Transitional Phenomenon Research Articles

Numerical simulation of two-phase oil–water flow in fractured-vuggy reservoirs based on the coefficient of porous medium proportion and coupled regions

Based on the flow characteristics of fluids in various reservoir media, fractured-vuggy oil reservoirs can be classified into seepage zones and conduit flow zones. An interface exists between these two regions, where the movement of formation fluid near this interface is characterized by a coupling or transitional phenomenon between seepage and conduit flow. However, the complexity of this coupling interface poses challenges for traditional numerical simulations in accurately representing the intricate fluid dynamics within fractured-vuggy oil reservoirs. This limitation impacts the development planning and production adjustment strategies for fractured-vuggy oil reservoirs. Consequently, achieving accurate characterization and numerical simulation of these systems remains a critical challenge that requires urgent attention. A new mathematical model for oil-water two-phase flow in fractured-vuggy oil reservoirs is presented, which developed based on a novel coupling method. The model introduces the concept of the proportion coefficient of porous media within unit grids and defines a coupling region. It employs an enhanced Stokes–Brinkman equation to address the coupling issue by incorporating the proportion coefficient of porous media, thereby facilitating a more accurate description of the coupling interface through the use of the coupling region. Additionally, this proportion coefficient characterizes the unfilled cave boundary, simplifying the representation of model boundary conditions. The secondary development on the open-source fluid dynamics software is conducted by using matrix & laboratory (MATLAB). The governing equations of the mathematical model are discretized utilizing finite volume methods and applying staggered grid techniques along with a semi-implicit calculation format for pressure coupling—the Semi-Implicit Method for Pressure Linked Equations algorithm—to solve for both pressure and velocity fields. Under identical mechanism models, comparisons between simulation results from this two-phase flow program and those obtained from Eclipse reveal that our program demonstrates superior performance in accurately depicting flow states within unfilled caves, thus validating its numerical simulation outcomes for two-phase flow in fractured cave reservoirs. Utilizing the S48 fault-dipole unit as a case study, this research conducted numerical simulations to investigate the water-in-place (WIP) behavior in fractured-vuggy oil reservoirs. The primary focus was on analyzing the upward trend of WIP and its influencing factors during production across various combinations of fractures and dipoles, thereby validating the feasibility of the numerical modeling approach in real-world reservoirs. The simulation results indicated that when multiple dissolution cavities at different locations communicated with the well bottom sequentially, the WIP in the production well exhibited a staircase-like increase. Furthermore, as the distance between bottom water and well bottom increased, its effect on water intrusion into the well diminished, leading to a slower variation in the WIP curve. These characteristics manifested as sudden influxes of water flooding, rapid increases in water levels, and gradual rises—all consistent with actual field production observations. The newly established numerical simulation method for fractured-vuggy oil reservoirs quantitatively describes two-phase flow dynamics within these systems, thus effectively predicting their production behaviors and providing guidance aimed at enhancing recovery rates typically observed in fractured-vuggy oil reservoirs.

Nonlinear analysis and recognition of epileptic EEG signals in different stages.

It is a hot problem in epilepsy research to detect and predict seizures by EEG signals. Clinically, it is generally observed that there are only sudden abnormal signals during the ictal stage, but there is no significant difference in the EEG signal between the interictal and preictal stages. To solve the problem that preictal signals are difficult to recognize clinically, and then effectively improve the recognition efficiency of epileptic seizures, so, in this paper, some nonlinear methods are comprehensively used to extract the hidden information in the EEG signals in different stages, namely, phase space reconstruction (PSR), Poincaré section (PS), synchroextracting transform (SET), and machine learning for EEG signal analysis. First, PSR based on C-C method is used, and the results show that there are different diffuse attractor trajectories of the signals in different stages. Second, the confidence ellipse (CE) is constructed by using the scatter diagram of the corresponding trajectory on PS, and the aspect ratio and area of the ellipse are calculated. The results show that there is an interesting transitional phenomenon in preictal stage. To recognize ictal and preictal signals, time-frequency (TF) spectrums, which are processed by SET, are fed into the convolutional neural network (CNN) classifier. The accuracy of recognizing ictal and preictal signals reaches 99.7% and 93.7%, respectively. To summarize, our results based on nonlinear method provide new research ideas for seizure detection and prediction.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Our results based on nonlinear method have better practical significance and clinical application value and improved the prediction efficiency of epileptic EEG signals effectively. This work provides direct insight into the application of these biomarkers for seizure detection and prediction.

Detecting phase transitions in lattice gauge theories: Production and dissolution of topological defects in 4D compact electrodynamics

We present the application of microcanonical inflection point analysis (MIPA)—a novel and powerful method for the systematic identification and classification of phase transitions (PTs)—to the microcanonical formulation of lattice gauge theories. Specifically, we explore how this approach sheds light on collective phenomena such as the emergence of topological order in quantum field theories. As a case study, we show how to systematically characterize PTs in 4D U(1) lattice electrodynamics. Beyond identifying the well-established deconfinement PT (DPT) associated with pair dissolution, classified as a first-order PT, we uncover two higher-order PTs not observed before. Thanks to the application of the MIPA, we identify an independent third-order PT in the confined phase and indications of a dependent third-order PT in the deconfined (Coulomb) phase. To gain physical insights into these PTs, we numerically compute the average number density of monopolar and pair defects as a function of energy. Notably, our findings reveal that the pair dissolution mechanism extends beyond a singular transitional phenomenon coinciding with the DPT. Instead, it encompasses a spectrum of transitional phenomena, as indicated by the rates of acceleration and deceleration in the dissolution of pairs as a function of energy. Finally, we briefly discuss how such a method can be extended to more complex quantum field theories on a lattice. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

Transition to oscillatory instability of lean methane–air flames in microchannels

Micro-flow reactors and porous media burners are prone to instability in the form of flame with repetitive extinction and ignition (FREI) near the region of a temperature gradient. Although significant progress has been made in this field, there is still a lack of understanding regarding the nature of such stable-to-unstable transition. Some studies reported a smooth and continuous instability transition in microchannels, interpreting this phenomenon as a supercritical bifurcation. Meanwhile, others have observed that the transition is subcritical, with rapid, stepwise evolution of the stable flame to FREI. This study aims to rigorously determine the transition character theoretically and numerically using a two-dimensional model with a precise resolution of the bifurcation parameter (flow velocity) near the critical point and gradual wall temperature ramp. The results indicate that the transition is a subcritical bifurcation with strong hysteresis. However, the amplitude of the limit cycle born in the bifurcation point could be small compared to FREI-like oscillations. Moreover, further development of the instability depends significantly on the channel width. In relatively wide channels, the stable regime transforms immediately into the extinction/ignition one with rapid growth in amplitude. In moderate channels, complex transitional dynamics were observed with an evident pulsating regime, which evolved into FREI through mixed-mode oscillations. In narrow channels, the amplitude of transitional pulsating flame becomes comparable to the fully-developed extinction/ignition cycles, and the bifurcation diagram has a continuous character with no significant jumps or discontinuities. Such qualitative variation of transition character provides a possible explanation for contradictory interpretations presented in the literature.Novelty and Significance StatementCurrently, there is no consensus about the character of transition between the stable and extinction/ignition regimes in microchannels. Some studies have reported a continuous instability transition with an evident pulsating regime, interpreting it as a supercritical bifurcation, while others have observed subcritical bifurcation with a rapid transition. The novelty of this research lies in the rigorous determination of the bifurcation type and further instability development in microchannels of different widths based on an accurate simulation of flame dynamics near the critical point with very small steps of the flow velocity variation, along with the bifurcation theory. The study contributes to understanding the instability transition nature and may explain the different interpretations of the transitional phenomenon found in the literature. The results offer valuable insights for designing micro-scale and porous media combustion devices.

Factor analysis of hydrologic services in water-controlled grassland ecosystems by InVEST model and geodetector.

Water conservation is highly important for a successful desert grassland ecosystem, but there was no comprehensive view on how to assess influencing factors in managing and addressing water yield and water conservation in desert steppe. The Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Trade-offs (InVEST) model, which is specifically used for the assessment of ecosystem services, was combined with geographic detectors to identify the priority areas for water conservation function and analyze the driving factors of water conservation in the Tabu River Basin, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China, using different meteorological data sources. (i) The InVEST model has the advantage of modeling water yield and water conservation at spatial scales by fusion downscaling data. High water yield mainly occurs in the southern hilly mountainous areas, low water yield in the northern desert and grassland areas, and between the two in the central agro-pastoral areas; the multi-year average water conservation and water yield based on the InVEST model are 3.3 and 16mm, respectively. (ii) Water yield and water conservation roughly show a transitional phenomenon of "high in the south and low in the north." The water yield and water conservation per unit area of the Tabu River Basin are relatively large for construction land, unused land, and cropland, relatively small for grassland and forestland, and basically zero for water bodies. Forest land has the strongest water conservation capacity, followed by grassland and farmland, while the order of water yield capacity is the opposite. (iii) Precipitation shows the strongest explanatory power for water yield (q = 0.427), followed by land use types (q = 0.411). The precipitation ∩ actual evapotranspiration has the strongest explanatory power for water yield (q = 0.87). The explanatory power of water yield on water conservation is the strongest (q = 0.752), followed by precipitation (q = 0.4), and the water yield ∩ soil has the greatest explanatory power on water conservation (q = 0.91). These findings are crucial for promoting regional hydrologic services and can provide a water resources management strategy for decision-makers.

Covid-19 and Transitional Time Objects

Due to the pandemic of coronavirus and the necessity of quarantine, the process of analysis sessions inevitably has become remote. This change can be very noticeable, especially for those analysands who have participated in face-to-face meetings. In a way, that makes a difference in the analyst's usage as a transitional time object and in the analysis sessions as transitional time phenomena. Inspired by the concept of Winnicott's transitional object and phenomenon, Pajoohandeh has already defined the concepts of transitional time object and phenomenon in some papers. In this paper, the authors intend to explore the unconscious effect of coronavirus, by creating a physical distance between the analyst and analysand, on the sense of the passage of time in the analysis session. For this purpose, clinical examples have been pointed out and it has been found that the analysands understand the sense of the passage of time in remote sessions in various ways.

Den belarusiske autoritarismens seiglivethet og debatten om lokalforvaltningen

In the literature on authoritarian regimes, there is a growing recognition that authoritarianism is not necessarily a transitional phenomenon, but a form of government that is sustained by a multifaceted selection of instruments and therefore able to survive crises. In Belarus, populism and regular welfare deliveries contribute to the tenacity of the country’s authoritarianism. The sub-state level of governance is important as Belarusians’ welfare primarily is delivered at the local level. However, the local elected bodies play a minimal role, and it is in practice local departments of the central administration that make decisions locally. This manifestation of the centralism of Belarusian authoritarianism is not only challenged by the opposition in the country. Systemic publications also advocate for less central management of local politics and more power for the local, elected councils. This article presents the distinctive features of Belarusian authoritarianism and provides a detailed overview of the local level of governance in the country. The reform debate – both from the side of the regime and the opposition – is presented. The possible importance of the local level for the survival of Belarusian authoritarianism is discussed in the light of the literature on the resilience of authoritarian regimes.

신문에 나타난 자살과 그 의미 분석

This study aims to analyze the discourse produced during the colonial period, especially suicide in the 1920s and 30s. Suicide is a concept that reflects modern social signs and cultural changes and is the starting point for interpretations from various perspectives to compete. To this end, this paper examined the suicide discourse formed during the colonial period and focused on newspaper editorials dealing with the concept of suicide as a contemporary phenomenon. This is because it is possible to grasp the phenomenon of suicide and the emotions of the people of the time behind it through the production and distribution of official statements about suicide. As a result of the analysis, the meaning of suicide revealed in the suicide discourse of modern newspapers could be largely divided into three. First, suicide as a social murder, second, suicide as a transitional phenomenon of civilization, and third, suicide as a personal/ethnic failure. Suicide discourses classified into these three types were analyzed to induce specific discourse effects by combining expressive, narrative, and value layers, respectively. Through the above work, it was confirmed that the suicide discourses produced and distributed by newspapers during the colonial period rearranged the public's perception in a specific direction.

Exploring the Transition Phenomenon of “Song and Musical Play” in Infants

ABSTRACT There is a lack of research regarding the use of the still-face procedure to assess infants’ comfort and reengagement in stressful situations. While previous studies have already investigated the transitional phenomenon based on Winnicott’s theory, this study uses “stuffed toy” and “song and musical play” with the still-face procedure. This study aimed to examine the transition phenomenon of infants in “song and musical play” and provide a new perspective regarding psychological support for infants. Infant responses and maternal availabilities were also analyzed. The study participants were 32 infants (M age = 17.97 months, SD = 1.43) and their mothers (M age = 32.28 years, SD = 2.96). The results showed that infants were receptive to the “stuffed toy” and displayed positive responses. Additionally, the appearance ratios of “song and musical play” imitations increased. This suggests that the infants used “song and musical play” to manage and control their affect in stressful situations. Furthermore, when the mothers exhibited maternal availability as an emotional rhythm, the infants’ responses became positive. Therefore, the infants demonstrated the transitional phenomenon to symbolize inner objects for social participation using “song and musical play” as the transitional object.

Spatial Liminality as a Framework for Revitalising Dilapidated Abandoned Buildings in Historic Cities: A Case Study

This paper develops the theory of liminality as a guideline for revitalising disused urban fabrics in historic cities. Since Middle Eastern historic cities exist as a transitional phenomenon, spatial liminality is identified as an epistemological tool for their investigation. This paper sets up a mixed-method approach based on questionnaire surveys and field studies in twelve urban blocks in historic Yazd and Kashan. Using an interpretive historical study, it is verified that, during the premodern eras, spatial liminality has been synonymous with the formation of sense of place/citizenship, mainly generated as a result of the existence of in-between spaces in historic cities, which, in turn, could have facilitated the rites of passage for residents. In a quantitative layer, the correlation between dilapidated abandoned buildings (DABs) (i.e., disused urban fabrics) and sense of place/citizenship is investigated in case studies, which unfolds associations that lack of sense of place amongst local communities could convey to the meaning of spatial liminality. The analysis demonstrates DABs are associated with lack of spatial liminality, contributing to the breakdown of sense of community identification/place. Therefore, DABs need to be reutilized while maintaining their heritage values. The discourse identifies in-between spaces that once facilitated spatial liminality and demonstrates a guideline for revitalising historic cities. This study put forward a theoretical contribution that enables the use of spatial liminality to guide the understanding and management of historic cities.

DNS of heat transfer in a plane channel flow with spatial transition

In the present work Direct Numerical Simulation of heat transfer in a spatial laminar-turbulent transitional channel flow is carried out to investigate the effects of the transitional phenomenon in the temperature field. The configuration is a spatially developing channel flow with two thermal boundary conditions: Uniform Wall Temperature (UWT) and Uniform Heat Flux (UHF). The set of simulations are carried out for Re=4200 and Pr=0.1,0.2,0.5,0.71 and 1. The spatial evolution of the Nusselt number (Nu) along the transition is computed to show five distinctive qualitative zones: a laminar development, the spike zone, where the quantities evolve to reach the peak transitional zone, the post-transitional zone and finally, the fully turbulent zone. This data is employed to develop a correlation that captures the space evolution of Nu along the transition. Moreover, the analysis of flow structures shows that near the wall and downstream the onset of the transition, streaks of velocity and temperature fluctuations have strong similarity. Different turbulent statistics are calculated along the transition and compared with fully turbulent reference data. It is shown that upstream the peak transitional zone, the existence of coherent hairpin vortices yields a high-intensity region for these quantities. Additionally, it is found that the thermal boundary condition exerts influence on the profile of the second-order parameters near the wall and in the logarithmic region all along the transition.

War in Ukraine and Enduring Relevance of the Clausewitzian Theory

The article discusses selected theoretical and practical problems of the ongoing Russian Ukrainian war since 2014 from the perspective of Carl von Clausewitz’s political theory of war. It argues, first, that defining the first phase of the conflict as “hybrid war” on theoretical grounds is an unnecessary exercise that obscures the methodologically important difference between war and peace. Second, despite technological innovations, the concepts of “fog of war” and “friction” remain relevant. Third, the current phase of the conflict shows that the spontaneous and grassroots involvement of citizens in the war was a transitional phenomenon that became subordinated to central command structures. It also shows that from the perspective of Clausewitz’s theory, Russia’s strategic failure in the first part of the second phase of the conflict is completely understandable.

Role of ursodeoxycholic acid in neonatal indirect hyperbilirubinemia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

BackgroundNeonatal jaundice is a transitional phenomenon affecting three out of five full-term newborns globally. Ursodeoxycholic acid could be beneficial in neonatal jaundice needing phototherapy. MethodsWe searched PubMed, EBSCO, ProQuest, and Cochrane Library up to August 21st, 2021, for articles to be reviewed. Meta-analysis using random-effects model was performed.ResultsEight studies involving 1116 neonates were chosen in this review; however, only five studies were included for meta-analysis. Phototherapy duration was significantly lower in the interventional group with high heterogeneities. Subgroup analysis of the phototherapy duration based on the risk of bias resulted in a shorter duration (mean difference (MD) = –17.82; 95% CI = –20.17 to –15.47; p = < 0.001) with low heterogeneity in the treatment group. Secondary outcome focusing on mean total serum bilirubin showed a lower mean total serum bilirubin in 48 h post-treatment (MD = –0.43; 95% CI = –0.64 to –0.22; p = < 0.0001) with low heterogeneities in Asian countries.”ConclusionsUrsodeoxycholic acid might be considered as a novel adjuvant therapy in neonatal indirect hyperbilirubinemia to shorten the phototherapy duration and lower the mean total serum bilirubin.

Study of the spatial transition in a plane channel flow

This study presents DNS results of the laminar–turbulent spatial transition in a plane channel flow. The transition is achieved imposing at the inlet the most unstable modes of the associated Orr–Sommerfeld and Squire eigenvalue problems. First, a study of the dependence of the transition on the intensity of the perturbations is presented. For Re=5000, eleven simulations employing different amplitudes of the Tollmien–Schlichting and oblique waves were analyzed to find that the variation of the friction Reynolds number and shape factor downstream the departure of the transition is roughly independent on the amplitude of the perturbations and that the location of the peak in the friction Reynolds number is strongly dependent on the amplitude of each wave. This implies that, for the type of perturbations simulated here, the transitional phenomenon is essentially delayed or accelerated by the amplitude of the perturbations. Second, two cases with well different amplitude of perturbations are compared in detail. Results show that in both cases the following stages can be identified: quasi-linear stage, late stage, spike stage, peak transitional zone, post-transitional zone and fully turbulent zone. Moreover, downstream the first state of the spike stage, both cases are essentially equal despite the fact that both transitions are separated by 50 channel half-height diameters in the streamwise coordinate. Finally, the physical phenomenon of the peak zone in the friction Reynolds number is explained considering the coherent vortices packet found across the height of the channel in the super-late stage of the transition.

Postmodernism in Ukrainian music: “Quiet Songs” by Valentyn Silvestrov

The article is devoted to the analysis of the vocal cycle of the modern Ukrainian composer "Quiet Songs", which is considered in the context of Ukrainian music of the 1970s. The main features of its poetics as a transitional phenomenon between avant-garde and postmodernism are revealed: meditativeness, uncertainty, blurring of the composition, variability of the rhythmic structure, intertextuality, polystylistic, reflexivity, self-absorption, etc. It is concluded that Silvestrov went through a complex evolution from avant-garde experiments to quiet simplicity, to small vocal form and poetics of introspection. He created a sound model of the world, immersed in contemplation and reflection, understood as the path of self-awareness, tragic and beautiful at the same time.

From the theater of improvisation to the creation of plays: ways of the emergence of dramatic text in Malay literature

The subject of the research in the article is the process of the origin of the national drama of Malaysia. The object of the research is information on the history of the Malay and Indonesian city theater and works of Malay literature of the first half of the twentieth century. The author examines in detail the long-term changes that took place in the Malay theatrical tradition and the factors that contributed to the emergence of written dramatic texts.The purpose of the study is to determine the mechanism of transition from the unscripted theatrical tradition to dramaturgy. Particular attention is paid to the changes in the repertoire of the Malay city theater associated with the emergence of a new type of plots. The ways of their penetration into the representations of the city theater are analyzed, their influence on the nature of performances is considered. The emergence of a dramatic text in the theatrical tradition of British Malaya has not yet been studied either in domestic Malaistics or abroad, which determines the novelty of the work. The study uses an integrated approach combining the consideration of data on theater and literature. The cultural-historical method fits the available data into the context of the epoch. The comparative method allows us to determine the results of contacts between related theatrical phenomena of the Malay world (Bangsawan theater and the Istanbul Comedy Theater). The birth of drama is seen as a transition from the existence of unscripted spectacles to the creation of plays. As a theoretical basis for the analysis, the concepts of transitivity are used, which make it possible to present this phenomenon taking into account national specifics. This is the definition of a transitional aesthetic phenomenon as an artistic presystem, introduced by A.V. Lukov, as well as the structural gradation of the literary transition, presented in the work of A. A. Stepanova on the basis of generalization of a number of previously proposed approaches. As a result of the research, the main factor that contributed to the birth of Malay drama is revealed – the appearance of realistic plots in the repertoire of the previously unscripted theater of the transitional type. According to the findings of the study, there were two sources of these plots: external borrowings and the interaction of theater with literature.

Термин различие в первых славянских грамматиках: проблемы сигнификата и денотата

The article is devoted to the analysis of the term razlichiye functioning in the first Slavic grammars. The research is based on the data contained in the works of Laurentiy Zizaniy and Meletius Smotrytsky, as well as in some later grammatical descriptions. On the basis of etymological, motivational and orienting analyzes, the ratio of denotative and significative components in the structure of the term, which in the first native grammars functioned as razlichiye, was identified. The review of theoretical research papers on the issue is introduced. The variability of the term usage resulting from the studied exponent signification and denotation ambiguity has been revealed. At the opening phase of the formation of grammatical terminology, reflected in the grammars of the Church Slavonic language in the 16 th – 17 th centuries the linguistic personality of grammarians, the cultural context of the era are proved to play an important role. The authors conclude that introducing the term razlichiye in the description of the Church Slavonic grammatical structure was the first step towards understanding the relational meaning of flexion as a morpheme. A comparative analysis of the term and its equivalents functioning in the grammars of ancient Greek, Latin, and Slavic languages has been performed. It was found that the interpretation of the medieval understanding of the term razlichiye as one of the parts of speech is recognized by the majority of modern researchers, but different assumptions are made about the significative and denotative correlation of the term (indicative-relative pronouns or articles). It is assumed that the signification of the term razlichiye in its modern interpretation can be explained as follows: it is a rudimentary inflectional category of syncretic (part-of-speech-and-affixal) nature, embodied in the forms of pronouns i, ja, e. The denotation of the term razlichiye is a transitional phenomenon between the realities corresponding to a definite article, an indicative-relative pronoun and an inflection.

Detection of raised cloths characteristics by heat flow using a miniaturized warmth and force sensor

AbstractThis paper reports on detection of raised cloths characteristics by a miniaturized warmth and force sensor. In our previous study, it was demonstrated that a warmth and force sensor discriminates block materials by a heat‐flow peak in a heat‐flow transitional phenomenon. In this study, heat‐flow‐peak characteristics of the raised cloths with different raising‐part lengths were measured, and capability of discrimination of raised cloths was investigated. The experimental results showed that the heat‐flow‐peak value decreases with increase of the raising‐part length when the raising‐part length is under 12 to 15 mm. The raising‐part lengths of the raised clothes were discriminated by the warmth and force sensor.

Religion, Migration and the New African Diaspora

The new African diaspora has emerged from the recent migratory movements of Africans. This population is tasked with finding effective methods of adjusting to new environments. Through the psychoanalytic lens of object relations, this article explores the role of religion in shaping migration experiences of the new African diaspora. It considers the psychological processes that intersect with religion to influence migrant adjustment. First, drawing from object relations theory, the role of early relational experiences in shaping self-concept is conveyed. Second, ways are explored in which religious phenomena can support transitional processes within a migration context. Third, the object relations framework is used to review some of the psychological tasks involved in the migration experience (e.g., processing of attachment disruptions, expansion of cultural identity). It is theorized that a migrant’s relationship with the sacred represents a transitional phenomenon that contributes to positive adjustment via a post-migration experience. The article concludes with some practical considerations.

Resolving primary membranous glomerulopathy (MGN) reveals a dynamically metabolic pathway from sub-epithelium to glomerular basement membranes

ABSTRACT In idiopathic (primary) membranous glomerulopathy (MGN), there is a phenomenon of subepithelial deposits (stages 1 and 2) transitioned to intramembranous deposits, with lucent resolving features (stages 3 and 4). This phenomenon has not been described in other types of immune complex mediated glomerulonephritis with either subendothelial or mesangial deposits. The goal of this study was to evaluate what unique immunostaining pattern could occur in primary MGNs with intramembranous resolving features. PLA2R and IgG4 immunostains were performed in 50 primary MGNs, and 39 secondary MGNs after the clinical history was reviewed. Primary MGNs with resolving features were further evaluated in detail. A total of 84% (42/50) of primary MGN cases had diffuse positive immunostaining for IgG4 in the glomeruli, and most of them were also positive for PLA2R staining. Eight of the remaining primary MGN cases (8/50) with positive PLA2R but negative IgG4 staining in the glomeruli had diffuse resolving features as observed by electron microscopy. All secondary MGNs were stained negatively for both IgG4 and PLA2R except for one case with positive IgG4 staining but negative staining for PLA2R. Our data indicate that IgG4 staining on paraffin tissue is a very reliable screening tool to confirm the presence of primary MGN. Primary MGN with PLA2R+/IgG4- stains were seen in those with intramembranous resolving features. This finding is consistent with the known weak-binding capacity of IgG4 to the glomerular basement membranes. The transitional phenomenon from PLA2R+/IgG4+ subepithelial deposits to PLA2R+/IgG4- intramembranous resolving deposits in primary MGN implies that there may be a continuous metabolic activity from podocyte to glomerular basement membrane.