activities I select—such as MIT BLOSSOMS, a project I co-founded to create interactive video lessons for high school math and science classes. I feel lucky to have this option. Too few institutions offer these types of transitional positions to ease the challenge for us senior professors. At 74, I in essence removed 9 years from someone else's career. I should have stepped aside sooner. [1]: pending:yes

A role of the state in a development of the mineral raw base of solid useful minerals

An issue about the role of the state in a development of the mineral raw base of the solid useful minerals in economic development of Russia has been considered. Formerly powerful geological exploration sector of our country, at least its «state» part, has been notified not to have adopted to the market relations. A conclusion has been done that at the modern stage of the forming of the new strategic system of mineral resources investigations, the transitional positions are suitable, allowing the maximal usage of existing possibilities and resources of the state management with maintaining a key role of the state in the issues of studying and development of mineral raw base.

Evolution of the Preliminary Clinical Year and the Case for a Categorical Diagnostic Radiology Residency

PurposeWhile other specialties traditionally utilizing a segregated clinical internship year have slowly progressed toward integrated training curricula, diagnostic radiology has been slow to adopt this path. The aim of this study was to analyze the trends in stand-alone preliminary clinical years as well as the shift toward categorical residencies currently being undertaken in other specialties. Advantages of mimicking the trends of other specialties and current integrated radiology programs are discussed. The perception of diagnostic radiology as a competitive specialty is explored, and the prospect of change as a recruiting tool is examined. MethodsData assimilated by the NRMP from 1994 through 2016 were processed and analyzed. ResultsThe total number of postgraduate year (PGY) 1 preliminary year programs has remained relatively constant over the past 10 years despite a gradual increase in overall NRMP applicants. The proportion of these programs offered as a transitional year declined from 31% in 1994 to 20% in 2016. The proportion of categorical anesthesiology positions gradually rose from 43% in 2007 to 70% in 2016. The fraction of categorical neurology positions increased from 30% in 2007 to 59% in 2016. The percentage of diagnostic radiology programs beginning at the PGY 1 level has been relatively constant at 12% to 14% since 2007. Dermatology has increased advanced (PGY 2) positions while decreasing categorical (PGY 1) positions. Those matching in diagnostic radiology have performed at a high level compared with the composite NRMP average since 2007. In the 2015 match, there were 65 diagnostic radiology programs that did not fill all of their offered positions. Of the institutions housing these programs, only 22% of them had preliminary internal medicine or transitional year positions available after the match. ConclusionsIn response to the evolving nature of health care and graduate medical education, other specialties are gradually shifting toward curricular structures that begin at the PGY 1 level. By considering such a transition, diagnostic radiology would be well served to position itself as a valuable clinical specialty while maintaining a lesser dependence on other specialties to train its physicians.

Improved cyclic stability of LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 via Ti substitution with a cut-off potential of 4.5 V

To improve the cyclic stability of LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 cycled between 2.8 and 4.5V vs. Li/Li+, titanium was incorporated into LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 at various molar concentrations of 1, 2, 3 and 5% during the synthesis. The XRD, EDS and XPS analyses indicated that the titanium ions were effectively incorporated into the lattice of ternary oxides by occupying the transitional metal positions. Among the investigated molar concentrations, 2% Ti-substituted LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 exhibited the best multifaceted performances with a relatively high capacity (205.7mAhg−1 at 0.1C), good rate capability (178.2mAhg−1 at 1C, 155.3mAhg−1 at 5C) and acceptable cyclic stability (86.9% at the 200th). The post-mortem analysis indicated that Ti substitution alleviates cracking from secondary particles to primary ones. This behavior is most likely due to the decreased ratio of volumetric deformation (i.e., 4.82% for the 2% Ti-substituted sample, which is 19.8% lower than that of the pristine one). Our results demonstrate that mechanical properties may play a crucial role in its long cyclability for use as a high-capacity ternary cathode.

A combined paleomagnetic/dating investigation of the upper Jaramillo transition from a volcanic section at Tenerife (Canary Islands)

A coupled paleomagnetic/dating investigation has been conducted on a sequence of 25 successive lava flows, emplaced during the upper transition of the Jaramillo subchron in Tenerife, Canary Islands. This sequence is located along the western wall of the Güímar collapse scar, in the south central part of the island. Nine flows distributed throughout this sequence were dated using unspiked K/Ar and 40Ar/39Ar methods. They bracket the section between 1009±22 ka and 971±21 ka (2σ). A first group of 8 flows at the bottom of the sequence is characterized by normal polarity with paleointensity values of the order of present-day field intensity in the Canary Islands. The virtual geomagnetic poles (VGP) of these 8 flows describe a short loop at high latitudes. Seven overlying flows are transitional in directions and dated between 991±14 ka and 1002±11 ka consistently with published ages of the upper Jaramillo reversal. This second group of flows is characterized by low paleointensity values (around 8–12 μT) that are less than 30% of the present dipole value in Tenerife. The VGPs of the first two transitional flows lie over northeastern Pacific whereas the five following transitional flows have all negative inclinations and their VGPs lie initially over East Antarctica, then describe a northward loop almost reaching New Zealand. The final group of ten flows yield intensities varying between 20 and 35 μT and VGPs close to the southern pole with two of them describing a small amplitude second loop to southeastern Pacific. Assuming a constant extrusion rate as a very first approximation, the distribution of the obtained ages suggests a duration of 7.6±5.6 ka for the transitional interval. The obtained transitional positions of VGPs are consistent with the path reported for the same reversal from North Atlantic sediments but are different from the only other volcanic record from Tahiti. The intensity low characterizing the transitional interval remains the best tie point, centered at 996±7 ka (2σ) relative to 28.02 Ma FC sanidine.

Tunisia's women: partners in revolution

This paper examines gender politics of the Tunisian revolution and the transitional period from 14 January 2011 to the elections on 23 October 2011 within the theoretical framework of revolutionary ‘restoration’. The broader arc of the revolution saw a radical change in Tunisia's gender politics from ‘state-feminist’ ideology of the pre-revolution period to decentralised ‘gender activisms’ of the post-revolutionary period. Revolution, however, also moves towards restorations of social and gender dynamics of the previous political order. The post-revolutionary ‘gender activisms’ sought to restore the justice of foundational moral principles: ‘secular human rights’ or ‘Islamist principles’. The transitional government also restored the gendered hierarchies reminiscent of the nationalist period. The restoration of the foundational principles of the Tunisian state and Third World nationalist discourse signalled the persistence of a gender paradox where Tunisian women's social struggles coexisted within the male-gendered politics. The paper presents accounts of women's marginalisation from the post-revolutionary transitional committees, the transitional governments' ministerial positions and from the media. The interviews show diversity in political opinions and orientations between women from different social classes, religious identifications and from different regions.

High frequency oligonucleotides: targeting active gene (HFO-TAG) markers revealed wide genetic diversity among Citrullus spp. accessions useful for enhancing disease or pest resistance in watermelon cultivars

There is a continuous need to enhance watermelon cultivars for disease and pest resistance. Different U.S. Plant Introductions (PIs) of Citrullus lanatus subsp. lanatus var. lanatus [also known as C. lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. et Nakai subsp. lanatus var. citroides (Bailey) Mansf. ex Greb.] (CLC) collected in southern Africa are a useful source for enhancing disease or pest resistance in watermelon cultivars. They are also valuable as rootstocks for grafted watermelon, particularly in fields infested with root-knot nematodes or Fusarium wilt. However, there is little information about genetic relationships among these PIs. In this study, genetic diversity was examined among 74 CLC PIs collected from their center of origin in southern Africa. Also, 15 Citrullus lanatus subsp. lanatus (CLL) PIs and the American heirloom cultivars Charleston Gray and Black Diamond (Citrullus lanatus subsp. vulgaris (Schrader ex Eckl. et Zeyh.) Fursa) (CLV) and five Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrader (CC) PIs collected in different locations throughout the world were used as out-groups in the phylogenetic analysis for the CLC PIs. Twenty-three high frequency oligonucleotides—targeting active gene (HFO-TAG) primers were used in polymerase chain reaction (PCR) experiments to produce a total of 562 polymorphic markers among the Citrullus PIs and cultivars. Cluster and multidimensional scaling plot analysis produced distinct groups of CLC, CLL, and CC PIs. Several PIs that were designated as CLC or CLL were in transitional positions, indicating that they are the result of gene flow between the major Citrullus groups or subgroups. Population structure analysis indicated that CLC comprises two subgroups; each containing a set of unique alleles. Also, unique alleles exist in the CLL and the CC genotypes. Overall, broad genetic diversity exists among the Citrullus PIs. The data in this study should be useful for identifying PIs with a wide genetic distance between them that could be used in breeding programs aiming to develop heterotic F1 hybrid rootstock lines for grafted watermelon.

Acid-base buffering of soils in transitional and transitional-accumulative positions of undisturbed southern-taiga landscapes

The method of continuous potentiometric titration (CPT) of soil water suspensions was used to evaluate the acid-base buffering of samples from the major genetic horizons of podzolic soils on a slope and soddy gley soils on the adjacent floodplain of a rivulet. In the soils of the slope, the buffering to acid upon titration from the pH of the initial titration point (ITP) to pH 3 in all the horizons was 1.5–2.0 times lower than that in the podzolic soils of the leveled interfluve, which could be due to the active leaching of exchangeable bases and oxalate-soluble aluminum and iron compounds with the later soil flows. In the soddy gley soils, the buffering to acid in the mineral horizons was 2–10 times higher than that in the podzolic soils. A direct dependence of the soil buffering to acid on the total content of exchangeable bases and on the content of oxalate-soluble aluminum compounds was found. A direct dependence of the buffering to basic upon titration from the ITP to pH 10 on the contents of the oxalate-soluble aluminum and organic matter was observed in the mineral horizons of all the studied soils. The soil treatment with Tamm’s reagent resulted in the decrease of the buffering to acid in the soddy gley soils of the floodplain, as well as in the decrease of the buffering to basic in the soils on the slopes and in the soddy gley soils. It was also found that the redistribution of the mobile aluminum compounds between the eluvial, transitional, and transitional-accumulative positions in the undisturbed southern taiga landscapes leads to significant spatial differentiation of the acid-base buffering of the mineral soil horizons with a considerable increase in the buffer capacity of the soils within the transitional-accumulative terrain positions.

Carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide fluxes in soil catena across the right bank of the Oka River (Moscow oblast)

The flux rates of carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide in the soils on autonomous, transitional, transitional-accumulative, and accumulative positions of a catena on the Oka River’s right bank (Moscow oblast) were assessed using the chamber method. The lowest rate of C-CO2 emission (18.8–29.8 mg/m2 per hour) was found for the gray forest soil in the autonomous position, and the highest rate (52.4–66.1 mg/m2 per hour) was found for the alluvial meadow soil of the accumulative landscape. In the summer, the uptake of methane from the atmosphere exceeded its release from the soil at all the points of the catena (9–38 μg/m2 per hour). The highest rate of the C-CH4 uptake was observed for the soil in the transitional position. In the fall, the soils in the autonomous, transitional, and transitional-accumulative positions served as a sink of C-CH4, and the soil of the accumulative position was a source of methane emission. The rate of the N-N2O emission from the catena soils increased when going from the autonomous position to the accumulative one (0.41–11.2 μg/m2 per hour). The spatial variation of the C-CO2, C-CH4, and N-N2O fluxes within the catena was 33, 172, and 138%, respectively. The upper (0- to 10-cm) soil layer made the major contribution to the emission of carbon dioxide. This soil layer was characterized by its C-CH4 uptake, and the emission of methane was typical for the deeper (0- to 20-cm) layer. The layers deeper than 10 and 20 cm emitted more N-N2O than the surface layer.

Clay mineral assemblages and analcime formation in a Palaeogene fluvial–lacustrine sequence (Maíz Gordo Formation Palaeogen) from northwestern Argentina

The Palaeogene Maíz Gordo Formation is one of the main lacustrine events recorded in northwestern Argentina. It consists of sandstone, mudstone, and limestone beds 200 m thick, deposited in a brackish–alkaline lake and braided alluvial systems. The Maíz Gordo Lake evolved mainly as a closed system, with brief periods as an open one. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to study samples from seven sites, corresponding respectively to proximal, intermediate, and transitional positions of the fluvial environment and marginal and inner-lake environment, focusing on the clay mineralogy and analcime formation. The basinward zonation of diagenetic minerals identified in the Maíz Gordo Lake was: mordenite → analcime → K-feldspar. Although not a typical zonation of saline–alkaline lakes, it does indicate an increase in salinity and alkalinity towards the centre. In proximal fluvial settings, smectite predominates at the base of the sequence, with scarce kaolinite. Towards the top, a striking increase in kaolinite content suggests a change from a relatively arid climate with alternating humid and dry seasons, towards a warm and humid climate. Kaolinite content clearly decreases in a basinward direction. Such a variation is attributable to changes in hydro-geochemistry, denoting the progressive influence of the brackish and alkaline lake water on interstitial pores. SEM images of intermediate fluvial samples reveal authigenesis of illite at the expense of kaolinite booklets. In littoral and inner-lake settings the clay fraction is composed of muscovite, sometimes with subordinate smectite. Analcime occurs in variable amounts in all sedimentary facies, in rock pores or filling veins. It forms subhedral square to hexagonal, or anhedral rounded crystals, denoting that they coarsened at low to moderate degrees of supersaturation. Although the mordenite identified in a fluvial level would have been the precursor of analcime in the Maíz Gordo Basin, no textural evidence of analcime formation through replacement of mordenite or other precursor zeolite was found. Hence it is more probable that analcime formation took place by direct authigenic precipitation or through the reaction between interstitial brines and clay minerals or plagioclase.

The Saprotrophic Bacterial Complex in the Raised Peat Bogs of Western Siberia

The population density of bacteria in peat deposits along the landscape profile of the Vasyugan Marsh has been found to be as high as tens of millions of CFU/g peat. The abundance and diversity of bacteria increased with depth within the peat deposit, correlating with an increasing level of peat degradation. Variations in these parameters with depth and season were greater in peat deposits located in transaccumulative and transitional positions than in the sedge-sphagnum bogs located at the eluvial region of the profile. In the upper 1-m-thick layer of the peat deposits studied, bacilli, represented by five species, dominated, whereas, in the deeper layers, spirilla and myxobacteria prevailed. These bacteria were major degraders of plant polymers. Unlike the bacterial communities found in the peat deposits of European Russia, the dominant taxa in the studied peat deposits of Western Siberia are represented by bacteria resistant to extreme conditions.

Women's Encounters With the Mental Health Establishment: Escaping the Yellow Wallpaper Voices of Hope: Conversations With Helen L. Shore Diagnosis: Schizophrenia: A Comprehensive Resource for Patients, Families, and Helping Professionals Children of Jonah: Personal Stories by Survivors of Suicide Attempts Walk With Me Nothing to Hide: Mental Illness in the Family Changing Minds: Our Lives and Mental Illness

Women's Encounters With the Mental Health Establishment: Escaping the Yellow Wallpaper Voices of Hope: Conversations With Helen L. Shore Diagnosis: Schizophrenia: A Comprehensive Resource for Patients, Families, and Helping Professionals Children of Jonah: Personal Stories by Survivors of Suicide Attempts Walk With Me Nothing to Hide: Mental Illness in the Family Changing Minds: Our Lives and Mental Illness

Paleosecular variation during sequential geomagnetic reversals from Hawaii

Paleomagnetic directions measured from 175 flows in four volcanic sequences on the island of O'ahu (Hawaii) cover about 0.3 m.y. of geomagnetic field changes and include detailed records of the successive Gilbert-Gauss (3.57 Ma) and Lower Mammoth reversals (3.33 Ma). The dominant pattern of the directional changes is the presence of large inclination variations with increasing amplitude and steep values during the transitional periods. The morphology of these recurring features during different transitions is reminiscent of the characteristics of the non-dipole field inferred from studies of paleosecular variation in the Pacific. These observations are consistent with transitional mechanisms yielding the emergence of non-dipole components with characteristics similar to those during periods of stable polarity. The three different records of the lower Mammoth reversal show that clusters of transitional pole positions are not reproducible between parallel sections and are thus linked to local eruptions and not to long-lived states of the transitional field.

Developmental anatomy of theDrosophila brain: Neuroanatomy is gene expression

On-line databases of anatomical information are being compiled for a number of genetically manipulable organisms, including the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster. Based on the success of the molecular databases that preceded them, they face formidable problems in data cataloguing, storage, and retrieval. The prospect for such databases, which is apparent already, is to alter permanently the approach to neuroanatomy in such species. Experience with Drosophila indicates the possibility to arbitrate controversies over and, in some cases, to redefine the borders drawn in the brain by conventional neuroanatomical methods. Two publications in this issue of Journal of Comparative Neurology by Nassif et al. and by Hartenstein et al. highlight one of the first demonstrations of a further opportunity in Drosophila. In some cases, it is already possible to suggest how individual cellular elements--neurons, tracts, and neuropil regions--might be traced from the time when they first express a precocious marker, such as the product of the fasciclin-II gene, through the metamorphic pupal stage, and into the adult. In this way, it becomes possible to identify the structures of the adult brain from the time of their first emergence in the embryo and to follow their transitional positions throughout the course of development. Critical in this process is the neuroanatomical organization of the larval brain, which contains not only the fully functional central nervous system of the larva but also the developing elements of the adult brain, because this holds the key to understanding both the cellular elements that are inherited from the embryo and the elements that are in the process of forming the adult nervous system.

Geomagnetic paleointensities derived from volcanic rocks of the Quaternary East Eifel volcanic field, Germany

Geomagnetic paleointensities have been determined for 18 rock units of basanitic, thephritic or nephelinitic composition from the Quaternary East Eifel volcanic field (Germany). In general the rocks are well suited for paleointensity determination and gave consistent results of paleointensity. For each rock unit at least five individual values have been measured with the Thellier method. Compared with the present day field of 48 μT the unweighted mean paleointensity values range from 29 to 62 μT with relative standard errors mostly below 10%. Paleointensity values are concentrated at 30 and 50 μT with a gap at 40 μT. The distribution is bimodal rather than Gaussian, although all paleopoles lie close to the geographic pole. This cannot be explained by the very discontinuous distribution of volcanic activity in time which took place mainly around 200 and 400 ka. In each age group both low and high paleointensity values are found. However, a further temporal separation within each age group cannot be excluded. Furthermore, the paleointensity values of the West Eifel volcanic field show a similar bimodal distribution which indicates that this case seems to be connected with a geomagnetic excursion recorded in those rocks. Therefore it might be considered that the East Eifel rocks recorded a characteristic feature of the earth's magnetic field namely a quasi-cyclic variation of paleointensity. On the other hand, the now available global data set of 128 virtual dipole moment values from the Brunhes chron and older than 30 ka shows an almost Gaussian distribution with a mean value of 7.4 ± 3.4 · 10 22 Am 2, if 14 values with transitional pole positions are excluded. A quasi-cyclic variation of the dipole moment therefore does not seem to be a persistent global characteristic of the earth's magnetic field.