Air Temperature Transition Research Articles

Assessment of the influence of climatic factors on the state of terrestrial ecosystems in the Northwestern region of Russia

The article analyzes the change of climatic conditions in the Northwest of Russia, including the characteristics of dangerous hydrometeorological events (cold and heat waves, strong winds, extreme rainfall, snowfall, ice-frost deposits, hail) and slow climatic changes (increase in the number of days with the transition of air temperature through 0°С, coastal abrasion) in connection with their negative impact on terrestrial ecosystems. It was found that the influence of meteorological and climatic factors on terrestrial ecosystems is most pronounced in the northern part of the studied region, especially on the coast of the Barents Sea. Towards the south, the values of all indicators gradually decrease, and their structure changes. In the northern part of the study area (Murmansk and Arkhangelsk oblasts, the Nenets Autonomous Okrug), phenomena associated with strong winds and intensive ice-frost deposition, which contribute to the formation of an ice crust on the Earth’s surface, prevail. As one moves away from the coast, severe frost is observed more often (Komi Republic). In the center and south of the region, heavy rainfall, severe frost, and intense heat are the most frequent, resulting in a high fire hazard. The study carried out the ranking of the subjects of the Northwestern Federal District according to the degree of intensity of this process. Comprehensive assessments of the negative impact of changing climatic conditions on terrestrial ecosystems can be used to make decisions on the development of a strategy for environmental security of the regions of the Russian Federation.

ВЛИЯНИЕ РАЗЛИЧНОЙ НАГРУЗКИ КУСТОВ ПОБЕГАМИ И ГРОЗДЯМИ НА УВОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ ПОКАЗАТЕЛИ СОРТА ВИНОГРАДА CENTENNIAL SEEDLESS

The article considers the issue of the influence of the different loads of bushes with shoots and bunches on the uvological indicators of bunches of Centennial Seedless grapevine variety in the agroecological conditions of the Central viticulture zone of the Krasnodar region. The Centennial Seedless variety is cultivated in a covering and grafted culture on a SO4 rootstock. Drip irrigation. The soils are low-humus, leached powerful chernozems. The average air temperature of the winter months (December-February) of the studied 2021/2022 was 2.3 °C higher than the climatological norm of 1991‒2020. The absolute minimum was observed in the third decade of December and amounted to 13 °C. The transition of air temperature through +10 °C occurred on March 31. The average temperature of the growing season (April-September) was +20.1 °C, 0.1 °C less than climatological norm. The absolute maximum air temperature was observed in the second decade of September – +38 °C, which is extremely atypical for this area. The total precipitation was 77 mm more than climatological norm and amounted to 427 mm. Uvological assessment of bunches was carried out in three variants of the bush load with shoots and bunches: variant 1 (control) – the maximum load with shoots (36 pcs./bush) and bunches (27 pcs./bush); variant 2 – the average load with shoots (23 pcs./bush) and bunches (15 pcs./bush); variant 3 – minimum load of shoots (13 pcs./bush) and bunches (8 pcs./bush). During the uvological analysis of grape bunches a variant with an average bush load with shoots (23 pcs./bush) and bunches (15 pcs./bush) highlighted according to the following parameters: length and width of the bunch, average berry weight, proportion of berries and stalks in the bunch, number of berries per 100 g of bunch, average weight of 100 berries, pulp weight in 100 berries. The variant with the maximum load of bushes with shoots (36 pcs./bush) and bunches (27 pcs./bush) highlighted by weight of bunches, the weight of pulp and rudiments in a bunch, the number and weight of rudiments in a berry, the average weight of rudiments in 100 berries. The variant with the least load of bushes with shoots (13 pcs./bush) and clusters (8 pcs./bush) highlighted by weight and the proportion of skin and pulp.

БОБОВЫЕ ПРЕДШЕСТВЕННИКИ, ОБРАБОТКА ПОЧВЫ И ЗАЩИТА РАСТЕНИЙ В АГРОТЕХНОЛОГИЯХ ЯРОВОЙ ПШЕНИЦЫ СРЕДНЕГО ПОВОЛЖЬЯ

The article presents the results of studies on the evaluation of legume precursors (soybeans, peas, lupin, chickpeas), methods of primary tillage, and plant protection during spring wheat cultivation in the conditions of chernozem soils of the Middle Volga region. Studies have shown that the studied precursors had different growing season duration and water consumption, which provided different water regimes and accumulation of productive moisture in the soil and ultimately affected the productivity of spring wheat. The accumulation of productive moisture in the soil occurs mainly in the autumn, winter, and spring periods; after harvesting peas, no more than 19% of precipitation (28–33 mm) accumulated after harvesting soybeans,lupine, and chickpeas – 29–39% (29–39 mm) until the time of a steady transition of air temperature below 5оC. According to the yield level of spring wheat, the researchers arranged the studied precursors in the following row: after peas – 3,80 t/ha > after chickpeas and lupine – 3,49–3,50 t/ha > after soybeans – 3,45 t/ha. There was an increase in the yield of spring wheat for combined tillage in crop rotation (for the studied crop – soil disking by 10–12 cm + plowing by 20–22 cm) in comparison with minimal tillage by 0,52 t/ha or by 15,6%, and on adaptiveintegrated plant protection by 0,36 t/ha or 10,6% in comparison with the level of standard technologies.The effect of the studied factors on the formation of yield was as follows: tillage – 40,7% > plant protection – 25,3% > precursors – 19,1%. The mentioned variants also increased the quality of spring wheat grain.

The Transformation of Agro-Climatic Resources of the Altai Region under Changing Climate Conditions

This research examines the transformation of the agro-climatic conditions of the Altai region as a result of climate change. The climate of the Altai region in Russia is sharply continental and characterized by dry air and significant weather variability, both in individual seasons and years. The current study is determined by the lack of detailed area-related analytical generalizations for the territory of the Altai region over the past 30 years. Most of the published data dealing with an integrated analysis of the agro-climatic conditions in the Altai region date back to the late 1960s and early 1970s; in most cases, this data is from climate reference-books based on the generalized data from the first half of the 20th century. To make accurate forecasts and to efficiently manage agricultural production in the Altai region, area-related data on the state and dynamics of agro-climatic changes have been analysed. The results reveal that in the period between 1964 and 2017, significant climatic changes occurred in the territory of the Altai region. These climatic changes affected the growing season length, which increased due to a shift in the dates of the air temperature transition above 10 °C, to earlier dates in spring and to later dates in autumn. Furthermore, the current study also revealed that the foothills of the Altai Mountains are the most moistened parts of the region and the Kulunda lowland is the most arid part. In the Altai region, the accumulated temperatures and amounts of precipitation during the growing season increased significantly, and the values of integrated coefficients and indices that reflect the moisture supply conditions for the territory also changed significantly. Based upon the results, a schematic map of the current precipitation distribution on the Altai region’s territory has been generated. These results and this map may be used to conduct more detailed studies in the field of agro-climatology and to update the current borders of agro-climatic areas and revision of the agro-climatic zonation scheme.

Climate processes in the nival-glacial zone of Trans-Ili Alatau and their impact on mountain glaciation and runoff

On the basis of the latest monitoring data of a high-mountainous glaciological station of Institute of Geography, Republic of Kazakhstan on modern climate changes in the nival-glacial zone and their occurrences in the mode of river runoff are analyzed. Tendencies of changes of the 10 meteorological elements for various intervals of averaging as for the years 1971–2011 are studied (winter, summer and annual mass balance of Central Tujyksu Glacier and annual runoff of the rivers of Ili river basin). Results of the analysis confirm continuation of climate warming in the region; the air temperature in nival-glacial zone raised is commensurable to growth of temperatures in foothill and low mountain zones; the dates of the beginning of snow melting and dates of stable transition of air temperature through 0 °C in the spring and on later terms in the autumn moved for the earlier time; the quantity of precipitation tended to increase especially for the cold period and July. Average temperatures of the cold period grew more intensively than in the summer period. Warming of the nival-glacial zone induced not only due to increase of summer temperatures, but also due to appreciable increase of autumn air temperatures especially in September as well as due to increases of the warm period duration. Starting from 1975 the significant positive trend in long-term fluctuations of runoff for all researched rivers is observed. For the period 1975–2011, steady growth of seasonal snow cover depth in the nival-glacial and middle-mountainous zones of Zailiyskiy Alatau is observed. Positive changes in the fluctuations of winter, summer and annual mass balance of glacier are observed. Nowadays natural climatic influences to the rivers runoff in Ili-Balkash region and renewed surface water resources exceed anthropogenic influences which were determining in the zone of runoff dispersion during the low-flow period.

Global climatology of surface water temperatures of large lakes by remote sensing

ABSTRACTLake surface water temperatures (LSWTs) of 246 globally distributed large lakes were derived from Along‐Track Scanning Radiometers (ATSR) for the period 1991–2011. The climatological cycles of mean LSWT derived from these data quantify on a global scale the responses of large lakes' surface temperatures to the annual cycle of forcing by solar radiation and the ambient meteorological conditions. LSWT cycles reflect the twice annual peak in net solar radiation for lakes between 1°S to 12°N. For lakes without a lake‐mean seasonal ice cover, LSWT extremes exceed air temperatures by 0.5–1.7 °C for maximum and 0.7–1.9 °C for minimum temperature. The summer maximum LSWTs of lakes from 25°S to 35°N show a linear decrease with increasing altitude; −3.76 ± 0.17 °C km−1 ( = 0.95), marginally lower than the corresponding air temperature decrease with altitude −4.15 ± 0.24 °C km−1 ( = 0.95). Lake altitude of tropical lakes account for 0.78–0.83 () of the variation in the March to June LSWT–air temperature differences, with differences decreasing by 1.9 °C as the altitude increases from 500 to 1800 m above sea level (a.s.l.) We define an ‘open water phase’ as the length of time the lake‐mean LSWT remains above 4 °C. There is a strong global correlation between the start and end of the lake‐mean open water phase and the spring and fall 0 °C air temperature transition days, ( = 0.74 and 0.80, respectively), allowing for a good estimation of timing and length of the open water phase of lakes without LSWT observations. Lake depth, lake altitude and distance from coast further explain some of the inter‐lake variation in the start and end of the open water phase.