Transient Form Research Articles

Vascular changes in vascularized composite allotransplantation.

Allograft vasculopathy in vascularized composite allografts (VCA) remains understudied. This review explores the vascular changes in VCA, focused on recent literature. Allograft vasculopathy in VCA generally includes progressive concentric myointimal thickening and luminal narrowing of arterial vessels through endothelial deterioration and proliferation of smooth muscle cells. Microvascular changes are also noted, with thrombosis and lumen narrowing in microvessels of the skin even in the absence of large vessel vasculopathy. Histopathologic reports of skin containing VCA rejection document arteriosclerosis in deep vessels that are not always reflected in skin punch biopsies. The first revision of the Banff VCA scoring system 2022 was developed to include vascular changes in VCA. The scoring system for chronic changes and antibody mediated rejection continues to be under development. The study of vascular changes in VCA continues to progress. Important data and advances in experimental and clinical VCA have been reported and continue to take place. Challenges ahead include capture of clinical data that will evolve beyond transient report forms and approaching on the problem of graft failure well grounded in sound scientific methodology.

The Association of Pregnancy, Alpha-fetoprotein, and Fetal Defects with Breast Cancer Risk: A Review and Commentary

Human alpha-fetoprotein (HAFP) during pregnancy has long been utilized in the obstetric clinic as a pregnancy gestational age-dependent biomarker for birth defects such as neural tube defects and aneuploidies. Within the last two decades, the HAFP polypeptide has also been reported to transition into intermediate protein folding forms depending on levels of ligand concentrations in fetal microenvironments. A conformational change or transformation of the AFP polypeptide produces a molten globule form of the fetal protein known as “transformed AFP (TrAFP). This HAFP transformation exposes a short peptide amino acid sequence on the full-length AFP which functions as a growth-inhibiting factor able to inhibit and prevent the growth of cancer cell microfoci in fetal and maternal tissues including the breast. In past studies, it was reported that a reduced risk of postmenopausal breast cancer later in life was associated with elevated AFP levels during pregnancy. Recent studies have further reported that HAFP can interact, bind, and disable mutated DNA-damage repair proteins in a cell’s growth cycle which progresses to mitosis; this function prevents replication of cells with damaged DNA. Based on the above studies, the present review and commentary examine whether HAFP, present in transient forms during pregnancy, constitutes a prime factor which could contribute to a reduced maternal breast cancer risk later in the mother’s life.

Insulin Delivery Technology for Treatment of Infants with Neonatal Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review.

Neonatal diabetes mellitus is a rare disorder of glucose metabolism with onset within the first 6months of life. The initial treatment is based on insulin infusion. The technologies for diabetes treatment can be very helpful, even if guidelines are still lacking. The current study aimed to provide a comprehensive review of the literature about the safety and efficacy of insulin treatment with technology for diabetes to support clinicians in the management of infants with neonatal diabetes mellitus. A total of 22 papers were included, most of them case reports or case series. The first infants with neonatal diabetes mellitus treated with insulin pumps were described nearly two decades ago. Over the years, continuous glucose monitoring systems were added to treat these individuals, allowing for a better customization of insulin administration. Insulin was diluted in some cases to further minimize the doses. Improvement in technology for diabetes prompted clinicians to use new devices and algorithms for insulin delivery in infants with neonatal diabetes as well. These systems are safe and effective, may shorten hospital stay, and help clinicians weaning insulin during the remission phase in the transient forms or switching from insulin to sulfonylurea when suggested by the molecular diagnosis. New technologies for insulin delivery in infants with neonatal diabetes can be used safely and closed-loop algorithms can work properly in these situations, optimizing blood glucose control.

SDGSA: a lightweight shallow dual-group symmetric attention network for micro-expression recognition

Recognizing micro-expressions (MEs) as subtle and transient forms of human emotional expressions is critical for accurately judging human feelings. However, recognizing MEs is challenging due to their transient and low-intensity characteristics. This study develops a lightweight shallow dual-group symmetric attention network (SDGSA) to address the limitations of existing methods in capturing the subtle features of MEs. This network takes the optical flow features as inputs, extracting ME features through a shallow network and performing finer feature segmentation in the channel dimension through a dual-group strategy. The goal is to focus on different types of facial information without disrupting facial symmetry. Moreover, this study implements a spatial symmetry attention module, focusing on extracting facial symmetry features to emphasize further the symmetric information of the left and right sides of the face. Additionally, we introduce the channel blending technique to optimize the information fusion between different channel features. Extensive experiments on SMIC, CASME II, SAMM, and 3DB-combined mainstream ME datasets demonstrate that the proposed SDGSA method outperforms the metrics of current state-of-the-art methods. As shown by ablation experimental results, the proposed dual-group symmetric attention module outperforms classical attention modules, such as the convolutional block attention module, squeeze-and-excitation, efficient channel attention, spatial group-wise enhancement, and multi-head self-attention. Importantly, SDGSA maintained excellent performance while having only 0.278 million parameters. The code and model are publicly available at https://github.com/YZY980123/SDGSA.

Cooperative Protein Dynamics of Heterotetrameric Hemoglobin from Scapharca inaequivalvis.

Hemoglobins achieve cooperative oxygen binding by diverse strategies based on different assemblies of globin subunits. Heterotetrameric hemoglobin from Scapharca inaequivalvis (HbII) consists of two AB-dimers, whose structure closely resembles that of homodimeric hemoglobin from the same organism (HbI). Herein, we investigated the structural dynamics of HbII following carbon monoxide (CO) dissociation using time-resolved resonance Raman (RR) spectroscopy. The observed spectra showed that the heme structure of the transient dissociated form of HbII was similar to that of HbI; however, the transition from the transient dissociated form to the equilibrium unligated form was faster for HbII than for HbI. Furthermore, the dependence of the time-resolved spectra on the yield of CO dissociation revealed that the transition became faster as the number of dissociated ligands increased from one to four. The positive correlation between the rate constants and number of dissociated ligands indicates that the structural transition of HbII following CO dissociation is cooperative.

Security enhancement of artificial neural network using physically transient form of heterogeneous memristors with tunable resistive switching behaviors

Security enhancement of artificial neural network using physically transient form of heterogeneous memristors with tunable resistive switching behaviors

The droopy eyed toddler – A rare case of juvenile myasthenia gravis

Myasthenia Gravis is a Neuromuscular Junction disorder seen in children. It can have 3 presentations. Transient neonatal form, Immune mediated or Juvenile form and congenital myasthenia variety possibly due to genetic mutation. Amongst these variants Immune mediated form is most common type. It comprises 10% of all Myasthenia Gravis cases. Myasthenia can have myriad of clinical presentations. Our case is of a 18 months old toddler who had drooping of eyes which started insidiously 1 month back.

Evaluation of off-label rapamycin use on oral health.

Rapamycin (sirolimus) is an FDA approved drug with immune modulating properties that is being prescribed off-label in adults as a preventative therapy to maintain healthspan. We recently published one of the first reports on 333 adults with a history of off-label rapamycin use. Along with presenting evidence that rapamycin can be used safely in adults of normal health status, we discovered that about 26% of rapamycin users also reported oral health changes. Given the recent evidence highlighting the potential benefits of rapamycin and its derivatives in enhancing oral health, we conducted a secondary data analysis to profile the oral health of off-label rapamycin users, the true incidence of mouth sores, and present specific case studies of periodontal bone loss quantification using an FDA-approved artificial intelligence platform. Contrary to expected findings and previous literature, dimensions of rapamycin usage (such as length of use, dosage, and interval) were not found to be related to the incidence of mouth ulcers in rapamycin users. Notably, among rapamycin users, the most deleterious forms of ulcers were found to be infrequent and not statistically linked to rapamycin usage, with most rapamycin users having a common transient form of mouth ulcers. Additionally, we describe the general oral health outcomes of off-label rapamycin users and provide recommendations for individuals engaging in off-label rapamycin to be regularly checked by a dentist or an oral health care provider. This report was limited by being a secondary data analysis taken from survey data that focused on a more holistic health model. Future studies will use a focused survey that collects data on more dimensions of oral health outcomes while including questions on oral health for non-rapamycin-using participants.

Pelizaeus disease Merzbacher like: About an observation

Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease (PM) is an X-linked leukodystrophy causing developmental delay, nystagmus, hypotonia, spasticity and variable intellectual deficit. Three forms are described according to age of onset and severity: neonatal forms (+ severe), classical form (moderate, first 2 months of life) and transient form (the least serious 2-3 years). Prevalence is estimated at 1/400,000. We report the sighting of a 12-year-old and 8-month-old girl, with no significant history, from a non-indigenous marriage. Presents since the age of 5 months a bilateral horizontal nystagmus, myoclonia and a psychomotor retardation and whose examination revealed a pyramidal syndrome and a discreet hepatomegaly. The biological balance objectivéhyperlactatemie, hyperammoniémieet Chromatography of Amino Acids in urine showed an increase in glycine, alanine and tyrosine with Amino Acid chromatography in the blood and chromatography of Organic Acids normal. MRI brain objectified a demyelinating aspect of the white substance and atrophy of the corpus callosum. PEV pathological retina-cortical conduction, PEA altered left, Muscle biopsy absence of shredded red fibers and genetic study confirms PelizaeusMerzbacher disease like.

Theoretical analysis of transient counter-flow combustion system fueled by porous biomass particles in a non-premixed configuration under non-adiabatic conditions

The current research aims to implement a reliable analytical model in order to scrutinize the transient behavior of a counter-flow non-premixed combustion system fueled by wet porous biomass particles under non-adiabatic conditions, including several processes such as phase change and dehumidification. A special term is added to the heat equation based on the law of conservation of energy as a means to assess the convective heat loss impacts. In order to analyze the structure of the diffusion flame and predict the time-dependent temperature and mass fractions of reactants distributions, transient forms of energy and mass equations are solved through the asymptotic method. Eventually, the influences of key factors such as equivalence ratio, porosity factor of particles, and reactants Lewis numbers on the flame structure and transient behavior of diffusion flames are elaborately investigated in the non-adiabatic condition, considering convective heat loss and compared to those in the adiabatic condition. The findings reveal that increasing the porosity factor not only improves flame temperature but also leads the flame to be located further from the fuel nozzle. In addition, when the system reaches its steady-state condition, the temperature of the flame formed in the adiabatic condition is about 20 % higher than that formed in the non-adiabatic condition.

Unraveling the Influence of Topology and Spatial Confinement on Equilibrium and Relaxation Properties of Interlocked Ring Polymers.

We use Langevin dynamics simulations to study linked ring polymers in channel confinement. We address the in- and out-of-equilibrium behavior of the systems for varying degrees of confinement and increasing topological and geometrical complexity of the interlocking. The main findings are three. First, metric observables of different link topologies collapse onto the same master curve when plotted against the crossing number, revealing a universal response to confinement. Second, the relaxation process from initially stretched states is faster for more complex links. We ascribe these properties to the interplay of several effects, including the dependence of topological friction on the link complexity. Finally, we show that transient forms of geometrical entanglement purposely added to the initial stressed state can leave distinctive signatures in force-spectroscopy curves. The insight provided by the findings could be leveraged in single-molecule nanochannel experiments to identify geometric entanglement within topologically linked rings.

To Diet or Not to Diet This Is the Question in Food-Protein-Induced Allergic Proctocolitis (FPIAP)-A Comprehensive Review of Current Recommendations.

Food-protein-induced allergic proctocolitis (FPIAP) is an increasingly reported transient and benign form of colitis that occurs commonly in the first weeks of life in healthy breastfed or formula-fed infants. Distal colon mucosal inflammation is caused by a non-IgE immune reaction to food allergens, more commonly to cow's milk protein. Rectal bleeding possibly associated with mucus and loose stools is the clinical hallmark of FPIAP. To date, no specific biomarker is available, and investigations are reserved for severe cases. Disappearance of blood in the stool may occur within days or weeks from starting the maternal or infant elimination diet, and tolerance to the food allergen is typically acquired before one year of life in most patients. In some infants, no relapse of bleeding occurs when the presumed offending food is reassumed after a few weeks of the elimination diet. Many guidelines and expert consensus on cow's milk allergy have recently been published. However, the role of diet is still debated, and recommendations on the appropriateness and duration of allergen elimination in FPIAP are heterogeneous. This review summarizes and compares the different proposed nutritional management of infants suffering from FPIAP, highlighting the pros and cons according to the most recent literature data.

Evaluating transient phenomena by wavelet analysis: early recovery to exercise.

Wavelet analysis (WA) provides superior time-frequency decomposition of complex signals than conventional spectral analysis tools. To illustrate its usefulness in assessing transient phenomena, we applied a custom-developed WA algorithm to laser-Doppler (LD) signals of the cutaneous microcirculation measured at glabrous (finger pulp) and nonglabrous (forearm) sites during early recovery after dynamic exercise. This phase, importantly contributing to the establishment of thermal homeostasis after exercise cessation, has not been adequately explored because of its complex, transient form. Using WA, we decomposed the LD signals measured during the baseline and early recovery into power spectra of characteristic frequency intervals corresponding to endothelial nitric oxide (NO)-dependent, neurogenic, myogenic, respiratory, and cardiac physiological influence. Assessment of relative power (RP), defined as the ratio between the median power in the frequency interval and the median power of the total spectrum, revealed that endothelial NO-dependent (5.87 early recovery; 1.53 baseline; P = 0.005; Wilcoxon signed-rank test) and respiratory (0.71 early recovery; 0.40 baseline; P = 0.001) components were significantly increased, and myogenic component (1.35 early recovery; 1.83 baseline; P = 0.02) significantly decreased during early recovery in the finger pulp. In the forearm, only the RP of the endothelial NO-dependent (1.90 early recovery; 0.94 baseline; P = 0.009) component was significantly increased. WA presents an irreplaceable tool for the assessment of transient phenomena. The relative contribution of the physiological mechanisms controlling the microcirculatory response in the early recovery phase appears to differ in glabrous and nonglabrous skin when compared with baseline; moreover, the endothelial NO-dependent influence seems to play an important role.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We address the applicability of wavelet analysis (WA) in evaluating transient phenomena on a model of early recovery to exercise, which is the only exercise-associated phase characterized by a distinct transient shape and as such cannot be assessed using conventional tools. Our WA-based algorithm provided a reliable spectral decomposition of laser-Doppler (LD) signals in early recovery, enabling us to speculate roughly on the mechanisms involved in the regulation of skin microcirculation in this phase.

Evaluation and management of neonatal onset hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia: a single neonatal center experience

Objectives To evaluate the clinical characteristics and treatment options of neonates requiring prolonged hospitalization due to persistent hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia (HH). Methods This retrospective cohort study included infants >34 weeks of gestation at birth who were born in our hospital between 2018 and 2021, diagnosed with HH, and required diazoxide within the first 28 days of life. The baseline clinical characteristics, age at the time of diagnosis and treatment options in diazoxide resistance cases were recorded. Genetic mutation analysis, if performed, was also included. Results A total of 32 infants diagnosed with neonatal HH were followed up. Among the cohort, 25 infants were classified as having transient form of HH and seven infants were classified as having congenital hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia (CHI). Thirty-one percent of the infants had no risk factors. The median birth weight was significantly higher in the CHI group, whereas no differences were found in other baseline characteristics. Patients diagnosed with CHI required higher glucose infusion rate, higher doses, and longer duration of diazoxide treatment than those in the transient HH group. Eight patients were resistant to diazoxide, and six of them required treatment with octreotide and finally sirolimus. Sirolimus prevented the need of pancreatectomy in five of six patients without causing major side effects. Homozygous mutations in the ABCC8 gene were found in four patients with CHI. Conclusions The risk of persistent neonatal hyperinsulinism should be considered in hypoglycemic neonates particularly located in regions with high rates of consanguinity. Our study demonstrated sirolimus as an effective treatment option in avoiding pancreatectomy in severe cases.

The Musical Work in Copyright Law

Abstract Music is a special art form and a special object for copyright protection. In contrast to other, more static, forms of art, such as most of the visual arts, music is fashioned time and therefore constitutes change and movement; it also exists only in its performance. This article shows how copyright constructs a normative device, the ‘musical work’, to be able to protect this fleeting and transient art form. The article also discusses how music is analysed to ascertain which of its elements obtain copyright protection against infringement, and whether a ‘hearing test’ is an adequate method for establishing infringement.

Applications of fractional calculus to thermodynamics analysis of hydromagnetic convection in a channel

The present analysis signifies the impacts of fraction calculus on the MHD analysis of an incompressible fluid flow with entropy generation, viscous dissipation, and joule heating carried out between two endless vertical plates. The left vicinity of the MHD fluid flow channel has a convectively hot MHD fluid with a specific temperature that produces the heat transfer coefficient inside the flow channel. The MHD fluid flow model has been formulated with the fractional order derivative, which is an exciting area of research. The transient form of the system of dimensionless PDEs with imposed boundary conditions is transformed to a fractional order derivative model, which was formerly solved via the Finite Difference Scheme (FDS). The graphical illustrations signify the significance of the transverse magnetic field, viscous dissipation, and Ohamic heating alongside Biot and Bejan numbers. The velocity and temperature illustrations have been shown graphically to observe the influences within the flow channel. With predetermined values of the corresponding dimensionless parameters, the coefficient of skin friction and Nusselt number accompanied by a range of convection constraints are displayed graphically within the flow channel.

Impacts of Spontaneous Waterfall Development on Bedrock River Longitudinal Profile Morphology

AbstractRiver profiles are shaped by climatic and tectonic history, lithology, and internal feedbacks between flow hydraulics, sediment transport and erosion. In steep channels, waterfalls may self‐form without changes in external forcing (i.e., autogenic formation) and erode at rates faster or slower than an equivalent channel without waterfalls. We use a 1‐D numerical model to investigate how self‐formed waterfalls alter the morphology of bedrock river longitudinal profiles. We modify the standard stream power model to include a slope threshold above which waterfalls spontaneously form and a rate constant allowing waterfalls to erode faster or slower than other fluvial processes. Using this model, we explore how waterfall formation alters both steady state and transient longitudinal profile forms. Our model predicts that fast waterfalls create km‐scale reaches in a dynamic equilibrium with channel slope held approximately constant at the threshold slope for waterfall formation, while slow waterfalls can create local channel slope maxima at the location of slow waterfall development. Furthermore, slow waterfall profiles integrate past base level histories, leading to multiple possible profile forms, even at steady‐state. Consistency between our model predictions and field observations of waterfall‐rich rivers in the Kings and Kaweah drainages in the southern Sierra Nevada, California, supports the hypothesis that waterfall formation can modulate river profiles in nature. Our findings may help identify how bedrock channels are influenced by waterfall erosion and aid in distinguishing between signatures of external and internal perturbations, thereby strengthening our ability to interpret past climate and tectonic changes from river longitudinal profiles.

Challenges and Management Strategies in the Nutrition of Older People with Diabetes

AbstractDiabetes has increased in prevalence and is the most common chronic metabolic disease worldwide. Its incidence and prevalence have particularly increased among older adults over the last few decades. The older adult population older than 60 years is diagnosed chiefly with type 2 diabetes, prediabetes, and type 1 diabetes in a small percentage; there is also an incidence of a transient form of diabetes secondary to chronic underlying diseases or as a part of their treatment-related complications. The primary goal in managing older adults with diabetes is to maintain glycemic status against the risk of hypoglycemia and its complications. In the older adult population, the problem of polypharmacy and nutrition must be kept in mind while achieving glycemic targets and preventing diabetes complications. Few studies have highlighted the importance of nutrition in older adults with diabetes and hypoglycemia as a complication leading to increased morbidity and mortality. Many factors in the older aged groups interplay in diabetes patients. Increasing the risk of hypoglycemia and managing nutritional aspects is paramount in older adults with diabetes mellitus. This review highlights various aspects of nutritional management in older adults with diabetes based on the current evidence available in the literature. However, most dietary recommendations for older adults with diabetes are based on studies in the adult population, and further studies targeting the older adult population are needed.

DEFAMILIARIZATION IN GLASS

This article aims to focus on the versatile material of glass and to explore the unique potential of glassblowing techniques for creating organic and transient glass forms for site-specific installations. The objective is to transform something mundane into something new and unexpected and deepen our appreciation for the natural world. Through defamiliarizing glass, this article explores its qualities and properties, examining the way light interacts with it, how it reflects and refracts, and the innumerable ways it can be moulded and shaped. Site-specific installations will invite the viewer to engage with the art in a specific context, creating a deeper connection between the artwork and its environment. The scope of this article is to push the boundaries of the traditional use of glass, and to explore new ways of creating and experiencing art through defamiliarization. Ultimately, this research aims to inspire a greater appreciation for the world around us and encourage viewers to see the beauty in the ordinary. The construction stages and resulting site-specific installations were recorded by photography, and the figure section provides visual representations of these documented stages. This research employs a qualitative approach, including a review of relevant literature, and will primarily utilize an experimental, practice-based methodology.

Unfolding the Mystery Behind the Onset of Chondrocyte Hypertrophy during Chondrogenesis: Toward Designing Advanced Permanent Cartilage‐mimetic Biomaterials

AbstractSuccessful recapitulation of the anatomical microarchitecture and biomechanics of the native articular cartilage under in vitro culture conditions is still an elusive topic of research. The major roadblock lies in maintaining the stable chondrogenic phenotype in vivo or under long‐term in vitro conditions. Tissue engineers worldwide has coined this aberrant loss of permanent cartilage characteristics to transient cartilage form as “chondrocyte hypertrophy”. Although the following has been validated through the expression of a few known markers but very little is understood regarding the molecular mechanism that dwells underneath. This review summarizes the precise aetiology behind the development and progression of the hypertrophic phenotype in chondrocytes under in vitro chondrogenic conditions. Based on the current literature survey, it is deciphered that the type of cell utilized (chondrocytes or stem cells), the chondrogenic culture conditions (growth factors/biochemical mediators) and the culture microenvironment (oxygen tension, mechanical loading) during chondrogenesis have a direct correlation with the dysregulated activity of the chondrogenic signaling pathways corroborating the onset of hypertrophic maturation of chondrocytes. Furthermore, it is critically analyzed whether to completely inhibit these hypertrophy‐inducing signaling pathways or apply a brake in terms of time‐dependent dose due to their functional duality role in chondrogenesis.