Transient Temperature Changes Research Articles

Finite Element Analysis of 3D Transient Linear Temperature Changes in the Periodontal Ligament During Thermoplasticized Gutta-Percha Obturation Techniques

ABSTRACT Objective: This study used finite element analysis to evaluate temperature changes in the periodontal ligament due to various thermoplasticized gutta-percha obturation techniques. Methods: Mandibular premolar models were created in SolidWorks software, simulating carrier-based obturation (CBO) and continuous wave of condensation with backfill obturation (CWC+BFO). Results: Upon analyzing seven models, the study revealed that the CWC+BFO models with the highest temperature settings (Models 4 and 7) recorded the highest maximum temperatures, nearing 127°C. In contrast, the CBO model (Model 1) exhibited the lowest maximum temperature at 47.835°C. These temperatures were primarily measured at the apical region. The duration exceeding 10°C above body temperature was highest in Models 4 and 7. CBO caused a brief 10.835°C rise for 0.43 s, deemed safe, while all CWC+BFO techniques exceeded 10°C above body temperature, lasting up to 14.40 s. Lower temperature settings, particularly during CWC, are recommended for safer CWC+BFO application. Conclusion: The CBO technique caused minimal temperature increase and appears safe. However, the CWC technique with BFO resulted in significantly higher temperatures, potentially harming the periodontal ligament. The authors recommend using lower temperatures with both techniques, especially with the CWC technique, and applying the BFO technique in multiple layers to minimize risks.

The influence of temperature on oxygen uptake of red alga Hildenbrandia rivularis – the next step of the indicatory potential revision

Hildenbrandia rivularis belongs to the freshwater red algae and is cosmopolitan. In some European countries, this species is protected, e.g., in Poland, where it mainly inhabits highly oxygenated, fast-flowing ecosystems. This alga is often considered both a bioindicator of oligotrophic waters and a relatively rare species in Europe. However, the expansion and ecological tolerance of H. rivularis have increased over the last decades; thus, there is an urgent call to retest its environmental optima and significance for bioindicative potential. In this paper, H. rivularis from Welna River (Poland) growing on hard substrates was tested. In addition to genetic, microscopic, and physicochemical analyses, we also delivered for the first time the relationship between the transient temperature changes (15 – 45 °C, with 5 °C intervals) and oxygen uptake of H. rivularis (based on ex situ measurements of O2 consumption by thalli). Interestingly, for the eurythermal H. rivularis, at the lowest temperature (15 °C) treatment, the O2 uptake was undetectable, but the respiratory rate reached maximal velocity at the two highest temperatures (40 and 45 °C). Importantly, the respiration of this alga was relatively stable across temperature gradient 20 – 35 °C. This observation could explain why this species has been disappearing from colder waters of uplands and mountains and started to prefer warmer lowland water ecosystems. The further increase in global warming can significantly accelerate this tendency, thus causing a significant change in the H. rivularis distribution pattern known from the previous literature. Finally, our research sheds new light on the bioindicative potential of H. rivularis.

Transient Changes in Cerebral Tissue Oxygen, Glucose, and Temperature by Microstrokes: A Computational Study.

This study focuses on evaluating the disruptions in key physiological parameters during microstroke events to assess their severity. A mathematical model was developed to simulate the changes in cerebral tissue pO2, glucose concentration, and temperature due to blood flow interruptions. The model considers variations in baseline cerebral blood flow (CBF), capillary density, and blood oxygen/glucose levels, as well as ambient temperature changes. Simulations indicate that complete blood flow obstruction still allows for limited glucose availability, supporting nonoxidative metabolism and potentially exacerbating lactate buildup and acidosis. Partial obstructions decrease tissue pO2, with minimal impact on glucose level, which can remain almost unchanged or even slightly increase. Reduced CBF, capillary density, or blood oxygen due to aging or disease enhances hypoxia risk at lower obstruction levels, with capillary density having a significant effect on stroke severity by influencing both pO2 and glucose levels. Conditions could lead to co-occurrence of hypoxia/hypoglycemia or hypoxia/hyperglycemia, each worsening outcomes. Temperature effects were minimal in deep brain regions but varied near the skull by 0.2-0.8°C depending on ambient temperature. The model provides insights into the conditions driving severe stroke outcomes based on estimated levels of hypoxia, hypoglycemia, hyperglycemia, and temperature changes.

Nanosecond-level second-order characteristics in dynamic calibration of thin film thermocouples by short-pulse laser

In this study, we explore the dynamic response of thin-film thermocouples (TFTCs) to transient temperature changes, emphasizing their nanosecond response capabilities. Traditionally, TFTCs are modeled as first-order systems. By employing magnetron sputtering, we have prepared NiCr/NiSi TFTCs with a novel integrated lead method. A 7.6 ns short-pulse laser served as the heat source, capturing the TFTCs’ transient response with a high-speed collector at 200 M/s. Unexpectedly, the TFTCs’ response curves exhibited oscillations at high acquisition rates. Through frequency response analysis, we have established a pulse response model for the TFTCs that is highly consistent with experimental results. For the first time, we confirmed the TFTCs’ second-order dynamic characteristics. Furthermore, our findings that various substrate materials and lead methods impact the damping characteristics of TFTCs led us to conduct pulsed laser damage experiments. These experiments revealed a correlation between damping properties and the extent of damage.

Transient temperature measurement of silicon carbide Schottky barrier diode based on thermal reflection.

In this article, we present a transient temperature detection device for silicon carbide (SiC) Schottky barrier diodes (SBDs) based on thermal reflection theory. We constructed a thermal reflection temperature measurement device based on a 530-nm green laser. This device is more suitable for transient temperature measurement of SiC SBDs than previous thermal reflection equipment. The accuracy of temperature measurement by our device was confirmed by comparison with the results of infrared thermal imaging. The high temporal resolution characteristics of the thermal reflection technology allowed the detection of millisecond-level transient temperature changes in SiC SBDs. In addition, we investigated the complementarity of transient temperature change curves during heating and cooling processes, as well as the reasons for the differences between these curves. Finally, we used the structural function method combined with the Bayesian deconvolution algorithm to obtain the thermal resistance along the heat flow path of the device and validated the results using an established thermal resistance testing method.

Vibration characteristics and safety analysis of production string in high temperature, high pressure gas wells

During the production of high-temperature, high-pressure (HPHT) gas wells, the gas entering the production tubing column induces vibration, which in turn leads to changes in the mechanical properties and safety of the tubing column. A dynamic model of the production string in an HPHT gas well was established to study the dynamic characteristics of its production string. The additional axial force caused by the transient temperature change and the nonlinear contact collision between the production string and the casing were considered. The Newmark-β method was used to solve the problem by analyzing and comparing the flow-induced vibration characteristics of the production pipe string. In this study, a gas well in the southwest Sichuan Basin was used as the research object to study the effects of gas production, packer setting position, and string wall thickness on the dynamic characteristics of the string. The results show that in the gas production process, intense vibrations are generated in the transverse and longitudinal directions of the tubular column. After high-velocity gas flows through the production tubing column, the vibrations at the wellbore inclination and the top of the tubing column are more intense. With the rise of production and the downward movement of the packer setting position, the vibration displacement and frequency of the tubing column increase. In addition, as the column's wall thickness increases, the column's stiffness rises, which, in turn, reduces the vibration of the column. When the gas production increases from 60 × 104 m3/d to 150 × 104 m3/d, the maximum transverse vibration displacement of the production string will increase by 22.2%–39.3%, while the frequency will increase by 15.3%–54.3%. When the wall thickness of the pipe column reaches 9.53 mm and 10.92 mm, it can be employed to enhance the safety factor of the string and extend the fatigue life of the string. This study provides a theoretical framework for field string protection and production guidance.

The Coupled Temperature Field Model of Difficult-to-Deform Mg Alloy Foil High-Efficiency Electro-Rolling and Experimental Study

In response to the challenging difficult-to-deform of magnesium foils, a high-efficiency and high-precision electro-rolling temperature field coupled model is established. This model is designed to simulate the non-annealing electric rolling (NAER) process of Mg foils under conditions of high current density, rapid temperature rise rates, and large temperature gradients. Firstly, a coupled temperature field difference model for the guide roller, roll, and Mg foil is established, based on the equipment for NAER and the electrification conditions. The Joule heat, distortion heat, and friction heat in the electric rolling process were precisely considered. Secondly, considering the peculiarity of the heat source and the heat transfer mechanism during NAER, the influence of the dynamic boundary conditions on the instantaneous temperature of the Mg foil was analyzed, which was closer to the actual situation. The experimental results show that the original model can accurately simulate the transient temperature change in Mg foils during NAER, and the error between the predicted value and the measured value is within 7.1%. According to the calculation of the model, the microstructure of completely recrystallized magnesium foil with a grain size of 4.61 μm and a texture strength of 11.3 can be obtained at an inlet temperature of 250 °C.

Thermal corrosion fatigue crack growth behavior and life prediction of 304SS pipeline structures in high temperature pressurized water

The influence of transient water temperature changes on the fatigue crack growth behavior of 304SS pipeline structures was studied based on high-throughput testing method through the modification of dual loop circulating water equipment. Results demonstrated that the fatigue crack growth rate gradually decreased with the decrease of cooling rate, and the crack growth rate was exponentially related to the cooling rate. Both the base material and weld of the stepped pipe showed a transgranular cracking mode, and propagated continuously by slip-oxidation mechanism. Compared with the fine equiaxed grain of the base material, the grain in the weld was coarse and the residual strain was large, and the crack growth rate of the weld was obviously higher. Then, the thermal fatigue crack growth rate model for stepped pipes was established by combining finite element thermo-mechanical coupling simulation and three-dimensional crack propagation analysis software, and the model was modified based on the experimental results.

Rapid spatial assessment of leaf-absorbed irradiance.

Image-based high-throughput phenotyping promises the rapid determination of functional traits in large plant populations. However, interpretation of some traits - such as those related to photosynthesis or transpiration rates - is only meaningful if the irradiance absorbed by the measured leaves is known, which can differ greatly between different parts of the same plant and within canopies. No feasible method currently exists to rapidly measure absorbed irradiance in three-dimensional plants and canopies. We developed a method and protocols to derive absorbed irradiance at any visible part of a canopy with a thermal camera, by fitting a leaf energy balance model to transient changes in leaf temperature. Leaves were exposed to short light pulses (30 s) that were not long enough to trigger stomatal opening but strong enough to induce transient changes in leaf temperature that was proportional to the absorbed irradiance. The method was successfully validated against point measurements of absorbed irradiance in plant species with relatively simple architecture (sweet pepper, cucumber, tomato, and lettuce). Once calibrated, the model was used to produce absorbed irradiance maps from thermograms. Our method opens new avenues for the interpretation of plant responses derived from imaging techniques and can be adapted to existing high-throughput phenotyping platforms.

Exploration adsorption characteristics of zeolite 13X depending on humidity and flow rate in sorption thermal energy storage applications

Sorption thermal energy storage (STES) systems utilizing zeolite 13X present a promising solution to pressing global energy challenges. In this study, we explore the influence of absolute humidity and flow rate on the heat release process within a STES system, with a focus on local and overall performance considering temperature profile, degree of adsorption reaction, and average thermal power. A numerical model has been developed to investigate the adsorption kinetics of zeolite 13X and water, which is validated through experiments on pressure drop and transient temperature changes. In this study, we introduce P(%), a novel factor providing a holistic perspective of the adsorption process throughout the reactor. Through the analysis of P(%), we elucidate the link between the adsorption reaction, local heat transfer characteristics, and average thermal power within the reactor. Our findings reveal that increasing absolute humidity and flow rate accelerates the adsorption reaction of zeolite, leading to reduced discharge time. Our findings indicate that the adsorption reaction rate significantly decreases when P(%) approaches 95%. It is noteworthy, however, that the specific threshold of P(%) can vary based on the adsorbent type or reactor design. Despite this, P(%) can be utilized as a factor to establish the criteria for optimal control of STES. This research provides a guideline for optimum operational control and reactor design of STES systems.

Frictional heat accumulation at cyclically rolling-sliding contacts with consideration to time-dependent contact pressure

A finite element model is proposed for analyzing the frictional heat accumulation at high-speed rolling-sliding contacts. The moving frictional heat flux as a function of the time-dependent contact pressure is applied cyclically on the contact surface. The convectional heat boundary is considered in non-contact region. The transient temperature changes on the contact surface are calculated, which is validated against analytical calculation results by employing the Fourier transform method. The frictional heat accumulation effect and equilibrium-state temperature are obtained during cyclically rolling-sliding contacts.

Edoxaban eliminates hypercoagulability evoked by transient temperature changes in human whole blood.

Thrombosis is a common critical complication relating to radiofrequency catheter ablation and cryoablation. There is a possibility that high-temperature stimulation during radiofrequency ablation or low-temperature stimulation during cryoablation may affect the coagulability of blood. In this study, we aimed to determine the impacts of transient temperature stimulations on the coagulability of whole blood and to clarify if edoxaban suppressed the hypercoagulability. Citrated blood samples were drawn from 41 healthy subjects. Some blood samples were mixed with tissue factor (TF) and several concentrations of edoxaban (50, 100, and 200 ng/mL). Blood samples were exposed to several temperature stimulations for 1 min: heat stimulation (50°C) or cryostimulation (-20°C), and compared with control (37°C). Repeated cryostimulations or sequential cryo- and heat stimulation were also applied. Coagulability of whole blood was measured using a dielectric blood coagulometry. As an index of coagulability, the end of acceleration time (EAT) was used. Both heat- and cryostimulations significantly shortened the EAT compared to the control, indicating that hypercoagulability was induced by temperature stimulations. Application of TF enhanced and extended the hypercoagulability after the temperature stimulations. Sequential application of cryo- followed by heat stimulation further enhanced the hypercoagulability of blood. Application of edoxaban increased the EAT in a concentration-dependent manner in control condition. Edoxaban at 100 or 200 ng/mL completely suppressed the shortening of EAT evoked by these temperature stimulations. Transient temperature stimulations evoked hypercoagulability regardless of cryo- or heat stimulation. Edoxaban with 100 ng/mL or more eliminated this temperature-stimulated hypercoagulability.

Transient electron temperature and density changes in water breakdown induced by femtosecond laser pulses

When a femtosecond laser pulse travels through water, optical breakdown occurs when the laser intensity exceeds a certain threshold. This photoionization (PI) process and the resulting laser-induced plasma can strongly influence the laser ablation of substances, including transparent biological tissue, etc. However, numerical models of the initial evolution of the laser plasma and its early electron temperature remain inadequate. Here, a transient ionization rate equation involving the solvation process is proposed for calculating the free-electron number density (FED) generated during the interaction of the femtosecond laser with the water surface, along with the temporal evolution of the electron temperature in the focusing region during the entire femtosecond laser pulse utilizing an improved temperature model. The predictions of the proposed model are in better agreement with the experimentally determined breakdown thresholds. The results indicate that the existence of solvated electrons has a considerable influence on the determination of the optical breakdown threshold in water, which may also be one of the reasons why traditional numerical models consistently fail to forecast the actual breakdown threshold.

Failure Analysis of Casing in Shale Oil Wells under Multistage Fracturing Conditions

During the multistage fracturing in shale oil and gas wells with tieback and liner, one of the major challenges is the wellbore temperature variation due to the high-rate fracturing. In such a case, the axial shrinkage trend of the casing string could be caused due to the sudden drop in temperature, but the actual axial length of the casing string would not change due to the cement constraints. Therefore, this could lead to cementation damage between the casing and cement due to excessive load from the casing string. A wellbore seal that is out of control often leads to irreversible consequences, even well abandonment. In order to study the mechanism of casing deformation in shale oil and gas wells with tieback and liner quantitatively, in this paper, take LS1 well (a typical shale oil and gas well with tieback and liner, and casing deformation is caused) for example, the transient changes of temperature and pressure in the whole wellbore during multistage fracturing are studied. Moreover, the cementing strength test of the interface between casing and cement is also tested. Then, the testing results are carried out and extended to model the finite element (FE) model with the whole vertical section casing string with tieback and liner. The model is used to simulate the internal force changes under fracturing conditions with different stages of fracturing. Meanwhile, the casing deformation mechanism in LS1 well is analyzed and studied in detail. Our simulation results indicated the failure process and mechanism of cementation between casing and cement in shale oil and gas wells with tieback and liner. Our work can provide a detailed theoretical reference and a basis for field application.

Influence of pulsed laser scanning patterns on microstructural evolution and mechanical properties of Inconel 718 in direct laser deposition

The mechanical properties of direct laser deposition (DLD) parts are crucial for engineering applications, which are determined by the microstructure and texture. To achieve fine microstructure and higher mechanical performance, pulsed laser deposition is used to generate less heat accumulation and a higher cooling rate. However, the relationship between microstructure and thermal history is difficult to investigate due to the transient temperature change. In this work, a three-dimensional numerical model is developed to study the thermal behavior of the molten pool in the continuous laser deposition (CLD), the continuous pulsed laser deposition (CPLD), and the interval pulsed laser deposition (IPLD) processes. The microstructure of the deposition samples is investigated by optical microscope and electron back-scattered diffraction. The mechanical response of the deposition samples is investigated by tensile test and microhardness test. Compared with the CLD, CPLD, and IPLD result in higher temperature gradient and cooling rate, long columnar grains, and a strong fiber texture. However, grains with larger sizes and a texture with a herringbone pattern due to the change of heat flow are obtained in CLD samples. The test values of IPLD samples show higher tensile strength, higher yield strength, lower ductility, and higher hardness values. This research brings about a perspective for studying the thermal effects of deposition layers and a novelty deposition process to obtain specific microstructures and better mechanical properties.

配電線スリム化を目的としたダイナミックレーティング適用時の蓄電池設備容量評価

Because of a large number of facilities in distribution lines, the rationalization of power distribution equipment is an important issue. In recent years, photovoltaic power generation system (PV) has become increasingly interconnected, so the use of distributed power sources and storage battery to streamline facilities is also being studied. However, large capacity of the storage battery is required to reduce power flow in distribution lines using only the storage battery. Dynamic rating (DR), on the other hand, dynamically changes the current capacity of transmission lines and transformers according to weather conditions and other factors. In this study, the necessary capacity of the storage battery is evaluated by distribution lines according to DR. Furthermore, considering transitional characteristics of the wire temperature about current that it takes several minutes to change after varying current can increase the allowable current capacity in distribution lines based on DR. Since downsizing distribution lines to rationalize distribution facilities increases the impedance in distribution system, there is a problem that the voltage fluctuation becomes large. Therefore, this paper proposes a method for calculating the necessary capacity of storage battery according to DR considering transient temperature change and voltage fluctuations in the distribution system. Then, the necessary capacity of the storage battery is evaluated through numerical simulations based on actual annual data.

Pulsed Photothermal Radiometric Depth Profiling of Bruises by 532 nm and 1064 nm Lasers.

Optical techniques are often inadequate in estimating bruise age since they are not sensitive to the depth of chromophores at the location of the bruise. To address this shortcoming, we used pulsed photothermal radiometry (PPTR) for depth profiling of bruises with two wavelengths, 532 nm (KTP laser) and 1064 nm (Nd:YAG laser). Six volunteers with eight bruises of exactly known and documented times of injury were enrolled in the study. A homogeneous part of the bruise was irradiated first with a 5 ms pulse at 532 nm and then with a 5 ms pulse at 1064 nm. The resulting transient surface temperature change was collected with a fast IR camera. The initial temperature-depth profiles were reconstructed by solving the ill-posed inverse problem using a custom reconstruction algorithm. The PPTR signals and reconstructed initial temperature profiles showed that the 532 nm wavelength probed the shallow skin layers revealing moderate changes during bruise development, while the 1064 nm wavelength provided additional information for severe bruises, in which swelling was present. Our two-wavelength approach has the potential for an improved estimation of the bruise age, especially if combined with modeling of bruise dynamics.

Neural modulation with photothermally active nanomaterials.

Modulating neural electrophysiology with high precision is essential for understanding neural communication and for the diagnosis and treatment of neural disorders. Photothermal modulation offers a remote and non-genetic method for neural modulation with high spatiotemporal resolution and specificity. This technique induces highly localized and transient temperature changes at the cell membrane interfaced with photothermally active nanomaterials. This rapid temperature change affects the electrical properties of the cell membrane or temperature-sensitive ion channels. In this Review, we discuss the fundamental material properties and illumination conditions that are necessary for nanomaterial-assisted photothermal neural excitation and inhibition. We examine how this versatile technique allows direct investigation of neural electrophysiology and signalling pathways in two-dimensional and three-dimensional cell cultures and tissues, and highlight the scientific and technological challenges in terms of cellular specificity, light delivery and biointerface stability on the road to clinical translation.

Average Surface Temperature Over the Circular Disk Heat Source/Sink Embedded in an Insulating Boundary Plane. Analytic Solution.

Reduction of a Bessel integral solution for the average transient temperature change at the surface of a constant flux thermal source/sink of circular disk aspect embedded in an otherwise insulating plane boundary of a homogeneous, isotropic, and conducting half-space is reported. The analytic solution comprises algebraic expressions of tabulated functions.

Surrogate models for predicting transient change in temperature, stress and strain in gas turbine blade

Surrogate models for predicting transient change in temperature, stress and strain in gas turbine blade