Individual Transitions Research Articles

MRSimulator: A cross-platform, object-oriented software package for rapid solid-state NMR spectral simulation and analysis.

The open-source Python package, MRSimulator, is presented as a simple-to-use, fast, versatile, and extendable package capable of simulating one- and higher-dimensional Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectra under static, magic-angle, and variable-angle conditions. High benchmarks in spectral simulations are achieved by assuming that there are no degeneracies in the energy eigenstates, i.e., all dipolar couplings are in the weak limit and that there are no rotational resonances during evolution periods. Under these assumptions, the symmetry pathway formalism is exploited to reduce an NMR method applied to a spin system into a sum of individual transition pathways, whose signals are more efficiently calculated individually than as part of a full-density matrix simulation. To increase numerical efficiencies further, our approach restricts coherence transfer among transitions to pure rotations about an axis in the x-y plane of the rotating frame or through an artificial total mixing operation between selected transitions of adjacent free evolution periods. The assumptions used in this approach are valid for most commonly used solid-state NMR methods. Details of the implementation, along with example code usage, are given, including a least-squares spectral analysis.

Single Transit Detection in Kepler with Machine Learning and Onboard Spacecraft Diagnostics

Exoplanet discovery at long orbital periods requires reliably detecting individual transits without additional information about the system. Common techniques, like phase folding of light curves and periodogram analysis of radial velocity data, are more sensitive to planets with shorter orbital periods, leaving a dearth of planet discoveries at long periods. We present a novel technique using an ensemble of convolutional neural networks incorporating the onboard spacecraft diagnostics of Kepler to classify transits within a light curve. We create a pipeline to recover the location of individual transits, and the period of the orbiting planet, which possesses an accuracy of >80% in the long orbital period regime (50 ≤ P ≤ 800 days). Our neural network pipeline has the potential to discover additional planets in the Kepler data set, and crucially, within the η-Earth regime. We report our first candidate from this pipeline, KOI-1271.02. KOI-1271.01 is known to exhibit strong transit timing variations (TTVs), and so we jointly model the TTVs and transits of both transiting planets to constrain the orbital configuration and planetary parameters and conclude with a series of potential parameters for KOI-1271.02, as there are not enough data currently to uniquely constrain the system. We conclude that KOI-1271.02 has a radius of 5.32 ± 0.20 R ⊕ and most likely a mass of 28.94−0.470.23 M ⊕. Future constraints on the nature of KOI-1271.02 require measuring additional TTVs of KOI-1271.01 or observing a second transit of KOI-1271.02.

Exploring neurofeedback as a therapeutic intervention for subjective cognitive decline.

This study addresses the pressing issue of subjective cognitive decline in aging populations by investigating neurofeedback (NFB) as a potential early therapeutic intervention. By evaluating the efficacy of individualised NFB training compared to standard protocols, tailored to each participant's EEG profile, it provides novel insights into personalised treatment approaches. The incorporation of innovative elements and rigorous analytical techniques contributes to advancing our understanding of NFB's modulatory effects on EEG frequencies and cognitive function in aging individuals. In the context of an aging population, concerns surrounding memory function become increasingly prevalent, particularly as individuals transition into middle age and beyond. This study investigated neurofeedback (NFB) as a potential early therapeutic intervention to address subjective cognitive decline (SCD) in aging populations. NFB, a biofeedback technique utilising a brain-computer interface, has demonstrated promise in the treatment of various neurological and psychological conditions. Here, we evaluated the efficacy of individualised NFB training, tailored to each participant's EEG profile, compared to a standard NFB training protocol aimed at increasing peak alpha frequency power, in enhancing cognitive function among individuals experiencing SCD. Our NFB protocol incorporated innovative elements, including the implementation of a criterion for learning success to ensure consistent achievement levels by the conclusion of the training sessions. Additionally, we introduced a non-learner group to account for individuals who do not demonstrate the expected proficiency in NFB regulation. Analysis of electroencephalographic (EEG) signals during NFB sessions, as well as before and after training, provides insights into the modulatory effects of NFB on EEG frequencies. Contrary to expectations, our rigorous analysis revealed that the ability of individuals with SCD to modulate EEG signal power and duration at specific frequencies was not exclusive to the intended frequency target. Furthermore, examination of EEG signals recorded using a high-density EEG showed no discernible alteration in signal power between pre- and post-NFB training sessions. Similarly, no significant effects were observed on questionnaire scores when comparing pre- and post-NFB training assessments.

Flight testing of laser-optical techniques for future optical air data sensors

AbstractOptical air data sensors, which can serve as alternatives or supplements to traditional air data systems, have been a subject of ongoing research. These remote sensing optical sensors offer the advantage of measuring primary air data parameters in undisturbed airflow. As active sensors, they can self-diagnose, associating each measurement with an uncertainty and accounting for signal loss due to factors such as icing or light blocking, thus avoiding silent false measurements. In this paper, we discuss a recent flight test campaign of optical measurement techniques for potential development into air data sensors for future aircraft. We used laser Doppler anemometry, which relies on aerosol scattering of laser light, to observe the Doppler shift of scattered light from multiple directions. This enables the reconstruction of the full wind vector and the retrieval of true air speed, angle of attack, and angle of sideslip. A second instrument used tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy, which measures an individual transition of molecular oxygen in the A band, in order to extract the static pressure from the observed collisional broadening. The techniques were implemented as airborne research instruments on the DLR’s Dassault Falcon 20 aircraft and tested in two campaigns in 2022 under different atmospheric conditions and dynamic maneuvers. We present results from these campaigns, focusing on general sensor performance, measurement rates, accuracy, and experimental challenges that need to be addressed for future applications.

Conversion to Alzheimer's disease dementia from normal cognition directly or with the intermediate mild cognitive impairment stage.

Progression to Alzheimer's disease (AD) dementia from normal cognition (NC) can follow different trajectories, with most progressing through a recognizable mild cognitive impairment stage (NC-MCI-AD), while some individuals transition quickly from NC to AD dementia (NC-AD). We compared demographic characteristics, health factors, and cognitive and functional assessments across three time points: the first NC visit, the last NC visit, and the first AD dementia visit. The NC-MCI-AD group showed greater impairment in cognitive and functional scores at AD dementia diagnosis, despite maintaining better cognitive function during the NC stage. Analysis of yearly changes revealed negligible differences during NC. However, the yearly change during the AD dementia stage suggested potentially more rapid functional decline in the NC-AD group. These findings highlight the heterogeneity in AD disease progression and emphasize the importance of considering diverse progression patterns in AD research and clinical practice. We investigated the disease progression difference between patients who converted to Alzheimer's disease (AD) dementia from normal cognition (NC) directly or through the mild cognitive impairment (MCI) stage. We found that the NC-MCI-AD group showed greater impairment in cognitive and functional scores at AD dementia diagnosis. We discovered that the NC-AD group had rapid functional decline once patients were confirmed with AD onset.

Perceptions of culturally and linguistically diverse exceptional students regarding their individual transition plans

Culturally and Linguistically Diverse Exceptional (CLDE) students represent a vulnerable demographic often underserved in high school transition services. These students, who have diverse backgrounds and learning exceptionalities, face significant disparities in post-secondary outcomes. Specifically, CLDE students with Learning Disabilities (LD) exhibit lower rates of employment, post-secondary education attendance, and independent living outcomes. In alternative schools, students of color and those from low-income backgrounds are disproportionately represented and often encounter structural inequities that hinder their educational success. These settings may perpetuate marginalization, particularly in special education services and transition planning. This study explored the perceptions of secondary CLDE students with LD regarding their transition planning process, comparing their views with the actual ITP documents to assess alignment and effectiveness. Survey responses and student interviews revealed that most secondary CLDE students with LD at an alternative high school had positive perceptions of their Individualized Transition Plan (ITP) process, feeling involved and supported. The ITP, a critical component of the Individualized Education Plan (IEP), is intended to guide students’ post-secondary goals. However, research indicates that ITPs for CLDE students are frequently generic and culturally exclusive, resulting in insufficient preparation for future success.

Exploring genetic counselors' interest and role in transitional care discussions for pediatric patients with neurodevelopmental conditions.

Previous studies have examined the perspectives of healthcare providers regarding their role in the transition process of pediatric patients with neurodevelopmental conditions (NDCs), but the perspective of a genetic counselor has yet to be considered. This study explored genetic counselors' current practices and attitudes regarding care for pediatric patients with NDCs as they transition into adult care. Genetic counselors (GCs) currently seeing patients with NDCs were recruited through a cross-sectional online survey. Questions included demographics, current practices with patients aged 0-15 years vs. patients 16-22 years, self-confidence, attitudes, and barriers regarding a genetic counselor's role in medical transition. A total of 51 surveys were included in the analysis. The majority (76.7%) of GCs were interested in playing a role in the transition process. Furthermore, all participants perceived transition planning for pediatric genetic patients with NDCs as somewhat important or important. Most GCs (70.0%) discussed topics of transition with patients over 18 years of age. These results demonstrate GCs' interest in assisting patients and families with the transition of individuals. Incorporating a genetic counselor skill set into transition discussions with patients with NDCs could improve the transition process and help to meet the standards of care called for by the American Academy of Pediatrics.

The Evolution of Complex Multicellularity in Land Plants.

The evolution of complex multicellularity in land plants represents a pivotal event in the history of life on Earth, characterized by significant increases in biological complexity. This transition, classified as a Major Evolutionary Transition (MET), is best understood through the framework of Evolutionary Transitions in Individuality (ETIs), which focuses on formerly independent entities forming higher-level units that lose their reproductive autonomy. While much of the ETI literature has concentrated on the early stages of multicellularity, such as the formation and maintenance stages, this paper seeks to address the less explored transformation stage. To do so, we apply an approach that we call Transitions in Structural Complexity (TSCs), which focuses on the emergence of new units of organization via the three key evolutionary processes of modularization, subfunctionalization, and integration to the evolution of land plants. To lay the groundwork, we first explore the relationships between sex, individuality, and units of selection to highlight a sexual life cycle-based perspective on ETIs by examining the early stages of the transition to multicellularity (formation) in the sexual life cycle of the unicellular common ancestor of land plants, emphasizing the differences between the transition to multicellularity in eumetazoans and land plants. We then directly apply the TSC approach in this group, identifying key evolutionary events such as the distinct evolutionary innovations like shoot, root, vascular systems, and specialized reproductive structures, arguing that bringing these under the broader rubric of TSCs affords a degree of explanatory unification. By examining these evolutionary processes, this paper provides a new perspective on the evolution of multicellularity in land plants, highlighting both parallels and distinctions with the animal kingdom.

Flexibility and sensitivity in gene regulation out of equilibrium

Cells adapt to environments and tune gene expression by controlling the concentrations of proteins and their kinetics in regulatory networks. In both eukaryotes and prokaryotes, experiments and theory increasingly attest that these networks can and do consume biochemical energy. How does this dissipation enable cellular behaviors forbidden in equilibrium? This open question demands quantitative models that transcend thermodynamic equilibrium. Here, we study the control of simple, ubiquitous gene regulatory networks to explore the consequences of departing equilibrium in transcription. Employing graph theory to model a set of especially common regulatory motifs, we find that dissipation unlocks nonmonotonicity and enhanced sensitivity of gene expression with respect to a transcription factor's concentration. These features allow a single transcription factor to act as both a repressor and activator at different concentrations or achieve outputs with multiple concentration regimes of locally enhanced sensitivity. We systematically dissect how energetically driving individual transitions within regulatory networks, or pairs of transitions, generates a wide range of more adjustable and sensitive phenotypic responses than in equilibrium. These results generalize to more complex regulatory scenarios, including combinatorial control by multiple transcription factors, which we relate and often find collapse to simple mathematical behaviors. Our findings quantify necessary conditions and detectable consequences of energy expenditure. These richer mathematical behaviors-feasibly accessed using biological energy budgets and rates-may empower cells to accomplish sophisticated regulation with simpler architectures than those required at equilibrium.

Calculation of Life Insurance Premiums with Markov Chain Applications for Patients with Pulmonary Tuberculosis Disease in Indonesia

This study aims to calculate the premium for Long Term Care (LTC) insurance on Annuity as A Rider Benefit products with a multi-status model. Pulmonary Tuberculosis is one of the major infectious diseases that contribute significantly to morbidity and mortality rates. Therefore, it is necessary to calculate insurance premiums that consider the health risks of sufferers. In this study, Markov chains are used to model the health status transition of individuals with Pulmonary Tuberculosis over time, considering several health states, such as healthy, sick, and dead. Tuberculosis epidemiological data in Indonesia is used to estimate the transition probabilities between health states. The case study used in this research is a 35-year-old man who participates in LTC insurance with a coverage period of 5 years. It is known that the value of compensation when a person dies is IDR 100,000,000. The interest rate used is 5%. The calculation results obtained annual premium for LTC insurance on Annuity as A Rider Benefit product is Rp294,333. Then the calculation of the annual net premium of this insurance is also calculated based on age and gender. When age increases, the premium will be greater, this is influenced by the greater chance of death when age increases. In addition, based on gender, it is found that the male premium is more expensive than the female gender. This is influenced by the chance of death of men is greater than women.

Understanding the spectrum from preclinical psoriatic arthritis to early diagnosis of the disease.

Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease that often precedes the development of psoriatic arthritis. Advances over the past 10 years have deepened our understanding of the transition from skin inflammation to joint inflammation, revealing various phases during which genetic, environmental, and immunological factors can affect this transition. In 2023, a European Alliance of Associations for Rheumatology task force outlined key considerations for identifying individuals with subclinical disease from those with clinically stabilised disease. Discerning between subclinical psoriatic arthritis and very early disease is crucial and raises doubts and questions about when an individual transitions from being at risk to having established psoriatic arthritis. Labelling this stage as very early psoriatic arthritis rather than subclinical disease might have substantial clinical and therapeutic implications. This Viewpoint highlights the importance of precisely identifying the different stages of progression of psoriatic arthritis for timely interventions and better outcomes for patients.

Characteristics of Severe Late-Life Depression in the Prodromal Phase of Neurodegenerative Dementia

ObjectiveLate-life depression (LLD) is associated with neurodegenerative disease. The clinical characteristics of patients with LLD who develop neurodegenerative dementia or mild cognitive impairment (MCI) have not been thoroughly investigated. There has also been evidence that the severity of depression affects the transition to dementia. However, the clinical characteristics of the most severely depressed patients who receive the electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) and subsequently transition to a diagnosis of neurodegenerative disease remain unclear. MethodWe conducted a retrospective chart review of patients who received ECT between April 2012 and September 2022 at our academic hospital. We compared the clinical characteristics of individuals who transitioned to a diagnosis of neurodegenerative diseases and those whose diagnoses remained stable over a follow-up period of more than one year. ResultsOf the 94 patients who underwent ECT, 12 (13%) were diagnosed with neurodegenerative disease 20 months after their last ECT session. These patients had an older age of onset (p = 0.01) , fewer melancholic features (p = 0.03) , and fewer family histories of psychiatric disorders (p = 0.01) than those whose diagnoses did not change. ConclusionsIt is clinically important to consider the potential transition of older individuals with severe depression to neurodegenerative dementia or MCI, especially in cases characterized by an older age of onset, lack of melancholic features, or absence of a family history of psychiatric disorders.

Göç Olgusunun Göçmen Bireyler Üzerindeki Ruh Sağlığına Etkisi

Migration is a complex structure that has existed throughout human history of individuals and units. There are different types of migration. Internal migration means displacement within the borders of the country. Emigration means leaving the regions they belong to for certain reasons. Brain drain, on the other hand, occurs when people who have developed their own personality are academically educated elsewhere due to the country's conditions. As a result of this move, immigrant individuals are affected by spiritual and emotional changes. The psychological effects of immigration on immigrants are known. Immigrant individuals may experience difficulties in three different categories: before migration, during migration and after migration. As a result of research on common pathologies seen in immigrants, post-traumatic stress disorder, anxiety disorders, self-alienation, schizophrenia, somatization disorder, and increased psychotic features have been expressed. It is known that the life disruption of immigrants has also been reduced. There are definitions of these immigrant types, as well as the psychological transitions of immigrant individuals and the common problem seen in immigrants. Literature research is included in their content. It can be stated that the results of the research showing that migration disrupts the daily life of the students and that psychological problems arise in their lives in a negative way can be expressed. Keywords: Types of migration, migrants, psychology, mental health, trauma.

Towards improved spectroscopic applications in multi-gas environments: CO2 spectral line parameter measurement and analysis

The ν1 + 2ν2 + ν3 band of 12CO2 is dominated by weak absorption lines near 2.0 uμm, which has potential application in planetary atmosphere, astrophysical, and hydrocarbon fuel combustion investigations. High-quality spectral line parameters are the foundation of spectroscopic technology. In this work, high-resolution infrared spectra of CO2 were recorded over 5005–5008 cm−1 range using a Distributed Feedback (DFB) laser with a linewidth of Δν < 0.0001 cm−1. H2-, N2-, O2-, Ar-, air- and CO2- line-intensity, collision broadening coefficients, pressure shift coefficients were determined for CO2 transitions R44e, R46 e, R48 e, R50 e at room temperature. Voigt and Rautian profiles were utilized to retrieve the measured line shape of each individual transition at various pressures. The new data extend and complement previous measurements over the target spectral region. In addition, a comprehensive analysis of the measured spectral line shape parameters is conducted to elucidate the characteristics of spectral line intensity, broadening, and pressure-induced shift coefficients under different molecular collision conditions. This has the potential to be valuable for modeling spectral calculations of multi-component systems, optimizing multi-gas environmental spectral calculation, and developing new spectral diagnostic methods.

Interaction between corticotropin-releasing factor, orexin, and dynorphin in the infralimbic cortex may mediate exacerbated alcohol-seeking behavior

A major challenge for the treatment of alcohol use disorder (AUD) is relapse to alcohol use, even after protracted periods of self-imposed abstinence. Stress significantly contributes to the chronic relapsing nature of AUD, given its long-lasting ability to elicit intense craving and precipitate relapse. As individuals transition to alcohol dependence, compensatory allostatic mechanisms result in insults to hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis function, mediated by corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), which is subsequently hypothesized to alter brain reward pathways, influence affect, elicit craving, and ultimately perpetuate problematic drinking and relapse vulnerability. Orexin (OX; also called hypocretin) plays a well-established role in regulating diverse physiological processes, including stress, and has been shown to interact with CRF. Interestingly, most hypothalamic cells that express Ox mRNA also express Pdyn mRNA. Both dynorphin and OX are located in the same synaptic vesicles, and they are co-released. The infralimbic cortex (IL) of the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) has emerged as being directly involved in the compulsive nature of alcohol consumption during dependence. The IL is a CRF-rich region that receives OX projections from the hypothalamus and where OX receptor mRNA has been detected. Although not thoroughly understood, anatomical and behavioral pharmacology data suggest that CRF, OX, and dynorphin may interact, particularly in the IL, and that functional interactions between these three systems in the IL may be critical for the etiology and pervasiveness of compulsive alcohol seeking in dependent subjects that may render them vulnerable to relapse. The present review presents evidence of the role of the IL in AUD and discusses functional interactions between CRF, OX, and dynorphin in this structure and how they are related to exacerbated alcohol drinking and seeking.

Recent Insights in the Treatment for Clinical High Risk for Psychosis and Recent Onset Psychosis

Objectives: This study aims to assess the effectiveness of early interventions in preventing psychosis transition, promoting remission, and reducing hospitalization rates in individuals at high risk for psychosis and those with recent onset psychosis (ROP).Methods: A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted, comparing early intervention strategies such as cognitive-behavioral therapy and psychosocial support to no intervention. The study focused on outcomes related to psychosis transition, remission rates, and prevention of psychiatric hospitalization.Results: Although only a subset of clinical high risk (CHR) individuals transition to full psychosis, non-pharmacological treatments like cognitive-behavioral therapy are generally recommended as a first-line approach. In ROP patients, early pharmacological treatment reduces relapse rates, while psychosocial interventions aim to improve various functional outcomes. The meta-analysis results of this study did not show a significant reduction in psychosis transition rates with specialized interventions for CHR patients. For ROP patients, early interventions initially reduced hospitalization rates, but this effect was not sustained in mid-term follow-up results.Conclusion: While early interventions offer short-term benefits in reducing psychosis transition and hospitalization, additional research is needed to determine their long-term effectiveness in functional recovery and overall patient outcomes.

Focused on the Family: Development of a Family-Based Intervention Promoting the Transition to Adult Health Care for Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes.

Background/Objectives: There is minimal evidence for current interventions promoting the transition to adult healthcare for youth with type 1 diabetes (T1D). Few interventions exclusively target modifiable individual and family-based factors that contribute to transition readiness. The purpose of this paper is to describe the development of Behavioral Family Systems Therapy for Diabetes Transition (BFST-DT), a virtual family-based transition readiness intervention for adolescents with T1D. Methods: The development of BFST-DT occurred in three phases. In phase 1, focus groups with adolescents and young adults with T1D, their caregivers, and pediatric and adult diabetes providers were conducted to assess perspectives on common family challenges surrounding diabetes management and the transition to adult healthcare. In phase 2, focus group data were used to create video vignettes to be used as part of the intervention. In phase 3, BFST-DT was created through the adaptation of a previous evidence-based family intervention for families of adolescents with T1D. Results: BFST-DT is a virtual, 6-month family-based intervention involving four multi-family group meetings and six individual family meetings. It targets the modifiable and reciprocal interactions among individual and family transition readiness factors. Conclusions: BFST-DT is the first family-focused intervention promoting transition readiness in adolescents with T1D and is currently being tested. Intervention development benefits from prioritization of engagement with patients, caregivers, and providers, as their perspectives are invaluable for creating interventions that are relevant and acceptable to communities.

Age-Related Changes in Postural Stability in Response to Varying Surface Instability in Young and Middle-Aged Adults.

As individuals transition into middle age, subtle declines in postural control may occur due to gradual reductions in neuromuscular control. The current study aimed to examine the effect of age on bipedal postural control across three support surfaces with varying degrees of instability: a firm surface, a foam pad, and a multiaxial balance board. The effect of surface stability was also assessed. Postural accelerations were recorded using a tri-axial accelerometer placed over the lumbar spine (L5) in 24 young female adults (23.9 ± 5.3 years) and 24 middle-aged female adults (51.4 ± 5.9 years). Sample entropy (SampEn) was used to analyze the complexity of postural control by measuring the regularity of postural acceleration. The main results show significant age-related differences in the mediolateral and anteroposterior acceleration directions (p ≤ 0.012). Young adults exhibit more irregular fluctuations in postural acceleration (high SampEn), reflecting greater efficiency or automaticity in postural control compared to middle-aged adults. Increased surface instability also progressively decreases SampEn in the mediolateral direction (p < 0.001), reflecting less automaticity with increased instability. However, no interaction effects are observed. These findings imply that incorporating balance training on unstable surfaces might help middle-aged adults maintain postural control and prevent future falls.

The effects of daylight saving time clock changes on accelerometer-measured sleep duration in the UK Biobank.

We explored the effects of daylight saving time clock changes on sleep duration in a large accelerometer dataset. Our sample included UK Biobank participants (n = 11,780; aged 43-78 years) with accelerometer data for one or more days during the 2 weeks surrounding the Spring and Autumn daylight saving time transitions from October 2013 and November 2015. Between-individual t-tests compared sleep duration on the Sunday (midnight to midnight) of the clock changes with the Sunday before and the Sunday after. We also compared sleep duration on all other days (Monday-Saturday) before and after the clock changes. In Spring, mean sleep duration was 65 min lower on the Sunday of the clock changes than the Sunday before (95% confidence interval -72 to -58 min), and 61 min lower than the Sunday after (95% confidence interval -69 to -53). In Autumn, the mean sleep duration on the Sunday of the clock changes was 33 min higher than the Sunday before (95% confidence interval 27-39 min), and 38 min higher than the Sunday after (95% confidence interval 32-43 min). There was some evidence of catch-up sleep after both transitions, with sleep duration a little higher on the Monday-Friday than before, although this was less pronounced in Autumn. Future research should use large datasets with longer periods of accelerometer wear to capture sleep duration before and after the transition in the same individuals, and examine other aspects of sleep such as circadian misalignment, sleep fragmentation or daytime napping.

The ambivalent relationship of e-scooters and public transport: Evidence from France

This paper aims at assessing competitiveness of shared e-scooters relative to public transport proposing a methodology that uses empirical data at the individual trip level and comparing e-scooter trips with the alternative public transit route available to the traveler at the time of the trip, as estimated by a navigation and public transit application. This allows us to obtain information at the individual transit trip level, such as in-vehicle time, walking, waiting, and other. We then explore the competitiveness between the two alternatives using two performance measures – travel time (TT) and an estimation of the generalized cost (GC) of a trip – for different levels of aggregation. Results show that in general, e-scooters are more competitive in terms of travel time. However, due to the higher pricing, generalized cost of transit is generally lower than that of e-scooter. In 60% of the cases users would lower their generalized cost by using public transport instead of e-scooter. On average, e-scooter is a better option for trips up to 15min, while public transit is better for longer trips. They are also more competitive during hours when transit frequency is reduced, as well as in areas with reduced service. Finally, we also find that one in five trips complement public transport service offering transportation outside of transit service hours or between areas with no connectivity. Further research should include surveys in order to obtain more details on the psychological constructs of the users.